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English on Phone
Companion - 6
Grammar review and exercises for Level 6
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Welcome to English on Phone

Dear Student,
It gives us great pleasure to welcome you to BodhiSutra English on Phone, a proven course
backed by both scientific research and awesome results.
Attend all classes, speak a lot in your daily exercises and complete all companion exercises.
If you face any issues, feel free to get in touch with us. We are committed to making you
impressive and confident in your English communication and would be glad to hear from you.
Call us at 9811352221 or 9015682339 for any feedback or complaint.
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English on Phone Best Practices

BodhiSutra English on Phone has helped thousands of working professionals, college students
and housewives speak fluent English in their professional, personal and social spheres.
Following best practices have emerged from their collective experience.
We strongly recommend you to follow them to get the maximum out of this program:
a) Attend all classes, yes, do not miss a single one
b) You may take two leaves in a month. For this, please inform Operations Team before
your class timing that you would not be able to take the class.
c) All leaves beyond the permissible 2 leaves will be counted and you will lose those
sessions. If you dont inform the Operations in advance about taking a leave, it would be
counted as Student Absent and you will lose that class.
d) If you face any issues like your trainer missed a class or you do not understand
something or any other problem, please inform Customer Support immediately at
9811352221 or 9015682339.
e) Watch English news for at least 30 mins every day. Make it a routine practice even if you
do not understand it.
f) Read for 30 mins everyday. Read something entertaining, interesting and easy. It could
be childrens story books or text books of kids in your family or novels or non-fiction
absolutely anything. You need to have a reading habit to become a good communicator.
g) Feel free to talk to us whenever you feel like giving us any feedback or have any

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comments on the course, training methods or any other process.

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Chapter 1
The infinitive
What is the infinitive?

The infinitive of a verb is its basic form (first form) with or without to:
Examples:
1. 'do' or 'to do'
2. go or to go
3. 'be' or 'to be'
The infinitive without to is called bare infinitive ('do', 'be')
The infinitive with to is called full infinitive ('to do', 'to be')
The bare infinitive

1. With auxiliary verb do, or most modal auxiliary verbs (such as will, can, or should.)
Examples:
a. I do know him
b. You should go to Delhi
c. They will come here..
2. With verbs of perception like see, watch, hear, feel, sense etc:
Examples:
a. I heard the tiger jump in the bushes.
b. I watched the accident happen.
3. With verbs of permission and causation including make, bid, let, and have:
Example:
a. The Americans made/bade/let/had the Pakistanis do it.

b. They were made to go after the thieves. (In passive voice use to + verb)
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4. With had better:

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Example:
a. I had better get ready
b. They had better reach the station soon.
5. With help
Example:
a. She helped them prepare for the contest
b. Her maid helped her cook for the party
6. With the word why.
Example:
a. Why do it?
b. Why deny what everyone knows as truth?
The full infinitive

Use the full infinitive as follows:

As a noun phrase, you can use the full infinitive in the following ways:
1. As a subject.
Examples:
a. To lie is a great sin.
b. To wait in line is the most boring thing on the earth.
2. As an object.
Examples:
a. I want to marry her
b. She intends to start running
c. He wants to know the truth.
3. As an adjective or adverb.
Examples:
a. He is the man to watch (as an adjective)

b. Thats a problem to solve. (as an adverb)

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c. We are ready to go.

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d. He is waiting to come.
4. To express purpose:
Examples:
a. He needs to exercise to stay fit.
b. He studies hard to go to a good University.
Exercise 1.1
Join these sentences using infinitives:

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1. He did not have even a paisa with him. He could not pay his college fee.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Every party has a president. He leads other party members.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. You must pay all your taxes. Only on this condition will you avoid jail term.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. He went to France. He wanted to study fashion.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. The robber took out a dagger. He wanted to frighten the old man.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. I state the facts. I am not afraid of it.
____________________________________________________________________________
7. He wants to be rich. He works hard for it.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. He has five children. He must take care of them.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. He collects old coins. It is his hobby.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. That young man has squandered away all his wealth. He must have been stupid.
____________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 2
The Gerund
What is a gerund?

Verb first form + ing = gerund.

Example:
a. Painting is my hobby
b. Cooking is definitely more challenging than eating.
Note that verb+ing is also a continuous form (present participle) and the usage of present
participle is as follows:
Example:
a. They were sleeping when the bell rang.
b. Suman will be teaching in the school for the next three years.
What is the difference between a gerund and the present participle?

Gerunds are verbs used as nouns while present participles are verbs used in continuous tense:
1. Gerunds are verbs used as nouns.
2. Gerunds can be a subject, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
3. Present participles form continuous verbs
Examples of gerund:
1. Swimming is fun. (subject)
2. I like singing. (direct object)
3. He gives writing all his time.( indirect object)
4. He has devoted all his life to writing (object of the preposition to)

1. They were sleeping when the cops came.

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Examples of present participle:

2. I bought a painting book

3. He is running behind the train.
Exercise 2.1
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verb:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

She is good at _____________(sing).

He is crazy about _____________ (dance).
I don't like _____________ (play) cricket.
They are afraid of _____________ (swim) in the river.
You should give up _____________ (drink).
Sanjay dreams of_____________ (be) an actor.
He is interested in_____________ (make) movies.
My uncle is afraid of_____________ (fly).
He insisted on _____________ (paint) the room himself.

Exercise 2.2
Fill up the blanks

I can't help (feel) ___________ worried about global warming.

Most people prefer (ride) ___________ in cars to (walk) ___________ .
She hates (swim) ___________ in the pool.
There's no (deny) ___________ that he likes (see) ___________ his own photo.
The dog kept on (bark) ___________ till the house owner woke up.
I dislike (sleep) ___________________ in the day.
He likes (write) letters to editors.
I fear (go) _____________ in the dark because of ghosts.
I couldn't resist (buy) _____________ the costly smartphone.
I dont like (sit) _____________ in the AC room and (discuss) ______________ corruption.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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Chapter 3
Using Gerunds or infinitives
Use the following rules to guide your usage of gerunds and infinitives:
Examples

Rules

Explanations

Verb +

1. I enjoy reading

Use the gerund for an

gerund

2. I denied cheating

action that

the time of

happens before or at the

reading.

same time as the action

2. I deny having

of the main verb.

