M.A./ M.SC.

(GEOGRAPHY)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
Semester and
Course No.
SEMESTER I
COURSE-I
COURSE-II
COURSE-III
COURSE-IV
SEMESTER-II
COURSE-V
COURSE-VI
COURSE-VII
COURSE-VIII
SEMESTER-III
COURSE-IX
COURSE-X
COURSE-XI
COURSE-XII
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE-XIII
COURSE-XIV
COURSE-XV
COURSE-XVI

Nomenclature

Max.
Marks

Hours of
Teaching per
week

Geomorphology
Climatology
Human Geography
Cartography

100
100
100
100

6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours

Spatial Patterns of Economic Activities

Population Geography
Bio-geography
Map Projection & GIS

100
100
100
100

6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours

Regional Planning
Quantitative Techniques in Geography
History of Geographical Thought
Physico-Socio-Economic

100
100
100
100

6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours

Geography of Himachal Pradesh

Cultural Geography
Political Geography
Remote Sensing

100
100
100
100

6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours

Total

1600

96 Hours

Course I

GEOMORPHOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)

Unit-I
Definition, nature and scope of geomorphology. Fundamental concepts: geological structures and
landforms, Uniformitarianism, assemblages of landforms, sequential changes in landforms, climatic
geomorphology.
Unit-II
Earth movements: Epeirogenic and Orogenic, Topographic expressions of fault and fold structures,
Orogenic forces with reference to the evolution of the Himalayas. Forces of crustal instability: Isostasy,
Plate tectonics and Volcanoes.
Unit-III
Exogenic processes: Definition, causes and types of weathering and mass movements, landforms produced.
Hill slope: Definition and forms of slopes, Geomorphic processes and slope forms, Slope evolution: down
wearing, parallel retreat and slope replacement models.
Unit-IV
Geomorphic processes: Fluvial, Glacial, Aeolian, Marine and Karst processes and resulting landforms.
Unit-V
Drainage Systems and patterns: Meaning, major drainage systems and patterns, Concept of river capture,
Applied geomorphology: Meaning and concept, Hydro geomorphology, urban geomorphology,
environmental geomorphology, geomorphic hazards.
Notes:
1.

2.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from
each unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each
unit.
All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Bloom, A.L. (1979) Geomorphology, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
Dayal,P. (1995) A Textbook of Geomorphology, Patna: Shukla Book Depot.
Embleton, C. and King, C.A.M. (1975) Glacial Geomorphology, London: Edward Arnold.
Fairbridge, R.W. (1968) Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, New York: Reinholds.
Morisawa, M (1968) Streams, New York: McGraw Hill.
Pitty, A.F. (1982) The Nature of Geomorphology, New York:Methuen.
Rice, R.J. (1990) Fundamentals of Geomorphology, London: ELBSL.
Schumn, S. (1977) The Fluvial System, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Sharma, Anurag (1993) Ecology of Landslide Damages, Jaipur: Pointer Publishers.
Sharma, H.S.(ed.) (1980) Perspectives in Geomorphology, New Delhi: Concept.
Sharma, V.K. (1986) Geomorphology, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
Singh, Savindra (1998) Geomorphology, Allahabad: Prayag Pustak Bhawan.
Small, R.J. (1978) The Study of Landforms, Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Sparks, B.W. (1960) Geomorphology, London: Longman.
Strahler, A.N. (1992) Physical Geography, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Thornbury, W.D. (1969) Principles of Geomorphology, New York: John Wiley and Sons.

COURSE-II

CLIMATOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)

Unit-I
Compositional and thermal structure of the atmosphere, Insolation: Solar source, heat balance of the earth,
green house effect and global warming, vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature.
Unit-II
Atmospheric motion: Forces controlling motion of air, vertical motion and vorticity, local winds, jet stream,
general circulation in the atmosphere; Atmospheric moisture: humidity, evaporation, condensation,
precipitation: formation, types, acid rain, world pattern of precipitation.
Unit-III
Tropical, temperate and high latitude weather systems- concept of air masses and atmospheric disturbances,
ocean atmospheric interaction- El Nino, southern oscillation (ENSO) and La Nina, monsoon winds,
norwesters and cyclones, Tropical and Temperate phenomena, climate of India and its controls: Western
disturbances.
Unit IV
Climatic classification of Kppen and Thornthwaite, Major climates of the world-tropical, temperate, desert
and mountain climate.
Unit-V
Climatic Changes: Ozone Depletion; Global Warming: Strengthening of Greenhouse effect; Evidences and
Possible causes of global warming; Environmental impacts of global warming and societys response.
Notes:
1.
2.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Barry, R.G. and Chorley, P.J., Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Routledge, London and
New York, 1998.
Critchfield, J.H.: General Climatology, Prentice Hall, India, New Delhi, 1993.
Das, P.K.: Monsoons, National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1987.
Fein, J.S. and Stephens, P.N.: Monsoons, Wiley Inter-science, 1987.
India Met, Deptt.: Climatological Tables of Observatories in India, govt. of India, 1968.
Lal. D.S.: Climatology, Chaitanya Publications, Allahabad, 1986.
Lydolph, P.E.: The Climate of the Earth, Rowman, 1985.
Menon, P.A.: Our Weather, N.B.T., New Delhi, 1989.
Oliver, J.E. and John J. Hidore. 2002. Climatology- An Atmospheric Science (2nd Ed.) Pearson
Education (Low Price Edition).
Peterson, S.: Introduction to Meteorology, McGraw Hill Book, London, 1969.
Robinson, P.J. and Henderson S.: Contemporary Climatology, Henow, 1999.
Thompson, R.D. and Perry, A (ed.): Applied Climatology, Principles and Practice,
Rourtledge, London 1997.

COURSE III: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with the emerging issues in Human Geography in
the 21st century.
UNIT-I
THE WORLD BEFORE GLOBALIZATION:CHANGING SCALES OF EXPERIENCE
Pre capitalist worlds: A classification Human Societies, cities and civilization, Pre-capitalist
societies.

