Chapter 6

Chapter 06
An Introduction to the Viruses
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Viruses exhibit all the following except
A. definite shape.
B. metabolism.
C. genes.
D. ability to infect host cells.
E. ultramicroscopic size.
ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells.
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 06.02 Summarize arguments on both sides of the debate regarding the classification of viruses as living organisms.
Section Number: 06.02
Topic: General Viral Properties
2. Host cells of viruses include

A. humans and other animals.
B. plants and fungi.
C. bacteria.
D. protozoa and algae.
E. All of the choices are correct.
ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
3. Viruses
A. cannot be seen in a light microscope.
B. are prokaryotic.
C. contain 70S ribosomes.
D. undergo binary fission.
ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field,
phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms.
4. Viral capsids are made from subunits called

A. envelopes.
B. spikes.
C. capsomeres.
D. prophages.
E. peptones.
Learning Outcome: 06.05 Describe the function and structure(s) of viral capsids.
Topic: Viral Structure
5. Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shape of a viral
A. spike.
B. capsomere.
C. envelope.
D. capsid.
E. core.
6. A/n _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus.
A. capsomere
B. capsid
C. spike
D. envelope
E. monolayer
7. One of the principal viral capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners
referred to as a/n _____ capsid.
A. spiked
B. complex
C. icosahedral
D. helical
E. buckeyball
8. A naked virus only has a/n

A. capsid.
B. capsomere.
C. nucleocapsid.
D. envelope.
E. antigenic surface.
9. Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape?

A. tetrahedral
B. complex
C. helical
D. icosahedron
E. viroid.
10. All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except

A. gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane.
B. gained as a virus leaves the nuclear membrane.
C. contain special virus proteins.
D. help the virus particle attach to host cells.
E. located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique
structures and genomes.
Learning Outcome: 06.06 Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses.
11. Viral spikes

A. are always present on enveloped viruses.
B. attach the viral capsid and envelope.
C. allow bacteria to evade host defenses.
D. are derived from host proteins.
E. are for recognition among the various types of viruses.
Learning Outcome: 06.07 Explain the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes.
12. The core of every virus particle always contains

A. DNA.
B. capsomeres.
C. enzymes.
D. DNA and RNA.
E. either DNA or RNA.
Learning Outcome: 06.08 Compare and contrast the composition of a viral genome to that of a cellular organism's genome.
13. Which of the following is not associated with every virus?

A. envelope
B. capsomeres
C. capsid
D. nucleic acid
E. genome
14. Viral nucleic acid types include:

A. double-stranded DNA
B. single-stranded DNA
C. double-stranded RNA
D. single-stranded RNA
Learning Outcome: 06.09 Diagram the possible nucleic acid configurations exhibited by viruses.
15. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes

A. a positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand.
B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand.
C. viral RNA from DNA.
D. viral DNA from RNA.
Topic: Viral Replication
16. A negative RNA virus must first

A. synthesize a DNA copy of its genome.
B. synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome.
C. synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome.
D. transcribe reverse transcriptase.
E. transcribe RNA polymerase.
17. Viruses with _____-sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses
with _____-sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message.
A. positive; negative
B. negative; positive
C. primary; secondary
D. secondary; primary
E. intermediate; primary
18. Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following
characteristics except
A. type of nucleic acid.
B. type of capsid.
C. presence of an envelope.
D. biochemical reactions.
E. number of strands in the nucleic acid.
Learning Outcome: 06.11 Demonstrate how family and genus names in viruses are written.
Topic: Viral Classification
19. Which of the following represents a virus family name?