1. I enjoy myself at

cheated on
anything before.

Verb +

1. I decided to meet my

Use the infinitive for

infinitive

boss.

actions that follow the

boss after taking

2. I want to watch a

action of the main verb.

the decision to

movie

1. I will meet the

meet him.
2. What I want
(now) is to watch
a movie
(after/later)

NB: Remember, like most of the rules in English, these rules too have exceptions.
Usage of gerunds
Following set of verbs are usually used with gerunds.

like
love

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1. With verbs that express likes/dislikes :

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enjoy
dislike
hate

Example:

"I like playing cricket but I hate boxing."

He likes watching movies on weekends.

Note that verbs such as, like/love/hate... can also be followed by an infinitive:
Examples:

I like to walk in the park in the evening.

I will go to watch movie on Saturday

2. With verbs in the following list:

Following verbs are commonly used with gerunds:
Admit, advise, allow, anticipate, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, fancy, finish, go,
imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, reject, resist, risk, suggest,
waste time/money.
Examples:

He admitted breaking the window.

They don't allow drinking in the rooms.
She avoided talking to his boss.

3. With prepositions in the following list:

There are certain prepositions which are frequently found being used with gerunds:

aim at
keep on
interested in
instead of
good at
before ...
after ...

"I am interested in writing stories."

"After playing cricket I drank an orange juice".

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10

Example:

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4. After expressions in the following list :

Certain expressions are generally used with gerunds. This is a partial list:

It's no use ...

It's no good ...
There's no point in ...
I can't help...
I don't mind..
I can't stand/bear...

Examples:

Its no use talking to him.

There is no point in meeting him.

Usage of Infinitives
1. Verbs referring to a future event:
There are certain verbs which are more frequently used with infinitives. This includes verbs which refer
to a future event or possibility. For example:
afford, agree, aim, arrange, attempt, choose, consent, decide, deserve, demand, endeavor, expect, fail,
happen, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, seem,
swear, threaten, volunteer, want, would, hate, would like, would love
Examples:

He deserves to be penalized.
They happened to be at the theatre when fire broke out.
I hope to join the team as soon as possible.
I need to find a job.
He offers to help us.

2. Certain adjectives:
Following adjectives are generally used with infinitives.
be determined
be disappointed
be glad
be happy
be pleased

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Examples:
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"I'm glad to know that you passed the exam."

"I'm pleased to meet you."
"I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths."

3. After "too" & "enough":

Too and enough are also used with infinitives as follows:
Examples:

too difficult
easy enough

Example:

"It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful."

" But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

Verbs that can be followed by both an infinitive and a gerund:

Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Here are some examples:

start
begin
stop
remember

Example:

"I started playing guitar when I was young."

"I started to play guitar when I reached home."

Exercise 3.1

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1. He quit __________ (worry) about his failed marriage and decided ____________ (focus) on
his career.
2. His ____________ (fail) in engineering prevented him from ____________ (apply) to the
army.
3. I remember ___________ (sit) on the hilltop ____________ (watch) the sunset with my
father.
4. Can you check this habit of ___________ (come) late everyday. I will be forced __________
(take) action otherwise. H
5. _________ (go) ______________ (trek) next week is a bad idea.
6. He keeps ____________ (have) problems with his injured back.
7. His ___________ (quit) his job allowed him ____________ (spend) more time with his
parents.

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Fill in the blanks:

8. Jaggu Dada tried ____________ (jump) over the fence but the was caught.
9. The boy cried hard but his mother refused ____________ (let) him play.
10. Do you know anything about _____________ (care) for your parents?
Exercise 3.2

Fill in the blanks:

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13

1. I enjoy _____ (go) to the movies.

2. We anticipate _____ (spend) one month here.
3. Sumit finished ________________ (write) his thesis yesterday.
4. She can't afford _____ (pay) her college fee
5. I enjoy _____________ (be) different.
6. Do not avoid _____________ (pay) your taxes.
7. I don't like ____________ (attend) parties.
8. They've decided about ___________ (shift) to Chandigarh
9. Suman likes ____________ (visit) old forts
10. Do you mind _____________ (wait) for your turn.
11. The shop assistant offered _____ (help) me.
12. The country stands __________ (gain) a lot by focusing on development.
13. There is no ____________ (stop) India now.
14. If you raise the corruption issue, you risk _____________ (lose) their support
15. I prefer ____________ (stay) home on weekends.
16. Everyone resumed ____________ (work) after the short break.
17. He tends ___________ (lie) when someone asks him about his salary.
18. Dont leave ______________ (sing). You sing well.
19. He practices _____________ (play) the guitar everyday.
20. I do not hesitate ____________ (file) a complaint if I get bad food in train.

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Chapter 4
Modals - I
What are modal verbs?

Modals are special verbs which work irregularly in English and fulfil special purposes.
Some characteristics of modal auxiliaries are:
1. They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"
2. They are always followed by verb first form (bare infinitive)
3. They are used to allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation,
necessity, ability
List of modal verbs

Here is a list of modal verbs:

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must

The verbs or expressions dare, ought to, had better, and need not behave like modal auxiliaries
to a large extent and my be added to the above list
Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

Permission
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Lack of necessity
Advice
possibility
probability

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

List of modal verbs

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Here is a list of modals with examples:

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Modal Verb
must

Expressing
Strong obligation

Example
You must pay your taxes in time.

logical conclusion / Certainty

He must have missed the train. He didnt

reach Delhi with it.

must not

prohibition

You must not smoke in the room.

can

ability

I can sing.

permission

Can I use your mobile phone please?

possibility

Drinking causes liver disease.

ability in the past

When I was younger I could lift 150 kgs

polite permission

Excuse me, could I just complete my point?

possibility

It could snow tomorrow!

permission

May I use your pen please?

possibility, probability

It may not rain tomorrow!

polite permission

Might I suggest a plan?

possibility, probability

I might go on holiday to Europe next year.

lack of necessity/absence of

I need not buy bananas, there are a lot of

obligation

them in the fridge.

could

may

might

need not

should/ought 50 % obligation

I should / ought to see a dentist. I have a

to

terrible toothache.
advice

You should / ought to revise your assignment

logical conclusion

He should / ought to be very tired. He's been

working all night.

had better

advice

You 'd better revise your assignment

Remember

Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive which

15

essentially means verb first form.