The rise and spread of capitalism: Defining capitalism, Transition from feudalism to capitalism,
Urbanization
The making of the twentieth-century world: Organized capitalism, Communism and Command
Economy, The Disorganization of Capitalism
UNIT-II
SOCIETY, SETTLEMENT AND CULTURE
Cities: Defining cities in social context, Urban heterogeneity
Rural alternatives: Defining rural, a typology of the rural Encroachment
Geography, culture and global change: Cultural globalization, Impact of globalization on culture,
Multi and hybrid cultures
UNIT-III
POPULATION, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Demographic transformations: Growth of world population, Differential, Population change, The
progress of Demographic Transition, Population Agency
Resources and development: Natural resources, Fuelling the Planet, Energy and Development.
Changing geographies of global food production: Population Growth and Food Supply,
globalization and Food Regimes, Reorientation of developing world Agriculture
Alternative geographies of global development and inequality
UNIT-IV
PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE AND CONSUMPTION
The geography of the economy: The rise of Global Economy, Importance of INCS
The global production system: from Fordism to post-Fordism: Defining Fordism, Geography of
Fordism, A new Global Production system
The global financial system: worlds of monies
Worlds of consumption: global and Local geographies of consumption
UNIT-V
GEOPOLITICS, STATES AND CITIZENSHIP
Geopolitical traditions: Organic Theory of State, Heartland, German Geopolitics, Policy of
Containment
The place of the nation-state: Diversity of nations and states, Relationship between nations, states
and territory.
States, citizenship and collective action: Development of modern citizenship, collective action and
policy, Linking formal and Internal politics
Notes:
1.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from
each unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each
unit.
2. All questions will carry equal marks.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Bergwan, Edward E: (1995)Human Geography: Culture, Connections and Landscape,

prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Carr, M. : Patterns, Process and change in Human Geography, MacMillan Education, London,
1987.
Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M (1999) Introducing Human Geographies, Arnold,
London.
Daniels, P., Bradshaw, M., Shaw, D and Sidaway, J., (2001) Human Geography: Issues for
the 21st Century, Pearson, Delhi.
Fellmah, J.L.: Human Geography- Landscapes of Human Activities. Brown and Benchman
Pub., U.S.A., 1997.
DeBlij H.J.: Human Geography, Culture, Society and Space John Wiley, new York, 1996.
Johnston, R.J. (editor).: Dictionary of Human Geography Balckwell, oxford, 1994.
McBride, P.J.: Human Geography Systems, Patterns and Change, Nelson, U.K. and Canada,
1996.
Michael, Can: New Patterns: Process and Change in Human Geography Nelson, 1997.

Pa pe r IV : C a r t og r a phy
1 0 0 M a rk s
D i vi si on of M a r k s:
(i )
A wr i t t en pa per of 3 h our s dura t i on
In th e depa r tm en ta l l a b
(i i )
Pr a ct i ca l r ecor d book
(i i i )
Vi va - voc e
(i v)
In t ern a l Asses sm en t

50 Mar ks
20 Mar ks
10 Mar ks
20 Mar ks

U N IT - I
Na t ur e an d h i st or y of ca r t ogr a ph y
T ype s of da t a an d sym bol s
Ca rt ogr a ph i c desi gn & gen er al i za t i on
U N IT - I I
Ma ppi n g ph ysi ca l ph en om ena :
(i )
Depi ct i on of r el i e f: c on t our m eth od, spot h ei gh t s an d la yer sh a din g
(i i )
Pr ofi l es: Ser i a l , l on gi t udina l, tr an sver se, super i m pos ed, com p osi t e a n d
pr oje ct ed.
(i i i )
Met h ods of sl op e a n a l ysi s: W en t wor th , Sm i th, and Robi n son .
(i v)
Repr esen t a t i on of cl i m a t i c da t a: Hyt h er gra ph s, Cl i m ogr a ph, Win dr ose
Di a gra m.
U N IT - I II
Ma ppi n g Soci a l Ph en om en a: Di str i but i on of p op ul a t i on, den si t y, gr owt h , a ge & sex
c om posi t i on , ur ba ni sa t i on, l it er a cy a n d occupa t i on a l com posi t i on .
U N IT - I V
Ma ppi n g E con om i c da t a : La n d use, Cr oppi n g pa tt ern an d irr i ga t i on , em pl oym en t ,
t ra ffi c fl ow a n d a cces si bi l i t y
N ot e : (i )
T h e quest i on pa per in th i s cour se wi l l c on si st s of E IGHT quest i on s
c over i n g th e en t ir e syl l a bus. Can di dat es wi l l be a sked t o a t t em pt an y FO UR
quest i on s. All quest i on s wi l l be of equa l m ar ks.
(i i )
T h e exa min a t i on of t h i s pa per wi l l be c on duct ed i n th e depa rt m ent by
a n ext ern a l exa m in er wh o wi l l be a ssi st ed by a n i nt ern a l exa m in er wh o woul d
gen er a ll y be t h e cour se t ea ch er . Th e ext er na l exa m in er wi l l be a ppoi n t ed by
t h e Vi ce Chan cel l or out of a pen a l of fi ve exp er ts subm i t t ed t o h i m in thi s
r egar d by t h e Ch a irm an of t h e Depa r tm en t.
(i i i )
T h e ext ern al exa m in er wh o wi l l set t h e quest i on pa per in a ssi st an ce
wi t h in t ern a l exa m in er sha l l h a ve t h e fr eed om t o deci d e t h e n a t ur e of que st i on s
(wh et h er MCQ t ype or ot h er wi se) t o be put in the quest i on pa per cover in g th e
en t ir e s yl l a bus
B OO K S R E C OM M E N D E D
1.

Kea t s, J. S. (1973): Car t ogr a phi c Desi gn an d pr oduct i on Lon gm a n, Lon don

2.

Mon kh ouse, F. J. an d H. R. Wi l ki n son (1967) Ma ps a n d Di a gr am s, B. T.

Publ i ca t i on s Pvt . Lt d. , Del hi 1989.

3.

Ra i sz E r wi n (1962): Pr in ci pl es of Ca r t ogr a ph y, McGr a w Hi l l , New Y or k.

4.

Mi sr a R. P. an d A. Ra m esh (1989): Fun da m ent a l s of Ca r t ogra ph y, Con c ept

Publ i sh i n g Com pa n y Ne w D el h i .

5.

Si n gh L. R. an d R. N. Sin gh (1975): Ma p wor k and Pr a ct i ca l Geogr a ph y, Cen t ra l

Book Dep ot , Al l a ha ba d.

6.

Si n gh R. L. (1979): E l em ent s of Pr a ct i ca l Ge ogr aph y, Ka l ya n i Publ i sh er s, n ew

Del h i .

7.

Joh n Com pbel l (1991): Ma p Us e a n d Ana l ysi s, WCB Du buque.

8.

Den t Bor den D. (1990): Car t ogra ph y, T h em a ti c Ma p Desi gn , Wim . C. Br own

Publ i sh er s.

9.

Kr a a k, M. J. an d Fer ja n Orm el in g (2003): Car t ogra ph y, Vi sua l i z at i on of

Ge ospa t i a l Da t a, Pea r son E duca t i on Li m i t ed, Patpa r gan j, Del h i, In dia .

10.

Robi n son , Arth ur an d et . al . (2005): E l em ent s of Ca rt ogr a ph y, J oh n Wi l e y a n d

Son s, Ne w Y or k.