A. Herpes simplex virus
B. Herpesviridae
C. Picornavirus
D. Enterovirus
E. Hepatitis B virus
ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Learning Outcome: 06.10 Develop two arguments against assigning species names to viruses.
20. Which of the following is not a viral order in the classification system?
A. Caudovirales
B. Vaccinia virus
C. Nidovirales
D. Mononegavirales
ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees.
21. The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is:

A. penetration, uncoating, synthesis, adsorption, assembly, release
B. uncoating, penetration, synthesis, assembly, absorption, release
C. adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
D. assembly, synthesis, uncoating, release, penetration, adsorption
E. adsorption, release, synthesis, uncoating, assembly, penetration

Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses.
22. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during

A. replication.
B. assembly.
C. adsorption.
D. release.
E. penetration.
23. In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses
multiply in the host cell's _____.
A. nucleus; cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm; cell membrane
C. cell membrane; cytoplasm
D. cytoplasm; nucleus
E. nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum
24. Host range is limited by

A. type of nucleic acid in the virus.
B. age of the host cell.
C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane.
D. size of the host cell.
25. Oncogenic viruses include all the following except

A. hepatitis B virus.
B. measles virus.
C. Papillomavirus.
D. HTLV-I and HTLV-II viruses.
E. Epstein-Barr virus.
ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.14 Provide examples of persistent and transforming infections, describing their effects on the host.
Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease.
26. Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?

A. inclusions in the nucleus
B. multinucleated giant cells
C. inclusions in the cytoplasm
D. rounding of cells
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.13 Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one example.
27. The envelope of enveloped viruses

A. is identical to the host plasma membrane.
B. is only composed of host endomembrane.
C. always includes spikes.
D. is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis.
E. makes the virus very susceptible to drug therapy.
28. Viruses attach to their hosts via

A. host glycoproteins.
B. host phospholipids.
C. viral phospholipids.
D. viral flagella.
E. carbohydrate attachments of the viral capsid.
29. Viral tissue specificities are called

A. ranges.
B. virions.
C. receptacles.
D. tropisms.
E. uncoating.
30. The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is
A. adsorption.
B. penetration.
C. uncoating.
D. synthesis.
E. assembly.
31. Which of the following occurs during assembly?

A. nucleocapsid is formed
B. new viral nucleic acid is formed
C. viral spikes insert in host cell membrane
D. nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane
E. the viral envelope and the host cell membrane fuse
32. Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are

A. chronic latent viruses.
B. oncoviruses.
C. syncytia.
D. inclusion bodies.
E. cytopathic.
detrimental ways.
33. Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are

A. chronic latent viruses.
B. oncoviruses.
C. syncytia.
D. inclusion bodies.
E. cytopathic.
detrimental ways.
34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell?

A. viral nucleic acid integrated into host DNA
B. decreased growth rate
C. alterations in chromosomes
D. changes in cell surface molecules
E. capacity to divide indefinitely
detrimental ways.
35. New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by

A. lysis.
B. budding.
C. exocytosis.
D. both lysis and budding.
E. both budding and exocytosis.
Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated.
36. What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors?
A. viral sheaths
B. tail fibers
C. nucleic acids
D. capsid heads
37. Which of the following is incorrect about prophages?

A. present when the virus is in lysogeny
B. formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome
C. replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny
D. cause lysis of host cells
E. occur when temperate phages enter host cells
Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections.
Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles
38. T-even phages

A. include the poxviruses.
B. infect Escherichia coli cells.
C. enter host cells by engulfment.
D. have helical capsids.
39. The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus
replication is
A. adsorption to the host cells.
B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell.
C. host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins.
D. assembly of nucleocapsids.
E. replication of viral nucleic acid.
40. Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and
inactivity without symptoms are called
A. latent.
B. oncogenic.
C. prions.
D. viroids.
E. delta agents.
detrimental ways.
41. Uncoating of viral nucleic acid

A. does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication.
B. involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid.
C. occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle.
D. occurs before replication.
42. In transduction, the viral genome

A. initiates lysis of the host.
B. includes DNA from the previous host.
C. is replicated in the cytoplasm.
D. is replicated in the nucleus.
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
43. Lysogeny refers to

A. altering the host range of a virus.
B. latent state of herpes infections.
C. virion exiting host cell.
D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome.

44. Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called

A. viroids.
B. prions.
C. bacteriophages.
D. satellite viruses.
detrimental ways.
45. During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into
the host
A. cytoplasm.
B. nucleus.
C. nucleolus.
D. DNA.
E. cell membrane.
detrimental ways.
46. What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage?