Examples:

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1. You must pay taxes in time.

2. You should see to the dentist.
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3. There are a lot of bananas in the fridge. You need not buy any.
Exercise 4.1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Krishna was disappointed because he ____________ get tickets for the movie.
My singing is poor. I __________ sing as well as you.
Sumit didnt come to the office. He _____________ be sick.
____________ pigs sing? I dont think so.
The little boy asked, "Father, ________ I go to play? The father said, "Yes, you
____________."
6. When Sanju was young, he ____________ read very fast.
7. You ____________ buy sugar. There is a lot of sugar at home.
8. You ____________ buy sugar. There is none at home and the baby wont drink milk
without sugar.
9. It _________ rain tomorrow.
10. It _______ not rain tomorrow.
11. Take the umbrella, it __________ rain.
12. You ____________ take the umbrella because it is very hot and sunny and it will not rain
today.
13. You ____________ hurry up else you will miss the train.
14. You _____________ make noise. The baby is sleeping.
15. We _________ go to Rishikesh or Nainital. We are not sure.
16. He was so scared, he _____________ remember his own name.
Exercise 4.2

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I have no time. I __________ leave now.

I wish I ____________ buy an iPhone.
You look tired. You ___________ take some days off.
Sanjeev is not at home. He ____________ have gone to Delhi, I dont know.
Dhiraj ________ bowl very fast. No one wants to face him.
__________ we go and watch a movie tonight?
I havent decided where to go this summer. I __________ go to Srinagar or
Kanyakumari.
8. __________ you water my plants while I am away? If they dont get water, they
________ die.
9. Sumit ____________ come for the birthday party but I am not sure.
10. You __________ pay the fees before the last date.
11. He ___________ go out more often.
12. If it rains tomorrow, we ____________ go to the zoo.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Chapter 5
Modals - II
Modals in the present and past

Modals in the past takes the following form:

1. modal + have + past participle (verb II form)
Example:
1. Present:
You should see a doctor.
2. Past:
You should have seen a doctor
Except for modals that express obligation, ability and lack of necessity:
1. Obligation:
Present = I must / have to study hard. -- Past = I had to study hard.
2. Ability:
Present = I can sing well. -- Past = I could sing well when I was young.
3. Lack of necessity:
Present = You don't have to / needn't take an umbrella. -- Past = You didn't have to /

Advice
Prohibition
Ability
Certainty

Modals in the Past

You must / have to pay your taxes in

time.
You should see a dentist.
You mustn't smoke here.
I can sing well.
He has a Mercedes. He must be very
rich.

You had to pay your dues.

You should have seen a dentist
You mustn't have smoked there.
I could sing well. Now, I am old.
He must have been rich. He had
a big house and an expensive car.

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Obligation

Modals in the Present

17

didn't need to take an umbrella.

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He can't be American. His English is

very bad.

He can't have written that poem.

His English is poor.

Permission

Can I go out?

She could drive her father's car

when she was only 14.

Possibility

It may / can / could / might rain. Take

your umbrella.

Lack of
necessity

You don't have to / needn't buy any

bananas. There are plenty in the fridge.

I guess it may / can / could /

might have been Lalit on the
phone.
You didn't have to / didn't
need to buy bananas.

Exercise 5.1

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1. You ____________ look at the people when you talk to them.

a. could
b. should
c. would
2. If you dont start attending classes, you ____________repeat the course next year.
a. have to
b. must
c. will have to
3. Call her now. She ____________ home by now.
a. has to be
b. must be
c. would be
4. He ____________ be able to help you, but Im not sure yet.
a. might
b. would
5. Even as a child, little Kautilya ____________ tell you the capital of any country in the
world.
a. could
b. should
c. would
6. I ________ really get that job.
a. could
b. must
c. would

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Choose the correct option:

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19
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7. ____________take a photograph of you?

a. Am I allowed to
b. May I
8. Students ____________borrow up to 6 books from the library.
a. are allowed to
b. could
9. Whose bag is this? I dont know, but it ____________ belong to Madhuri because it has
a big M printed on it.
a. could
b. may
c. should
d. would
10. Its very important to ____________ speak English fluently.
a. can
b. be able to
11. I dont like ____________ get up early in the morning.
a. being able to
b. being allowed to
c. having to
12. ____________ you speak Spanish? Not much but my French is good.
a. Can
b. Could
13. I __________________ help you, but I dont want to.
a. can
b. could
c. would
14. __________________ you switch off the lights please?
a. Can
b. May
15. You __________________ eat so much sugar.
a. dont have to
b. mustnt
c. shouldnt
16. Im so hungry I __________________ eat a horse!
a. can
b. could
c. must

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20

d. should
17. The test starts at 10. You ..... be late.
a. dont have to
b. mustnt
18. Why didnt he tell me? I __________________ him!
a. could help
b. could have helped
c. was able to help
d. would help
19. You _______________ win without hardwork. The world today is very competitive.
a. can't
b. may not
20. In India, boys __________________ do military service.
a. must not
b. don't have to
21. The thief was six feet tall. It ________________ have been Manoj. He is very short.
a. could not
b. would not
22. He is not at home. He _____________ in the office.
a. must be
b. should be
23. You ______________ have waited this long. Your cold has gone worse.
a. may not
b. should not
24. We _________________ decide to go to Goa again for New Year.
a. can
b. may
25. How _______________ you have left the bathroom in such a mess?
a. could
b. should

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Chapter 6
Must and Have to
Must and have to are modal verbs in English.
Must

1. To make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain
about something:
Examples:
1. It has rained all day, it must be wet outside.
2. The weather is fantastic in Mussorie. It must a lot fun to live there.
2. To express a strong obligation.
Examples:
1. Students must attend all classes.
2. You must pay taxes in time.
3. We must go to sleep now, we have an early morning train to catch.
3. Have to
To express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of
external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
Examples:
1. I have to send an urgent email.
2. I have to take this book back to the library.
Exercise 6.1

The heater is off. You ________________ be feeling cold.