COURSE-V: S PAT IA L PA TT ERN O F E CONOM IC AC TIV ITY

Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
U N IT - I
N A T U R E O F E C O N O M IC A C T IV IT Y
T ype s of E c on om i c A ct i vi t y
In t ern a t i ona l Tr a de: Hi st or i ca l Per spect i ve, Con t em por a r y W or l d tr a de
Ge ogr a phi ca l Con fi gura t i on of W or l d tra de
Open Wor l d Tr a din g Syst em : Mer i t s & Dem er i t s.
U N IT - I I
L O C A T IO N A N D L A N D U SE
Cen tr a l Pl a ce T h eor y: Ch ri st a l l er s Model
Agr i cul t ur a l Lan d Use: V on th un en s Model
In dustr i al l oca t i on : Weber s Model
Modi fi ca t i on s t o Cen tr a l Pl a ce Th eor y a n d th e r an k siz e r ul e
T h e int ern al str uct ur e of t h e Ci t y
U N IT - I II
T R A N S PO R T A N D M O V E M E N T
T ran spor t r out es a n d n et wor ks
T ran spor t cost s a n d m odes
Movem en t in spa ce: th e gr a vi t y m odel
Movem en t in Spa ce over t i m e: Di ffu si on (Ha ger st a n d Model )
U N IT - I V
E C O N O M IC G R O WT H
T h e Sect or Mod el
Rost ow s St a ge Mod el
Pol a r i z ed Devel opm en t : Model s of M yr da l , Hi r seh man an d Fr i edm ann
U N IT - V
E C O N O M IC D E V E L O PM E N T IN IN D IA
Regi on a l Di spar i t i es in th e l evel s of D e vel opm en t
Im pa ct of Gr een Re vol ut i on on In dian econ om y a n d En vi r on m en t
Ne ed for Ne w Gr een Re vol ut i on
N ot e s:
1. T h e paper woul d be s et fr om t h e s yl l a bus c over i n g th e ful l con t en t . T en
quest i on s, t wo fr om ea ch un i t, ar e t o be fr a m ed. Can di dat es wi l l h a ve t o
a t t em pt fi ve que st i on s, on e fr om ea ch uni t .
2. Al l quest i on s wi l l ca rr y equa l m a r ks.
Suggested Readings
1.

Abler, R., Adams, J.S., and Gould, P., Spatial Organization (Prentice Hall, 1991).

2.

4.

Berry, B.J.L. Corkling, E.C., Ray, D.M., The Geography of Economic System Prentice Hall,
1976.
Broadford, M.G. and Kent, W.A., Human Geography: Theories and their Application, Oxford
University Press, 1977.
Haggeett, P., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, Arnold, 1965.

5.

Losen, A, The Economics of Location, Yale University Press, 1954.

3.

COURSE V I: PO PU LAT ION G EOGRA PHY

100 Mar ks
D i st r i but i o n of M a r k s:
T h eor y Pa p er
80 Mar ks
In t ern a l Asses sm en t : 20 Mar ks
U N IT - I

( i)
( ii)
( iii)

Nat ure and Scope o f populat io n geography.

Sources of populat ion dat a; t heir qualit y and reliabilit y.
Major t heor ies o f populat ion: Malt husian perspect ive and
Mar xist perspect ive, Demographic t ransit ion t heor y.

UNIT-II
Concept , det erminant s & wor ld pat t ern of t he fo llo wing at t ribut es o f
populat ion:
( i)
( ii)
( iii)

Densit y and dist r ibut ion

Growt h
Lit eracy

UNIT-III
Concept s, det er minant s and pat t erns in I ndia of t he fo llo wing at t ribut es o f
populat ion:
( i)
( ii)
( iii)

Age & Sex Co mposit io n

Occupat iona l co mposit io n
Urbanisat ion
UNIT-IV

( i)
( ii)
( iii)

Migrat ion, t ypes, det er minant s and consequences

Laws o f migr at ion: Rever nst eir s and Lees laws of migrat io n.
Int ernat ional migr at ion pat t ern.
UNIT-V

( i)
( ii)
( iii)

Populat ion and resources: Concept s of optimum populat ion over

populat ion and under populat ion.
Populat ion po lic y: Concept , populat ion polic y o f I ndia.
A co mparat ive st udy o f populat ion problems and po licies o f
fo llowing count r ies:
( i)
( ii)
( iii)
( iv)

US A
Japan
China
India

Note: There will be t en quest ions in all at least TWO quest io ns fro m each
unit . The candidat es will have t o answer FIVE quest ions select ing
ONE quest io n fro m each unit . All quest io ns carr y equal marks.

B OO K S R E C OM M E N D E D
1. Bea ufeu Ga rn i er, J. (1966): Geogr a ph y of P opul a t i on , Lon gm an, Lon don .
2. Br ooks, S. (1977): Th e Wor l d Popul a t i on T oda y (E thn odem ogr a ph i c
Pr oc ess es ), US S R Aca dem y of S ci en ces; M os c ow.
3. Ch an dna , R. C. (2000): Geogr a ph y of P opul a t i on Con cept s D et er m i nan t s an d
Pa t t ern s, Kal ya n i Publ i sh er s, New Del h i :
4. Cl ar ke, Joh n, I (1972): Popul a t i on Geogr a ph y, P er ga m on Pr ess, Ne w Yor k.
5. Ch arl es B. Na m & Susn G. Ph i l li ber (1984): Popul a t i on A Ba si c Or i en ta t i on,
Pr en t i ce Ha l l , New J er se y.
6. Dem ko, G. J a n d Oth er s (E ds) (1971): Popul a t i on Ge ogr a ph y- A Rea der ,
McGr a w- Hi l l Books C o. Ne w Y or k.
7. Gh osh , B. N. (1985): Fun da m en t al s of P opul a t i on Geogr a ph y, St er l i n g
Publ i sh er s Pr i va t e Li m i t ed, New Del h i .
8. Jon es, H. R. (1981): A Popul a t i on Geogr a ph y, Ha r per an d Row L on don .
9. Pet r ov, V. (1985): In di a : Spot l i gh t of p opul a t i on , Pr ogr ess Publ i sh er s,
Mosc ow.
10. T r ewa r th a, G.T . (1969): A Geogr a ph y of P opul a t i on : Wor l d Pa tt ern s, Wi l ey,
Ne w Y or k.
11. T r ewa r th a, G.T . (1972): Th e Les s De vel oped Rea l m - A Geogr a ph y of i t s
popul a t i on , Per gam on Pr ess, Ne w Y or k.
12. T r ewa r th a, G.T . (1978): Th e Mor e De vel op ed Re a l m - A Geogr a ph y of i t s
popul a t i on , Per gam on Pr ess, Ne w Y or k.
13. We eks, J oh n R. (1978): Popul a t i on , An In tr oduct i on t o Con cept s a n d Issues,
Wa ds wor t h Publ i sh in g Com pan y, Bel m on t , Ca l i for n ia .
14. Wood s R. I. (1979): Popul a t i on Ana l ysi s i n Geog r a ph y, Lon gm a n, Lon don .
15. Zel i n sk y, W. (1970): A Pr ol ogue t o p opul a t i on , Pr en t i ce Ha l l , Lon don .