A. primary
B. secondary
C. temperate
D. temporary
E. transformed
detrimental ways.
47. The activation of a prophage is called

A. activation.
B. lysogeny.
C. transformation.
D. induction.
E. adsorption.
detrimental ways.
48. When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called
A. transformation.
B. lysogenic conversion.
C. viral persistence.
D. transcription.
E. translation.
detrimental ways.
49. Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

A. live lab animals
B. embryonated bird eggs
C. primary cell cultures
D. continuous cell cultures
E. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.
ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other.
Learning Outcome: 06.16 List the three principal purposes for cultivating viruses.
50. Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are
called
A. patches.
B. buds.
C. plaques.
D. cytopathic effects.
E. pocks.
51. Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic
membranes called
A. patches.
B. buds.
C. plaques.
D. cytopathic effects.
E. pocks.
52. Cells grown in culture form a/n

A. monolayer.
B. bilayer.
C. aggregate.
D. plaque.
53. Diagnosis of viral infections sometimes involves analyzing the patient's blood for specific
_____ that the immune system produces against the virus.
A. glycoproteins
B. antibodies
C. complement proteins
D. antigens
detrimental ways.
54. Freshly isolated animal tissue that is placed in a growth medium and allowed to produce a
cell monolayer is referred to as a/n _____ cell culture.
A. initial
B. primary
C. secondary
D. continuous
E. positive
55. A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____
cultures.
A. embryo
B. cell
C. plaque
D. bacteriophage
E. egg
56. Infectious protein particles are called

A. viroids.
B. phages.
C. prions.
D. oncogenic viruses.
E. spikes.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses.
Topic: Prions
57. Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called
A. viroids.
B. phages.
C. prions.
D. oncogenic viruses.
E. spikes.
detrimental ways.
58. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is

A. caused by a chronic latent virus.
B. initiated by an oncogenic virus.
C. caused by a viroid.
D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans.
E. also called "mad cow disease."
detrimental ways.
Topic: Prions
59. Satellite viruses are

A. also called viroids.
B. dependent on other viruses for replication.
C. the cause of spongiform encephalopathies.
D. significant pathogens of plants.
detrimental ways.
60. Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are infectious proteins called _____ and
infectious RNA strands called _____.
A. prions; capsomeres
B. virions; prions
C. viroids; phages
D. prions; phages
E. prions; viroids
detrimental ways.
Topic: Prions
61. Who developed a rabies vaccine after realizing the disease was caused by something
smaller than a bacterium?
A. Leewonhoek
B. Koch
C. Pasteur
D. Cohn
E. Ivanovski
Learning Outcome: 06.01 Describe the significance of viruses being recognized as "filterable."
62. The primary purpose/s of viral cultivation is/are to

A. isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens.
B. prepare viruses for vaccines.
C. do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells.
D. perform wide-scale harvesting of viruses.
True / False Questions

63. When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities
of the host cell.
TRUE
64. Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections.
TRUE
ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products.

65. Viruses are considered ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450
mm.
FALSE
Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms.
66. A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion.
TRUE
Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses.
67. Spikes are glycoproteins that can be found projecting from the viral capsid.
TRUE
68. Each virus is assigned a genus status based on its host, target tissue, and type of disease it
causes.
FALSE
69. A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.
FALSE
70. Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis.
TRUE
71. Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.
TRUE
72. Bacteriophages do not undergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to
penetration.
FALSE
73. Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in
hospitalization.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
74. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the delta agent are prions.
FALSE
detrimental ways.

Topic: Prions
75. Viruses are simple, noncellular, and lack mRNA.

TRUE
76. Viruses mutate and some have not been discovered.

TRUE
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
77. Viruses are not filterable.