I _______________ attend tomorrows meeting. The boss is very strict.
You _______________ visit the icy Kargil heights and see where our soldiers fight.
We _________________ finish now because the room has to be vacated before 10.
We ______________ discuss it and resolve. Any problem can be solved if we talk face to
face.
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Page

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

21

Fill in the blanks using must or have to

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22

6. I ______________ finish my geography project tonight. Last date is tomorrow.

7. Does he ____________ work next Saturday?
8. My boss needs this report tomorrow morning. I _____________ finish it now.
9. "You _____________ complete the project in time" said the manager to the trainee.
10. Jumna __________ go to office on foot. The buses and autos are on strike.
11. I ____________ invite you one day for dinner.
12. Suman ________________ leave home at 5 because the train is at 7.
13. I _______________ improve my English, I need it in my job.
14. I ___________________ improve my English. I feel bad when I cant talk in English.
15. I ______________ get up at 5, I will go jogging.
16. I ______________ get up at 5:00 otherwise I will not reach office in time.
17. I ___________ wear formals. It is an office party.
18. I ____________ wear formals. I want to look responsible and trustworthy.
19. I _______________ follow the rules because I dont want to commit any mistakes.
20. I _____________ follow the rules. It's my duty.

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Chapter 7
Shall and Will
Shall is not used often in modern American English. They are use as follows:
1. Use will with all persons
I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there

2. Use shall with we and I

I, we shall go

3. The short form of will and shall is 'll

I, you, he, she, it, we, they will or 'll call you

I, we shall or 'll call you

4. In the negative, the short forms of will not and shall

5. Negative forms are will not or shall not and their short forms are wont:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they won't give up

I, we shan't give up
Uses of shall

Use shall to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows:
1. Shall we leave or stay?

4. What shall I do to get rid of my toothache?

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Page

3. Shall I get his mobile number if I meet him?

23

2. Shall we play?

Shall if generally used with I/we but when giving stern command, or threat or promise, shall is
used with you.:
1. You shall not get in my class! (Command)
2. You shall pay for it. (Threat)
3. You shall get have your freedom. (Promise)
Shall is used in formal or legal documents:
1. Tresspassers shall be liable to fine.
2. There shall be no breach of this contract.
3. You shall not enter this premises.
Exercise 7.1
Fill in the blanks

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24

1. _____________ you wait for my reply?

2. ______________ I help you with this bag?
3. He ________________ get drunk and create a mess in the party. He always does that.
4. Give me blood and you _______________ have your freedom.
5. Every Indian ________________ the right to liberty and equality under this Constitution.
6. ______________ you lend me your bike for a day?
7. ______________ you be kind enough to lend me your bike?
8. You __________ not disclose the contents of this letter to anyone.
9. ______________ you join us?
10. This ____________ never happen again. Understood?
11. ______________ I call the doctor?

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Chapter 8
Participle Adjectives
Participles

Participles are verb forms which can be used for specific purposes.
Participles can be of two types based on their form:
1. Present participle

The present participle is verb first form + ing.

Examples:
1. Reading
i. I am reading Dr Kalams book (present continuous)
ii. Where are my reading glasses? (modifier, adjective)
2. Washing
i. He is washing his car.
ii. This is my imported washing machine.
3. Crying
i. Why are you crying?
ii. Sudha took pity on the crying baby.
4. Drinking
i. What are you drinking?
ii. He has got a drinking problem.
2. Past participle

The past participle is the verb II form. It can be used in simple past tense as well as a
modifier.

1. Broken
i. I have not broken the window (simple past)
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Examples:

ii. The chair with a broken leg fell. (adjective)

2. Aggrieved
i. The aggrieved patients demonstrated outside the hospital
ii. Cold aggrieved his back pain.
3. Satisfied
i. He was satisfied after a heavy meal.
ii. Satisfied customers are the biggest asset of a business.

Usage of participles:

Participles used as adjectives are called adjectival participles.

Examples:
1. An enlightening experience
2. A frightening movie
3. A moving story
4. The burnt paratha
5. The burning train
6. A well designed house
7. A well built man

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Exercise 8.1
1. The boys were _________________ (fascinate) by the animals in the zoo.
2. The lion was the most _______________ (fascinate) to the children.
3. The film on space travel was ________________ (fascinate)
4. Ram is an ___________________ (impress) artist.
5. He is so __________________ (impress) by her that he talks about her all the time.
6. I find Shahrukh Khan movies ____________ (bore).
7. We were so ______________ (bore) in the movie, we left in between.
8. Please do not bore us with your ________________ (bore) jokes.
9. I am really ____________________ (tire).
10. The walk up the hill was _____________ (tire) for the old men.
11. He drinks every night. He has got a severe _____________ (drink) problem

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8. Well maintained house

27

He came home last night, totally _____________(drink).

She is never _______________ (satisfy) with her work.
Trip to the temple was _____________________ (satisfy) to him.
The news of the plane crash was _________________ (shock) to all of us.
He was so ______________ (shock) by the news that he started crying.
Where are my ________________ (read) glasses?
We will organize a _________________ (sing) competition in the college fest.
The town was hit by a _________________ (devastate) storm.
The town has not yet recovered from the _____________________ (devastate) impact of the
storm.

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Chapter 9
Cumulative and Coordinate Adjectives
Where to place adjectives?
Adjectives can be placed in either of the two ways:
1. Before the target noun
a. Examples: blue umbrella, red dragon, hungry devil, tall man, short boy
2. After the verbs like: be/feel/seem/look etc.
a. Examples: It feels nice, they are blue, you look hungry, she felt thirsty
Cumulative or coordinate adjectives
An interesting problem comes up when you use more than one adjectives to qualify one noun.
Either all those multiple adjectives separately qualify the noun or they could be adding up to have a
combined effect.
Coordinate Adjectives
These are a group of adjectives which separately qualify a noun. They are separated by a comma and
you use the word and to connect them.
Their order can be changed as you wish, which adjective comes first and which last doesnt matter if the
adjective are coordinate adjectives.
Example:
1. He found an old, strange man in the jungle.
2. Jagat Singh was a tall, strong man built like a bull.
Cumulative Adjectives
This is a group of adjectives which combine together to jointly modify a noun. They need to be arranged
in a specific order and no commas are needed.
Examples:

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1. He met a gorgeous young lady during his Paris trip.