COURSE-VII

BIO-GEOGRAPHY
Maximum Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)

Unit-I
Meaning and filed of biogeography, Environment, Habitats, Microhabitats and Niches.
Concept, Components, types and functioning of ecosystem.
Unit-II
Soils: Definition, Function, Components and characteristics, Soil Profile, Biomes of the World: Meaning
and types.
Unit-III
The evolution of life, Characteristics, of living matter, Lamarck and Darwin views, Factors affecting
distribution of organisms Life on islands.
Unit-IV
Plants and animals in relation to man. Animal migration. Plant association and succession. Difference
between plants, animals and microbes.
Unit-V
Plant life: What is phytogeography, Classification and characteristics of plants, Taxonomic and Raunkiaers
classifications, A Study of Floristic regions, Animal life: What is zoogeography, Classification and
characteristics of animals. A study of zoogeographical realms.
Notes:
1.
2.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1997) Ecology, London: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, C.D. and Moore, P.D. (1993) Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach,
Blackwell.
Hoyt, J.B. (1992) Man and the Earth, USA: Prentice.
Huggett, R.J. (1998) Fundamental of Biogeography, London: Routledge.
Illies, J. (1974) Introduction to Zoogeography, London: Macmillan
Lapedes, D.N. ed. (1974) Encyclopedia of Environment Science, London: McGraw Hill.
Mathur, H.S. (1988) Essentials of Biogeography, Jaipur: Pointer Publishers.
Pears, N. (1985) Basic Biogeography, London: Longman.
Robinson, H. (1978) Biogeography, London: The English Language Book Society.
Simmon, I.G. (1974) Biogeography, Natural and Cultural, London: Longman.
Singh, Svindra (1991) Environmental Geography, Allahabad Prayag Pustak Bhawan.

Pa pe r V III: G e og r a phi c Inf or ma t i o n Sy st e m

100 Mar ks
D i vi si on of M a r k s:
(i )
(i i )
(i i i )
(i v)

A wr i t t en pa per of 3 h our s dura t i on

In th e depa r tm en ta l l a b
Pr a ct i ca l r ecor d book
Vi va - voc e
In t ern a l Asses sm en t

50 Mar ks
20 Mar ks
10 Mar ks
20 Mar ks

U N IT - I
Ge ogr a phi ca l In for m a t i on S yst em : de fi n i t i on , pur pose a n d com pon en t s, Geogr a phi c
ph en om en a: geogr a ph i c fi el d, geogr a ph i c obje ct s an d boun dar i es. Com put er
r epr esen t a ti on of ge ogr a ph i c ph en om en a : Regul a r t essel l a t i on s, Irr egul ar t essel l a t i on s,
Ve ct or r epr esen t at i on s an d Ra st er r epr esen t a t i on.
.
U N IT - I I
Spa t i a l r efer en ci n g: Th e geoi d a n d ver t i ca l dat um , th e el l i psoi d a n d h ori z on ta l da t um,
t h e l oca l an d gl oba l da t um , da t um tran sfor m a t i ons, m ea sur in g th e l oca t i on a l err or s on
t h e ma ps, Th e Sa t el l i t e Ba sed P osi t i on i n g.
U N IT - I II
Da t a in GIS: Spa t ia l an d Non -ssSpa t i a l, Spa ti a l da t a in put : dir ect spa t i a l da ta
a cqui si t i on , di gi t i sin g pa per m a ps, obt a i n in g spat i a l da t a el se wh er e, da ta pr epar a ti on ,
da t a ch ecks a n d r epa ir s, com bi n in g m ul t i pl e da t a sour ce s.
U N IT - I V
Spa t i a l da ta ana l ysi s: Cl a ssi fi ca t i on of a n a l yt i ca l GIS ca pa bi l i t i es; m ea sur em en t,
r etr i eva l a nd cl a ssi fi ca t i on fun ct i on s, over l a y fu n ct i on s, n ei gh bour h ood fun ct i on s,
c on n ect i vi t y fun ct i on s, Da t a vi sua l i z at i on , GIS an d m a ps, vi sua l i z a ti on pr oce ss.
N ot e : (i )
T h e quest i on pa per in th i s cour se wi l l c on si st of E IGHT quest i on s
c over i n g th e en t ir e syl l a bus. Al l quest i on s wi l l be of equa l m ar ks.
(i i )
T h e exa min a t i on of t h i s pa per wi l l be c on duct ed i n th e depa rt m ent by
a n ext ern a l exa m in er wh o wi l l be a ssi st ed by a n i nt ern a l exa m in er wh o
woul d gen er a l l y be t h e cour s e t ea ch er . Th e ext ern al exa m in er wi l l be
a ppoi n t ed by t h e Vi ce-Ch a n cel l or out of a pen al of FIVE exp er t s
subm i t t ed t o h i m by t h e Ch ai rm an of t h e Depa r tm en t .
(i i i )
T h e ext ern al exa m in er wh o wi l l set t h e quest i on pa per in a ssi st an ce
wi t h th e in t ern a l exa m in er sha l l h a ve t h e fr eed om t o deci de t h e na t ur e
of que st i on s (wh et h er MCQ t ype or ot h er wi se) t o be put i n th e quest i on
pa per . Th e quest i on pa per , h owe ver , wi l l cover th e en tir e s yl l a bu s.
B ook s R e c o m me nde d
1. Ka n g-t sun g Chan g (2002): Geogr a ph i c In for m a t ion S yst em , T at a -McGr a w Hi l l ,
Ne w D el h i .
2. Ia n -Ha ybood et . a l . (2002): An In tr oduct i on t o Ge ogr a phi ca l In for m a t i on
S yst em .
3. C. P. Lo a n d Al ber t K. W. Yeun g (2002): Con cept s a n d T echn i ques of
Ge ogr a phi c In for m a ti on Syst em , Pr en ti ce- Ha l l of In di a Pr i va t e Li m i t ed, New
Del h i .
4. Pa ul , A. Lon gl e y et . a l . ( ): Geogr a ph i c In for m at i on Syst em s a n d Sci en ce,
Joh n Wi l e y a n d Son s Lt d. New Y or k.
5. Mi ch a el N. Dem er s (2000): Fun da m en t a l s of Ge ogr a phi c in for m a t i on Syst em s,
Joh n Wi l e y a n d Son s, In c, New Y or k.
6. Kei t h C. Clar ke (1997): Get t in g St art ed wi t h Geogr a phi c In for m a ti on Syst em s,
Pr en t i ce Ha l l , New J er se y.
7. Pet er A. Burr ough an d Ra ch a el A. McDon n el l (1998): Prin ci pl es of G e ogr a ph i c
In for m a t i on S yst em s, Ox for d Un i ver si t y Pr ess.