FALSE
Learning Outcome: 06.01 Describe the significance of viruses being recognized as "filterable."
78. Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

TRUE
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
Multiple Choice Questions

79. A treatment for bacterial infections from the early 20th century has made a comeback-the
use of bacterial viruses to eliminate bacterial infections. Which explanation most accurately
describes this mechanism of action behind this treatment?
A. A wide variety of bacteria cause a large percentage of human infections, producing much
sickness and death.
B. Viruses can infect bacteria, transferring pathogenic genes. The viral genes can then be
suppressed, causing the bacteria to not replicate viruses.
C. The attachment structures on the virus and the receptors on the host cells make for
exquisite specificity of viruses for particular bacterial species.
D. Antibiotic resistance in humans is on the increase, so using a different kind of therapy is
more beneficial.
ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products.
80. Some animals can become infected with multiple influenza virus strains usually associated
with other animals. Which statement below describes the result of these infections?
A. A new novel strain of flu may be produced, for which the human population has no
immunity.
B. Major genetic variations in the flu viruses can be reproduced.
C. The viral genomes within the host cells can become recombined.
D. All of the above are possible outcomes.
ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
81. How are viroids transmitted?

A. respiratory secretions
B. sex
C. plant seeds
D. blood products
detrimental ways.
82. Tamiflu is a common medication given for influenza treatment, its action being to protect
and block sialic acid molecules on the surfaces of host cells and influenza virus envelopes as
they leave the cell. Which statement reflects the mechanism of Tamiflu's action?
A. Tamiflu blocks protein synthesis of the viral genome.
B. Tamiflu interferes with the replication of +ssRNA from the -ssRNA genome of the flu
virus.
C. Tamiflu interferes with the release of the budding viruses from the infected host cells.
D. Tamiflu interferes with the metabolic properties of the virus.
detrimental ways.
83. Successful anti-HIV drug therapies today work by blocking the action of viral reverse
transcriptase. Select which step of virus multiplication that would be directly blocked by this
mechanism:
A. adsorption
B. penetration
C. synthesis
D. assembly
E. release
ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological means.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs.
84. You are working in a laboratory that is studying a newly isolated virus. Your job is to
culture the virus using in vitro methods. Upon observing your inoculated tissue culture
specimen one day, you notice clumps of cells growing on top of the original monolayer of
cells. Microscopic analysis of stained cells from the culture reveal an alteration in host cell
membrane protein content and chromosomal structure. Based upon this information, you
hypothesize that the virus you are studying is:
A. a bacteriophage
B. a prion
C. a viroid
D. an oncovirus
E. a satellite virus
ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
detrimental ways.
85. Select the statement that most accurately describes the action of antimicrobial drugs
today.
A. Antiviral drug treatment is more effective than vaccination against a viral disease.
B. Effective antiviral drugs have a long history of development and use.
C. Antiviral drugs often result in toxic side effects due to their inhibition of host cell activity.
D. The development of antiviral drug resistance has not been observed, as compared to the
high rate of antibiotic resistance seen today.
ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, with the immense variety of microenvironments, have selected for a huge
diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological means.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs.

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 06

An Introduction to the Viruses

Multiple Choice Questions

2. Host cells of viruses include

4. Viral capsids are made from subunits called

8. A naked virus only has a/n

9. Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape?

10. All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except

11. Viral spikes

12. The core of every virus particle always contains

13. Which of the following is not associated with every virus?

14. Viral nucleic acid types include:

15. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes

16. A negative RNA virus must first

19. Which of the following represents a virus family name?

21. The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is:

structures and genomes.

22. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during

24. Host range is limited by

25. Oncogenic viruses include all the following except

26. Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?

27. The envelope of enveloped viruses

28. Viruses attach to their hosts via

29. Viral tissue specificities are called

31. Which of the following occurs during assembly?

32. Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are

33. Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are

34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell?

35. New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by

37. Which of the following is incorrect about prophages?

38. T-even phages

41. Uncoating of viral nucleic acid

42. In transduction, the viral genome

43. Lysogeny refers to

ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function

44. Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called

46. What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage?

47. The activation of a prophage is called

49. Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

52. Cells grown in culture form a/n

56. Infectious protein particles are called

58. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is

59. Satellite viruses are

62. The primary purpose/s of viral cultivation is/are to

True / False Questions

Section Number: 06.08

Section Number: 06.08

75. Viruses are simple, noncellular, and lack mRNA.

76. Viruses mutate and some have not been discovered.

77. Viruses are not filterable.

78. Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

Multiple Choice Questions

81. How are viroids transmitted?

Topic: General Viral Properties

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