2. They found a huge blue Himalayan snake in the pond.

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Generally cumulative adjectives follow a certain order of arrangement:

Opinion

good, attractive, beautiful, delicious...

Size

large, small, enormous...

Age

old, new, modern, young...

Length or shape

long, short, square, round...

Color

red, blue, green...

Origin (nationality, religion) American, French, Muslim, Christian...

Material

plastic, woolen, wooden, cotton..

Purpose

electric (wire) , tennis (shirt)

Avoid using more than two or three adjectives in a sentence because using too many of them makes the
sentence look awkward.
Examples:
1. An attractive young French actress.
2. A modern Korean solar car.
3. A big square red cap.

Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives express possession.
Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their these adjectives express the idea that
something is owned by someone.
Examples:
1. Let me get my stuff
2. Is this your bag?

Whether a word is a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun, depends on how it is used.

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Note that these words are pronouns (also known as possessive pronouns) but used differently.

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3. Let us look at our problems.

1. My car is red. (My = possessive adjective which modifies the noun car)
2. Your car is brown. (Your = possessive adjective)
3. My car is red. Yours is brown. (Yours = possessive pronoun because it works as a subject
of the verb is)
Examples
Subject Pronouns

you

he

she it

Possessive Adjectives my your his her

we

you

they

its our your their

Examples:
1. Why didn't you wash your uniform?
2. Mahesh doesn't like his school.
3. The lizard can re-grow its tail.
4. Her shirt is blue, his tie is blue too.
Points to remember:

1. Possessive adjectives are different from possessive pronouns they may look the same
but their usage is completely different.

Examples:
a. This is my (possessive adjective) pen and that is yours (possessive pronoun)
b. My (possessive adjective) car is blue and his (possessive pronoun) is red.
2. When using possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives, do not use apostrophes like:
it's, they're etc its is a contraction of it is or it has; they're is a contraction of they
are; there is an adverb of place.
3. Examples:
a. Its the main reason why the ship sunk. (Its = it is, contraction)
b. The tiger is a strong animal. Its body is very powerful (Its = belonging to it,

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c. My villa is huge. Its got twenty bathrooms.

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possessive)

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d. Raman and Manish are my friends. Theyre my classmates. Their boss is our
college senior.

Exercise 9.1
Fill in the blanks using much (for non countable) or many (for countable) in the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

We didnt see _________ animals in the zoo because of the cold.

How ___________ rice did you keep in my tiffin box?\
There isnt ___________ salt in this curry.
She hasnt got ________________ dresses to choose from.
He carried ___________ bottles of mineral water on the trek.
How ____________ butter do you eat everyday?
He doesnt have _____________ friends.
There are ____________ cars on the road.
This is not ____________ traffic right now.
I didnt get _______________ in the train.

Exercise 9.2
Fill in the blanks using a little (non countable) or a few (countable):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

I need _________________ fit boys for this job.

I have ____________bottles left with me.
I take ______________ sugar with milk.
There are _______________ students in the class.
He spend _______________ money on food.
The earthquake damaged ____________ houses in the society.
I have ___________ cans of cola with me.
I have ______________ rice left with me.

Exercise 9.3

Is there _______ juice left in the fridge?

There is ____________ milk in the fridge.
Do you have ____________ idea how stupid you have been?
I have got ______________ ideas. Let us discuss sometime soon.
I dont have ______________ money left with me.
I have ___________ money. Take this and see if you can restart your business.
Dont they have ____________ sense of responsibility?
They at least have __________ sense of responsibility. They returned my luggage.
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Fill in the blanks using some (positive when expecting yes as an answer) or any (negative when
expecting no as an answer) in the following sentences:

Exercise 9.4
Fill in the blanks using some or many.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Add ___________ salt in the mixture and stir.

There are ____________ cars on the road now.
Take ___________ money if you want but leave me alone.
There arent ____________ tigers left. This has worried the conservationalists.
I have ___________ friends in the ministry. They may help us out.
There are ____________ complaints against you.
I have __________ friends. I will never be alone.
He ate so __________ sweets that he developed a toothache.
We had _____________ sandwiches before we left.
He will bring _________ friends with him tonight.

Exercise 9.5
Fill up the blanks using a little (less in quantity) or less (in comparison to something else):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

He has __________ interest in movies.

You need _________ this month than you needed last month.
You should drink __________ coffee.
I have had ____________ sleep in the last five days.
He has __________ friends than I thought.
I have ____________ patience when dealing with idiots.
He has _____________ patience than his brother.
I have got _______________ time for your tantrums.
We have ________________ time for this project than what we had for the previous one.

Exercise 9.6
Fill up the blanks with a little vs a lot of:

Exercise 9.7
Fill up the blanks with few (countable, means almost zero) or little (non countable, means almost zero)
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He drank ___________ of alcohol in the party and made a mess.

Add _______________ sugar to the kheer.
He spent _______________ money on his car to get it repaired.
_____________ help at the right time can help many underprivileged kids have good careers.
He didnt give me _____________ attention so I dont think he is very interested.
_____________ in your habits can have a great impact.
He has left behind _____________ mess to be sorted out.
Why dont you pay ______________ attention to your studies?

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Theres _______ point in expecting Pakistan to punish Hafiz Saeed.

_______________ people listen to what he says.
I have ___________ money for this wastage.
I have ______________ patience for idiots like him.
There were ____________students in class.
There are _____________ students who have passed the exam.
____________ attend classes these days.
There is ____________ police presence on the road today.

Exercise 9.8
Fill up the blanks using fewer or less in the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

There were ___________ riots ten years ago.