C O U R SE - IX
R E G IO N A L PL A N N I N G
Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
U N IT - I
B A SIC C O N C E PT S A N D H IST O R I C A L D E V E L O PM E N T
Regi on a l Pl ann in g: Con cept , Na t ur e an d scop e, Ai m s an d obj e ct i ves, Ra t i on a l e
of Regi on a l Pl annin g, Pr in ci pl es, Rel a t i on of Re gi on a l Devel opm en t Pl ann in g
wi t h ot h er Pl ann in g a ct i vi t i es.
Hi st or i ca l Devel opm en t : Regi on a l Pl ann in g in the De vel oped W or l d, Regi on a l
Pl a nnin g in Less D e vel op ed W or l d
U N IT - I I
G E O G R PA H Y A N D R E G IO N A L PL A N N IN G
Ba ckgr oun d a n d Ph i l osoph i ca l Ba se.
Rol e of Ge ogr a ph y i n Regi on a l Pl ann in g
Met h od ol og y: D esi gn Met h od, Regi on a l Met h od.
T ech n i ques of Regi on a l Pl ann in g: An a l yt i ca l t ec hn i que, Pr ocedur a l t echn i ques
U N IT - I II
R E G IO N S FO R PL A N N IN G
Con cept of Regi on s: Del i n ea ti on an d va r ia bl es.
T ype s of Regi on s
Pl a nnin g Regi on : Con cept a n d Ch ar a ct er i st i cs
Hi er ar ch y of Pl a nn in g Regi on
Ne ed a n d Im por tan ce of Pl a n nin g Regi on
Pr in ci pl e, Cr i t er i on an d Meth od for Pl ann in g Regi on .
Pl a nnin g Regi on s of In di a
U N IT - I V
SU R V E Y S A N D M E T H O D S FO R PL A N N IN G
Con cept a n d Fun ct i on s of Sur ve ys
T ype s of sur ve ys: Regi on a l an d Di a gn ost i c sur ve y
Con cept of Wa t er sh ed for Regi on a l Pl ann in g
Rem ot e Sen si n g an d i t s a ppl i ca ti on in Pl ann in g
Ge ogr a phi c In for m a ti on Syst em a s a t ool for Pl a nn in g
RS, GIS a n d Pl annin g Syn er g y.
E n vir on m ent Im pa ct Asses sm en t
U N IT - V
R E G IO N A L PL A N N I N G IN IN D I A
Regi on a l Pl ann in g in In di a in Ret r ospe ct .
Obj ect i ve s a n d per for m a n ce of In di a s Fi ve Yea r Pl an s
Pr obl em s a n d Pr ospe ct s of Regi on a l Pl ann in g.
Fut ur e of Regi on a l Pl ann in g.
Det a i l ed St ud y of Da m oda r Va ll e y C or por a t i on (DVC)

Notes:
1. The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten
questions, two from each unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to
attempt five questions, one from each unit.
2. All questions will carry equal marks.

Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Abler, R.et.al.: Spatial Organisation: The Geographers View of the World, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.
Bhat, L.S.: Regional Planning in India, Statistical Publishing Society, Calcutta, 1973.
Bhat, L.S. et.al.: Micro-Level Planning: A Case Study of Karnal Area, Haryana, K.B.
Publications, New Delhi, 1976.
Chandna, R.C. 2000. Regional Planning- A Comprehensive Text, Ludhiana: Kalyani
Publishers.
Choreley, R.J. and Haggett, P.: Models in Geography, Methuen, London, 1967.
Christaller, W. Central Places in Southern Germany, Translated by C.W. Baskin, Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey, 1966.
Friedmann, J. and Alonso, W., Regional Development Policy- A Case Study of Venezuela,
M.I.T. Press Cambridge, Mass, 1966.
Friedmann, J. and Alonso, W.: Regional Development and Planning- A Reader, M.I.T. press,
Cambridge, Mass, 1967.
Glikson, Arthur: Regional Planning and Development, Netherlands Universities foundation
for International Co-operation, London, 1955.
Gosal, G.S. and Krishan, G.: Regional Disparities in Levels of Socio-Economic Development
in Punjab, Vishal Publications, Kurukshetra, 1984.
Government of India, Planning Commission: Third Five Year Plan, Chapter on Regional
Imbalances in Devleopment, New Delhi, 1961.
Indian Council of Social Science Research: Survey of Research in Geography, Popular
Prakashn, Bombay, 1992.
Johnson, E.A.J.: The Organisation of Space in Devleoping Countries, Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, 1970.
Kuklinski, A.R.(ed): Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning, Mouton, The
Hague, 1972.
Kundu, A. and Raza, Moonis: Indian Economy- The Regional Dimension, Spectrum
Publishers, new Delhi, 1982.
Losch, A.: The Economics of location, University Press, Yale, New Haven, 1954.
Misra, R.P.: Regional Planning: Concepts, Techniques and Policies, University of Mysore,
Mysore, 1969.
Misra, R.P. and Others (editors): Regional Development Planning in India- A Strategy,
Institute of Development Studies, Mysore, 1974.
Mitra, A. : Levels of Regional Development, Census of India, Vol.I, Part IA (I) and (ii), New
Delhi, 1965.
Myrdal, G.: Economic Theory and Under-Development Regions, Gerald Duckworth, London,
1957.
Nangia Sudesh, Delhi Metropolitan Region Rajesh Publication, Delhi, 1976.
Richardson,, H.W.: Regional Economics, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969.
Sundaram, K.V. (ed.): Geography and Planning, Essays in Honour of V.L.S. Prakasa Rao,
Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1985.
Tarlok Singh Indias Development Experience, McMillan new Delhi, India, 1974.
Raza Moonis (editor) Regional Development Heritage Publishers, Delhi, 1988.
Misra, R.P. et.Al. Multi-Level Planning, Heritage Publishers, Delhi, 1980.

Pa pe r X : Q ua nt i t a t i ve T e c hni que s i n G e og r a p hy
Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
U N IT - I
Mea sur es of Cen t ra l t en den cy: Mea n , m edi an an d m ode. Mea sur es of Cen t r al
l oca t i on s in spa ti a l si t ua ti on : Mean cen tr e, m edi a n poi n t, poi nt of m i n im um a ggr ega t e
t ra vel di st a n ce.
U N IT - I I
Mea sur es of di sper si on : Mea n devi a t i on , st an dard devi a t i on , coe ffi ci en t of va r i a t i on ,
i n dex of spa t i a l di sper si on , m edi an di st an ce, st an dar d di st an ce, Lor en z cur ve a n d
n ear est n ei gh bour an a l ysi s.
U N IT - I II
Pr oba bi l i t y: Cl a ssi ca l an d r el a t i ve fr equen c y a pp r oa ch es t o pr oba bi l i t y, ca l cul a t i on of
pr oba bi l i t y: La w of a ddi t i on , l a w of m ul t i pl i ca t ion . Pr oba bi l i t y di st r i but i on s: n or ma l
a n d bi n or ma l . Sam pl in g: Ba si c c on cept , sa m pl ing fr a m e, di ffer en t sa m plin g desi gn s.
U N IT - I V
Mea sur i n g th e str en gth of r el a t i on sh i p: Sca t t er di a gr a m, Spea rm an s ran k cor r el a ti on ,
Ka r l Pea r son s pr oduct m ovem en t cor r el a ti on coe ffi ci en t , co- e ffi ci en t of va r i at i on an d
det er m in a t i on.
U N IT - V
Regr essi on an al ysi s: Fi t t i n g a r egr essi on l in e by sem i -a ver a ges a n d l ea st squar e
m et h ods, coe ffi ci en t of r egr essi on ; r esi dua l fr om r egr essi on ; an a l ysi s of va r i an ce
(ANOVA)
N ot e : T h er e wi l l be t en quest i on s i n a l l, t wo quest i on s fr om ea ch un it . Can di da t es
wi l l h a ve t o a t t em pt FIVE quest i on s sel ect i n g one quest i on fr om ea ch un i t. All
quest i on s ca rr y equa l m ar ks. Can di da t es ar e all owed t o us e si m pl e four
fun ct i on s ca l cul a t or .
B OO K S R E C OM M E N D E D
1. Col e, J oh n P. an d Cuch la in e a. M. Kin g (1968): Qua n ti t a ti ve Ge ogr a ph y,
T ech n i que3s an d Th eor i es i n Geogr a ph y, J oh n Wi l e y a n d Son s Lt d. , Lon don .
2. T a yl or , Pet er J. (1977): Quan t it a ti ve Met h od s i n Ge ogr a ph y, An Intr oduct i on
t o Spa t i a l An al ysi s. Hougt on Mi ffi n Com pa n y, Bost on , USA.
3. Ha m m on d, R. an d Patr i k McCul l a gh (1974): Quan ti t a ti ve Met h od s i n
Ge ogr a ph y, Cl ar en don Pr ess, Oxfor d.
4. Sm i th , Da vi d M. (1975): Pat t ern s in Hum an Geogr a ph y, An in tr oduct i on t o
Num er i ca l Meth ods, Cr an e Russa k & Com pa n y, In c New Y or k.
5. Fr an k Ha rr y a n d St even C. Al th oen (1994): St at ist i cs Con c ept s a n d
Appl i ca t i on s, Cam br i dge Un i ver si t y Pr ess.
6. Gul ot , S. K. ( ): St a t i sti ca l Met h ods
7. E lh an ce, D. N. (1972): Fun da m en t al s of St a t i st i cs , Ki t a b Mah al , All ah a ba d.

COURSE-XI

HISTORY OF GEOGRPAHICAL THOUGHT

Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)

Unit-I
The field of Geography, its place in the classification of Sciences. Geography as a social science and
natural science. Selected concepts in the philosophy of geography. Geography as the study of distributions,
man-nature relationship, spatial interactions and areal differentiations, Geographical concepts in ancient
India
Unit-II
Historical Development: Contributions of different scholars during ancient, medieval and modern periods.
Development of geographic thought upto 18th century: Contribution of Greeks and Romans. Geography in
the middle ages. Geography in the 19th Century; Contribution of Humboldt and Carl Ritter to geographic
thought. Geography after Humboldt and Ritter; Contributions of different scholars from Germany, France,
Britain and America to geographic thought
Unit-III
Dualisms in geography: Systematic and regional geography, Physical and human geography, Determinist
and possibilist geography, Historical and contemporary geography. Regional geography: The concept,
attributes and classification of region.
Unit-IV
Scientific explanations: routes to scientific explanations (Inductive/ deductive), types of explanations. The
historical explanation in geography; The role of time and genesis in geography, Major areas of temporal
explanation in geography, Historical geography: Meaning, nature and approaches.
Unit-V
Quantitative revolution, Positivism, Behavioural geography, Models in geography, Pstmodernism, Status of
modern Indian geography
Notes:
1.
2.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings:
1.
Ali, S. Muzzaffar (1966), The Geography of Puranas, Delhi: Peoples Publishing House.
2.
Dikinson, R.E. (1969), The Maker of modern Geography, London.
3.
Dikshit, R.D. (1994), The Art and Science of Geography, new Delhi: Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd.
4.
Dikshit, R.D. (1997) Geographical Thought, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd.
5.
Gauld, J.R. (1980), An Introduction to Behavioural Geography, Oxford.
6.
Hartshorene, R. (1939) Nature of Geography, Pennsylvannia: AAAG
7.
Harvey, David (1989) Explanation in Geography, London: Edward Arnold
8.
Hussain, Majid (1995) Evolution of Geographical Thought, Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
9.
James, P.E. (1972) All Possible World, New York: John Wiley.
10.
Minshull, R. (1970) The Changing Nature of Geography, London: Hutchinson University
Library

COURSE XII:

FIELD SURVEY
100 Mar ks

D i vi si on of M a r k s:
(v)
(vi )
(vi i )
(vi i i )

A wr i t t en pa per of 3 h our s dura t i on

In th e depa r tm en ta l l a b
Pr a ct i ca l r ecor d book
Vi va - voc e
In t ern a l Asses sm en t

50 Mar ks
20 Mar ks
10 Mar ks
20 Mar ks

UNIT-I
Geographic Field Methods and Techniques
Role of Field methods and techniques in modern Geographical research
Historical development of Field investigation
The structure of Modern Field Research
Training in Field Geography
Geographic Field Instruction
UNIT-II
Maps and Instruments
Base Map for Field Survey
Use topographic maps, Aerial photographs and Satellite Imageries for Field Survey
Use of Brunton Compass and Abney Level
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Selection of Mapping Techniques
UNIT-III
Procedures for Geographical Field Survey
Methods of Data collection : Primary/ Secondary
Observation Method
Census and Sampling
Types of Spatial Sampling
Questionnaire Design
Administration of the questionnaire
UNIT-IV
Field Research Design & Report Writing
Basic phases of Field Research Design
The Problem Statement
Hypothesis Formulation
Project Timing and Management
Importance of Research Design
Mechanics of writing a report

Writing of Field Report:

Field trip to the selected station (s) shall be compulsory to all the students. They will make study of
physico-cultural milieu of the selected station (s) through personal observations and questionnaire
methods. On the basis of data collected from the field the students shall prepare a field report on the
allotted subject/ topic and will make use of tables, figures and photo-plates.