I drink ______________ juice now than I did in college.
I have _______ than a week to finish my thesis.
She wears _____________ make up ever since she has taken up a job.
He watches ______________ movies now that he has a kid.
Why do you now spend _________ time with your family?
I have met ___________ athletes in the last five days than journalists.
______________ children now want to become writers.

Exercise 9.9
Fill in the blanks using farther (in the sense of the distance) or further (when talking of any thing apart
from the distance):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

They couldnt go much ___________ because they ran out of petrol.

I cannot go any _____________ with this job.
The lawyer did not have any further questions.
You could go a lot ___________ if you become disciplined.
How much _____________ do you plan to drive tonight?
The soldiers could not go ____________ because of the bad weather.
Any ___________ misadventure will cost you dearly.

Exercise 9.10

Mr Sharma has a son and a daughter. The former is an actor and the ___________ is a doctor.
Talk to you ________________.
Of the two batman movies, I like the ________________.
He promised to return __________________.
The officer chased the thief even as the ____________ fired at the former.
I came to the office ____________ than my boss.
Out of sandwich and pasta, I do not like the _____________.
I will take rest now. Maybe, later in the day, we will go to a movie.
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Fill in the blanks using later (which comes late) or latter (the second one in the sequence):

Exercise 9.11
Fill in the blanks using last (last in a list of more than two) or latter (second one in a sequence of two):

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Manoj and Jitesh are friends but the former always criticizes the ___________.
Bahadurshah Zafar was the __________ Mughal king.
Suman, Satish and Sanju went to the library. Sushil was the __________ to come back.
I know Hindi and Sanskrit though I can barely speak in the ______________.
There are two parts of the movie and the ____________ is more popular.
I study Physics, Chemistry and Mathematic. I hate the ____________ one the most.
I like Sachin, Rahul and Ganguly but I find the _____________ one most exciting.
The __________ one to leave the room should turn off the lights.

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Chapter 10
Demonstratives - This, that, these, those
This and That are demonstratives.
Examples:
1. This is my car. (This = demonstrative)
2. The demonstratives in English are this, that, these, and those
Demonstrative pronouns vs demonstrative adjectives
Whether a word is used as a demonstrative pronoun or an adjective depends on how and where it is
used.
1. A demonstrative adjective modifies a noun eg: this car is big, that apple is bad etc.
2. Demonstrative pronouns act on their own, replacing a noun instead of modifying it, eg this is
good, thats bad.
Use of demonstratives
Proper choice of the demonstrative depends on two factors:
1. distance: near or far, and,
2. number: singular or plural.
Here are the main distinctions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

This = near and singular

That = far and singular
These = near and plural
Those = Far and plural

Exercise 10.1

___________ in my village. I was born here.

______________ boys playing over there study in the government school nearby.
How can you buy _____________ pathetic mobile phone?
Do you remember ___________ old mobile I always carry? My dad gave it to me.
Mr Manager, is ____________ an example of your customer service?
Did you see ______________ boys who just went by?
Do it like ____________.
____________ is how it is done.
_____________ of you who have not done the work may leave the class.
Look at this shirt I am wearing. I ordered it online.
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Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate of this, that, these or those:

Adjectival Nouns
An adjectival noun is an adjective that functions as a noun.
Nouns, as we know are names and adjectives are words which modify nouns. Sometimes, adjectives are
used as nouns, for example:
1. The brave shall rule the earth
2. The rich must help the poor
3. The good always wins in the end in Hindi movies.
Exercise 10.2
Identify which of the adjectives are used as nouns in the following sentences:

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The old and the young suffered in the storm alike.

He is a very sharp boy.
The intelligent should not be arrogant.
The rich should work for the poor.
Lala ji was a rich man but he always helped the poor.
He likes being with the young.
He likes being young. Who doesnt?
The angry never have the sense to understand. The sensible never get angry.

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Chapter 11
Comparatives and Superlatives
1. Use comparatives when comparing two things or people (I am stronger than Mahesh)
2. Use superlatives to compare more than two things or people (Suresh is the strongest boy in class,
Mahesh is the most hardworking of the three brothers)
3. You need to know the number of syllables in an adjective to form the superlatives and
comparatives.
Syllables are like sound units. Lets take a few examples:
o One syllable: Go, come, do, run, cry etc
o Two syllables: Going, tiger, lion
Formation Rules:
1. Monosyllable adjectives ending in a silent 'e' nice
Comparative add 'r' wiser
Superlative add 'st' nicest
2. Monosyllable adjectives ending in one vowel and one consonant big
Comparative the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added smaller
Superlative the consonant is doubled and 'est' is addedsmallest
3. Monosyllable adjectives ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel high, cheap
Comparative 'er' is added higher, cheaper
Superlative 'est is added highest, cheapest
4. Adjectives with two syllables ending in 'y' happy
Comparative 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added happier
Superlative 'y' becomes 'i' and 'est' is added happiest
5. Adjectives with two or more syllables without 'y' at the end exciting
Comparative more + the adjective + than more exciting than
Superlative more + the adjective + than the most exciting
Mango is sweeter than banana.
Rahul is the tallest boy in class.
Suresh is a bright kid.
Rahul is the brighter of the two brothers
Suman is the brightest kid in class.
He is the faster of the two.
She is pretty intelligent.

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Examples:

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Special Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Adjectives

Comparatives Superlatives

bad

worse

worst

far(distance) farther

farthest

far(extent)

further

furthest

good

better

best

little

less

least

many

more

most

much

more

most

Usage Rules
Comparatives

Superlatives

Use them to compare two entities:

Rahul is the taller of the two.

Use them to compare more than two entities:

Suresh is the tallest boy in class.

Similarities
To express similarities use the following structure:
... as + adjective + as ...
Examples:
1. Mahesh is as intelligent as Naman.
2. Lalit is as popular as Latika
Exercise 11.1

My shirt is _____________ than yours.

My car is ____________ (costly) than yours.
This is the ______________ (interesting) movie I have seen this year.
If you quit smoking, you will live ___________ (long)
He is the ___________ (tall) boy in class.
Are you the _____________ (rich) man in this town?
Can you tell me who is the _______________ (large) animal in the world.
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Fill in the blanks:

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8. All the soldiers are brave but he was the ________________ (brave) of them all.
9. People are ____________ (friendly) in Nagpur than they are in Mumbai.
10. This exercise is _____________ (difficult) than I expected but it is not the _____________
(difficult).
11. Pacific ocean is _____________ (large) than Indian Ocean sea which in turn is _____________
(large) than Arabian Sea.
12. The weather here is very bad. In winters, it is ___________ (cold) here than in Shimla and in
summers, it is ___________ (hot) here than in Agra.
13. Even the __________ (fast) horse cannot run faster than a train.
14. Technology has made the devices ______________ (small) and ____________(small)
15. I think India is a ____________ (good) place to live than most other places in the world.

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Chapter 12
Adverbs
What are adverbs?
An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Adverbs vs Adjectives
Adverbs and adjectives are distinct in that:
1. An adjective modifies a noun.
Example:
a. Jahnavi is tall (The adjective tall modifies the noun Jahnavi)
2. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Examples:
a. He drives fast (fast modifies the verb drives)
b. He drives very fast (very modifies the adverb fast)
c. He drives a stylish car (stylish = adjective for it modifies the noun car)
d. He drives a very stylish car. (very = adverb for it modifies adjective stylish)

Read the passage:

Jahnavi immediately called the police when she saw the
criminals hitting the poor boy aggressively. It was the most
horrible scene that she had ever witnessed in her life. She
had always lived peacefully in that neighborhood. No one
had ever disturbed her quiet nights there.
The words " immediately, aggressively, peacefully, ever, always, there" are adverbs.
What are the different types of adverbs?
Adverbs tell us about how, when, where, up to what extent. Basically, they describe the manner, place,
time, frequency or degree of action.

Adverb Formation:
Adverbs can be formed by adding ly to adjectives.
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He drives fast. (fast = adverb of manner.)

I live there. (there = adverb of place.)
We'll leave now. (now = adverb of time.)
She always sleeps late. (always = adverb of frequency.)

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Adverb = Adjective + ly
Examples:
Adjective

Adverb

slow

slowly

beautiful

beautifully

careful

carefully

violent

violently

Exceptions:
Like every law in English, this one too has exceptions. There are several adverbs which do not follow the
adjective+ly formula.
Study some of them here:
Adjective

Adverb

Fast
Ferrari is a fast car

Fast
Suman drives fast

Hard

Hard

Diamond is a hard material

Sridhar studies hard

Late

Late

Late Dr Gupta was a great man Sanju came late

Early

Early

Early bird catches the worm

I got up early today

Daily

Daily

Give us today our daily bread

He exercises daily

Some adjectives change their form when they become adverbs:

adjective adverb

Things to remember
There are words which end in ly but are not adverbs.
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well

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good

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.

a kindly storekeeper
a lonely old man
an elderly person
a friendly policeman

To decide whether a word is an adverb, ask questions with how, where and when.
1. How does Rahul speak English? He speaks English fluently.
2. Where do the boys play cricket? They play cricket here.
3. When did she write the story? She wrote the story yesterday.

Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency express how often something is done.
They are generally used with present simple tense because they usually express routine or
repeated activities.
Adverbs of frequency :

Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom/rarely
Never

Examples:

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They often go on road trips.

I never work out.
I usually go to Shimla in summers.
I often wake up before sunrise.
Sometimes, I love to play guitar.
I seldom speak English.

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Other adverbs of frequency

1. occasionally
2. frequently
Position of adverbs of frequency
1. As a general rule, place the adverb as close as possible to the verb it is trying to modify:
a. I sometimes visit my friends.
b. We have often seen him walk in the park.
c. They are never in school.
2. Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also be placed at the beginning or end of
a sentence:
a. Sometimes she visits him.
b. I miss her occasionally.
3. Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):
a. We see her rarely.
b. Jagat eats rice very seldom.

Position of Adverbs
Where you place an adverb is crucial to how effectively you communicate what you want to.
Lets look at the good practices of adverb placement.
Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner answer the question how or in what way. Examples are nicely, beautifully, carefully,
awfully etc.
These adverbs are placed after the object of the target verb or, if the target verb has no object then
after the target verb itself.
Examples:
1. He worked hard (after the target verb work)
2. He drove his car carelessly. (after the object car of the target verb drive)
3. He speaks English fluently. (after the object English)
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place describe the location of some action. Examples are here, there, behind, above, up,
down, besides etc.

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1. I saw him there. (after the object him)

2. He slept under the tree. (After the verb slept)

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Adverbs of place are placed like adverbs of manner, they come after the object or the target verb.

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Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of place tell the time. Examples are now, then, tomorrow, yesterday etc.
Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end or beginning of a sentence.
1. I will talk to you tomorrow.
2. Yesterday, I saw a ghost.
Exercise 12.1
Fill in the blanks:

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He is a good singer and likes it when people say he sings ____________.

Do not speak ________________ else the baby will wake up.
Pls speak ____________ so that we can hear you.
I think I am a good singer and I like to sing. When people say that I sing , it makes me happy.
It rained so _____________ that the match had to be cancelled.
The boys work hard and party ______________.
He shouted __________ that the boys were fools.
He comes here ______________ after lunch. I wonder if he skips school.
The robber _____________ opened the door and came inside the house.
The police ran ___________ but the thieves were faster.
The driver drove the bus __________________ so the passengers shouted at him.
The boys played ____________ but lost the match.
This book is _____________ well written.
This house is ______________ expensive. I cannot buy it.
He laughed _____________ at her joke.
He eats _____________ thats why he is so fit.
The dog barked and the scared children started crying __________________.
The food here is ___________ bad. I will never come here.
She is ____________ polite on phone. I cant believe she said bad things to you.
How ________________ do you have to renew your driving license?

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Chapter 13
Nouns
A noun is a word used as a name, it can be a name of a person, place, thing, quality, or action. A noun
can be used as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or object of a preposition.