N ot e : (i )
T h er e sh al l be wr i t t en pa per in th e depar tm en t l abor a t or y a n d
t h e quest i on pa per in th i s cour se wi l l c on si st of E IGHT quest i on s
c over i n g th e en t ir e syl l a bus. Al l quest i on s wi l l be of equa l m ar ks.
(i i )
T h e exa min a t i on of t h i s pa per wi l l be c on duct ed i n th e
depa r t m en t by a n ext er na l exam in er wh o wi l l be a ssi st ed by a n in t ern a l
exa m i n er wh o woul d gen er a l l y be t h e cour se t ea c h er. Th e ext ern a l
exa m i n er wi l l be a ppoi n t ed by t h e Vi ce-Ch a n cel l or out of a pen a l of
FIVE exper t s subm i t t ed t o h i m by t h e Ch air m an of t h e Depa r t m en t.
(i i i )
T h e ext ern al exa m in er wh o wi l l set t h e quest i on pa per in
a ssi st a n ce wi t h th e in t ern a l exa m in er sha l l h a ve t h e fr eedom t o de ci d e
t h e n at ur e of quest i on s (wh et h er MCQ t yp e or ot h er wi se) t o be put i n
t h e quest i on pa per . Th e quest i on pa per , h owe ver , wi l l cover th e en tir e
s yl l a bus.
Suggested Readings:
1.

Lunsbury J.F. and Aldrich, F.T (1979) Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and Techniques,
Charles E. Mercill Publishing Company, Columbus.

2.

Association of American Geographer (1965) Field Training in Geography, Technical Paper No.1.

3.

Anderson, Janathan et.al. 91970) Thesis and Assignment Writing, Wiley Eastern United , New
Delhi.

4.

Panneerselvam, R. (2004) Research Methodology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Limited, New Delhi.

5.

Kothari, C.R. (2004) Research Methodology, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New
Delhi.

COURSE-XIII: GEOGRAPHY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
UNIT-I
Emergence of Himachal Pradesh
Pre Independence Period
Independence to period of Re-organisation (1947-1966)
Modern Himachal Pradesh
Regions of Himachal Pradesh: Criteria for Regionalisation
UNIT-II
Physical Setting
Geology
Relief
Drainage
Climate
Natural Vegetation
Mineral Resources
UNIT-III
Cultural Setting
Population: Distribution, Density, Sex Ratio, Literacy etc.
Rural Settlement
Urbanisation
Agriculture: Crops and Cropping Pattern, Irrigation
Horticulture: Significance, Horticulture zones, Spatio-Temporal Development
Transport and Communication
UNIT-IV
Socio-Economic Development
Industries: Structure, Distribution,
Health: Spatio-Temporal Development of health Sector
Education: Distribution and development
Hydro Power Generation: Potentials, Development, Achievements.
Tourism: Different types of Tourism, Destinations
UNIT-V
Problems, Prospects and Policies
Problems & Prospects: Physical, Economic, Social, Environmental
Natural Hazards and Disasters: Earthquake, Floods, Cloudburst, Snow Avalanches
Policies: Water Policy, Forest Policy, Industrial Policy, tourism Policy
Notes:
1. The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
2. All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ahmad, Enayat (1991) Geography of the Himalaya, Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana &New Delhi.
Joshi, K.L (1984) Geography of Himachal Pradesh, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi.
Jreat, Manoj (2006) Geography of Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Singh, R.L. (1992) India, A Regional Geography, National Geographical Society of India,
Varanasi.
Spate, O.H.K and Learmonth, A.T.A. (1960) India & Pakistan. A General and Regional
Geography, Methuen and Company
State of Environment Report- Himachal Pradesh (2000), State Council for Science, Technology &
Environment, Kasumpti, Shimla.

COURSE-XIV CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)
UNIT-I
Meaning and nature of cultural geography, Components of culture, cultural traits, complexes and systems.
Basic cultural processes. Fundamental themes in cultural geography: Concepts of cultural region, cultural
diffusion, cultural ecology, culture integrations and cultural landscape.
UNIT-II
Cultural diversity: Language, religion and tribal groups, Linguistic culture region, Language pattern in
India, Linguistic diffusion, Linguistic ecology, Linguistic cultural integration, Linguistic landscapes.
Religious culture region, Major religions of the world, Religious diffusion, Religious ecology, Religious
cultural integration, Religious landscapes. Major tribal groups of the world and India.
UNIT-III
Folk and Popular geography. Folk culture regions, Folk culture diffusion, Folk ecology, Folk architecture
in the cultural landscape, Folk dwellings: house types, structural and functional elements of a house.
Popular culture, popular culture regions, popular culture diffusion, the ecology of popular culture,
landscapes in popular culture.
UNIT-IV
Human Settlements, significance of settlement studies, place names versus settlements, Meaning, scope and
approaches of settlement geography, Types and patterns of settlements, Causes of diverse types of rural
settlements.
UNIT-V
Cultural geography of the Himalaya, The cultural patterns, Hindu, Lamaist-Buddhism, Islamic, IndoMongolid and Nepalic culture areas. Major communities of the Himalaya.
Notes:
1. The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
2. All questions will carry equal marks.
Suggested Readings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Jackson, W.A.D. (1986) The shaping of Our World, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Jorden, T.G. and Rowntree, L. (1990) The Human Mosaic, New York: Harper and Row.
Karan, P.P. (1984) A Cultural Geography of Himalaya, in ed. Eidt, R.C. Singh, R.B. and
Singh, K.N. ed., Man Culture and Settlement, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, pp.24-30.
Mitra, Asok, Mukherjee S. and Bose, R. (1980) Indian Cities, New Delhi: Abhinay
Publications.
Rubenstein, J.M. (1989) The Cultural Landscape, Columbus: Merrill Pub. Com.
Singh,R.L. (1993) India: A Regional Geography, Varanasi: National Geographical Society of
India.
Singh, R.L. and Singh, K.N. (1975) Readings in Rural Settlement Geography, Varanasi:
NGSI.
Spencer, J.E. and Thomas, W.L. (1978) Introduction to Cultural Geography, New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
Stoddart, R.H. Wishart, D.J. and Blouct, B.W. (1989) Human Geography: People, Places and
Cultures, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Wagner, P.L. and Mikesell, M.W. (1962) Readings in Cultural Geography, Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press.

COURSE-XV

POLITICAL GEOGRPAHY
Max. Marks: 100
(Theory 80 + I.A. 20 marks)

Unit-I
A World-Systems Approach to Political Geography
World Systems Analysis
Historical Systems
The basic elements of the world economy
Dimensions of An Historical System
The dynamics of the world-economy
A space-time matrix for political geography
Power and Politics in the World-economy
The nature of power: individuals and institutions
The subtlety of power: What is a strong state
A political geography perspective on the world-economy
Unit-II
Geopolitics Revived
The Power-Political Heritage
Mackinders hearland theory
German geopolitics 1924-1941
Containment and deterrence: the US world model
Geopolitical World-Orders
Cycles of international politics
The cold war as a geopolitical world order
A new geopolitical transition
Geopolitical Codes
Containment: the geopolitical codes of US hegemony
Alternative geopolitical codes
Unit-III
Geography of Imperialisms
The Revolutionary Heritage
The rise and fall of the classical theory
A world-systems interpretation of imperialism
Formal Imperialism: The creation of empires
The two cycles of formal imperialism
The geography of formal imperialism
The economics of formal imperialism
Where the sun never set
Informal Imperialism: Dominance without empire
The international relations of informal imperialism
Informal imperialism as a structural relation
Informal imperialism today
Unit-IV
Electoral Studies
Geography and electoral studies: Geography of voting; Geographical influences on voting;
geographical influences on representation
Electoral Systems and Electoral Data:
The Plurality system, Preferential Systems, List systems, Mixed systems; Voting records and
Ecological Analysis
Unit-V
Electoral Abuses:
Numerical Discrimination: Malapprovetionment, Boundary Discrimination: Gerrymandering.
Electoral Reforms:
The Problem of Alternative Geographics; the problems of Alternative Electoral Systems.

Notes:
1.
2.

The paper would be set from the syllabus covering the full content. Ten questions, two from each
unit, are to be framed. Candidates will have to attempt five questions, one from each unit.
All questions will carry equal marks.

Suggested Readings:
1.

Dikshit R.D., Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective, Tata McGraw Hill, 1987.

2.

Kasperson, R.E. and Mingni, J.V (ed.) Structure of Political Geography, London University
Press, 1970.

3.

Muir, P., Modern Political Geography, Macmillan London, 1981.

4.

Pounds, N.J.G., Political Geography, McGraw Hill, 1983.

5.

Taylor, P.J. Political Geography, Longman, Harlow, 1992.

6.

Taylor, P.J. and Johnston, R.J., Geography of Elections, Penguin Books Ltd.,
Harmondsworth, 1979.

COURSE XVI

REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

Maximum Marks: 100

(Practical)
Unit-I
History of remote sensing: Development of aerial photography (pre-1960 period); Development of satellitebased remote sensing (post-1960 period); Remote Sensing in India.
Unit-II
Basic principles of remote sensing; electromagnetic energy; energy source; energy and radiation principles;
energy interactions in the atmosphere and with earth surface features; spectral reflectance; spectral
signatures; methods of recording spectral reflectances (photographic and digital), Remote Sensing Systems
(classification)
Unit-III
Air photos and photogrammetry: Elements of photographic system-types, scales and ground coverage,
resolution, radiometric characteristics, films, filters, aerial cameras, photograph geometry (vertical)
Vertical aerial photogrammetry: relief displacement, image parallax, stereoscopic viewing and
measurements.
Aerial photographic interpretation: elements of aerial photographic interpretation- shape, size, pattern, tone,
texture, shadows and site
Unit-IV
Satellite Remote Sensing: RS Satellites- Polar sun-synchronous, geo-stationary; satellite platformsLANDSAT, SPOT, IRS, INSAT, Principles and geometry of scanners and CCD arrays; Satellite RS data
products: Imageries, computer compatible media (CCTs, CDs, Floppies etc.), MSS, TM, SPOT-PLA,
SPOT-MLA, LISS-I, LISS-II, LISS-III
Unit-V
Digital Image Processing: Digital image and gray scale images; Analog-to-Digital ( A to D) conversion;
image rectification and restoration; image enhancement, contrast manipulation, ratioing; image
classification: Supervised classification approach-minimum distance to means classification, parallelepiped
classification, maximum likelihood classification; unsupervised classification approach

Notes for paper setter and the students:

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)

(10)

Maximum marks for the course would be 100.

100 marks for the course would be divided as follows:
(a) Written examination
50 marks
(b) Record book
20 marks
(c) Viva Voce
10 marks
(d) Internal assessment
20 marks
Written examination would be of 3 hours duration and would be conducted in the Department.
Paper for the written examination shall be made by the external examiner in assistance with
the internal examiner (who generally would be the course teacher)
External examiner would be appointed by the VC/PVC out of a panel of four university
teachers supplied by the Department Chairman in consultation with the course teacher.
Record book would be evaluated by the external examiner.
Viva voce would be conducted by the external examiner and would pertain to the complete
contents of the syllabus.
Internal assessment would be given by the course teacher on the basis of lecture attendance
and classroom performance. Internal Assessment marks would be decided by the course
teacher and be added to the marks obtained by the student at the time of practical
examination.
Paper for the written examination would be set jointly by the external and internal examiners.
Paper would comprise two parts. Part one would have two long answer type questions, each
question carrying 10 marks. Part two of the paper would contain 40 objective type questions
covering the full content of the syllabus each carrying one mark. Questions in this part would
be multiple choice, true/false and short answer type.
Answer books would be evaluated jointly by external and internal examiners on the day of
examination.

Suggested Readings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.

American Society of Photogrammetry: Manual of Remote Sensing, ASP, Falls

Church, V.A., 1983.
Barrett E.C and L.F. Curtis: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Air Photo
Interpretation, Mcmillan, New York, 1992.
Compbell J.: Introduction to remote Sensing, Guilford, New York, 1989.
Curran, Paul J. : Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman, London, 1985.
Gibson, Paul J. 2000. Introductory Remote Sensing- Principles and Concepts.
London & New York: Routledge.
Hord R.M. : Digital Image Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Academic, New
York, 1989.
Jensen, John R. 1996. Introductory Digital Image Processing- A Remote Sensing
Perspective (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Juder D.: Aerial Photography Interpretation: Principles and Application, McGraw
Hill, New York, 1959.
Pratt W.K. Digital Image Processing, Wiley, New York, 1978.
Rao D.P. (eds.): Remote Sensing for Earth Resources, Association of Exploration
Geophysicist, Hyderabad, 1998.
Thomas M. Lilesand and Ralph W.Kefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
Jensen, John R. Remote sensing of the Environment An Earth Resource
Perspective, Pearson Education, 2000.