Plural vs singular
Nouns can countable or non countable and countable nouns can be singular or plural.
The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding -s at the end of the noun, but that is not always
the case. Some plurals are irregular:
Singular

Plural

fish

fish

tooth

teeth

man

men

woman

women

Different types of nouns

There are different types of nouns:
An abstract noun refers to an idea, event, quality, or concept (justice, freedom, love, courage...)
Concrete nouns name something recognizable through the sense (pen, computer, dog, house...)
Animate nouns refer to a person, animal, or other creature (man, elephant, chicken...)
An inanimate noun refers to a material object (stone, wood, table...)
A collective noun describes a group of things or people as a unit (family, flock, audience...)
Common noun is the name of a group of similar things, examples: table, book, window.
Proper nouns refer to the name of a single person, place or thing Jagan, Jitendra, Javed
Compound nouns refer to two or more nouns combined to form a single noun (sister-in-law,
schoolboy, fruit juice)
9. Countable (or count) nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used
with a number- they can be counted. (friends, chairs, houses, boys)
10. Uncountable (or non count) nouns, however, can only be used in singular. They can't be
counted. (money, bread, water, coffee...)

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Lets now examine some of these ideas in detail.

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2.
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8.

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Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to words used to represent a group of people or things.
Examples: committee, crowd, flock, audience, group, team, choir, committee, police, crew, family,
government.
Are collective nouns plural or singular?
Collective nouns can take a plural or singular form depending on the usage and accordingly takes a
singular or plural verb:

Singular if the word is used to mean a single group or entity, example: Our team is the best.
Plural if the word is used to mean a number of individuals, example: The crew are wearing
new uniforms.

Noun phrase
A noun phrase is a group of words phrase which includes a noun and a modifier and the phrase as a
whole is used as a noun.
Examples:
1. My house is a three bedroom flat.
2. The red car on the far end is my fathers.
Modifiers in noun phrases

Noun phrases contain modifiers which add to the meaning of the noun. Noun modifiers can be of
the following types:
1. Determiners
1. a/an/the articles. Examples: A boy, The red car etc
2. This, that, these, those. Examples: This car, that boy, these flowers
3. Two, three, four, other numerals. Examples: Four boys, three cars
4. My, their, your, his etc. Examples: His car is red. Their house is old fashioned.
5. Some, many, few etc. Examples: Some cars are fuel efficient. Many students are lazy.
2. Adjectives.
1. For example: Beautiful flower, fast cars etc.
3. Complements like prepositional phrases, clauses using that, for example:
1. Ramesh is a resident of Lakshmi Nagar
4. The idea that everybodys vote should have equal weight was a bold idea in the beginning.
Usage of Noun Clause
Noun clauses can be used as a subject (doer of an action) or an object (takes the impact of the action).

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Examples:

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1. Noun clauses as a subject

a. That red car belongs to me
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b. Brilliant engineers come out of IITs

2. Noun clauses as an object
a. Sameer bought an expensive Ford car yesterday.
b. The police caught the dreaded Pakistani terrorist yesterday.

Singular and Plurals

Plural nouns refer to more than one, obviously it makes sense only when the noun can be counted.
Hence, only countable nouns have plurals.
Usually, we add s or es to the noun to make plurals but several times, this rule is not followed. The
best way to know the right plural is to have read the word somewhere.
Please review this partial list of singulars and plurals
Singular

Plural

snake

snakes

echo

echoes

window

windows

embargo

embargoes

box

boxes

hero

heroes

boy

boys

potato

potato

potatoes

knife

Singular

Plural

auto

autos

kangaroo

kangaroos

kilo

kilos

potatoes

memo

memos

tomato

tomatoes

photo

photos

knives

torpedo

torpedoes

piano

pianos

buffalo

buffalos/buffaloes

veto

vetoes

pimento

pimentos

mosquito

mosquitos/mosquitoes fish

fish

pro

pros

motto

mottos/mottoes

sheep

sheep

solo

solos

zero

zeros/zeroes

barracks

barracks

soprano

sopranos

corpus

corpora

foot

feet

studio

studios

alumnus

alumni

tooth

teeth

tattoo

tattoos

bacillus

bacilli

goose

geese

video

videos

appendix

appendices

tooth

teeth

zoo

zoos

phenomenon

phenomena

mouse

mice

nebula

nebulae

hypothesis

hypotheses

addendum

addenda

vertebra

vertebrae

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47

Plural

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Singular

neurosis

neuroses

bacterium

bacteria

Apex

apices

oasis

oases

curriculum

curricula

appendix

appendices

parenthesis

parentheses

datum

data

cervix

cervices

synopsis

synopses

erratum

errata

index

indices

phenomenon

phenomena

medium

media

matrix

matrices

diagnosis

diagnoses

memorandum memoranda

vortex

vortices

emphasis

emphases

symposium

symposia

axis

axes

crisis

crises

criterion

criteria

basis

bases

Feminine and Masculine Nouns

Feminine gender expresses female of a fender while masculine nouns represent male gender.
Review the following list:
Feminine

Masculine

Feminine

Masculine

Feminine

Actor

actress

poet

poetess

dad

mum

author

authoress

policeman

policewoman

daddy

mummy

bachelor

spinster

prince

princess

man

woman

boy

girl

sir

madam

emperor

empress

bridegroom

groom

son

daughter

father

mother

brother

sister

uncle

aunt

god

goddess

nephew

niece

wizard

witch

grandfather

grandmother

king

queen

waiter

waitress

heir

heiress

man

woman

master

mistress

hero

heroine

husband

wife

murderer

murderess

host

hostess

Common Nouns
Certain words are used for both masculine and feminine genders. Examples:
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48

Masculine

baby

deer

president

companion

owner

bird

friend

pupil

comrade

parent

cat

guardian

relative

cousin

passenger

cattle

guest

sheep

dancer

pig

child

infant

singer

student

swan

Exercise 13.1
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the given nouns for the following exercise. Use each noun
only one time.

chair

job

experience

information

hair

luggage

progress

furniture

permission

work

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

I don't have much _______________, just a suitcase and a bag.

There is a lot of _________________ available on the internet but most of that is unreliable.
There are enough jobs for everyone, there is a lot of __________________.
When we shifted to Bangalore, we sold all our _________________ on Quikr. Not even one
chair was left.
'What does Ajay look like?' He's got a grey beard and white _____________.
Sumits English is very bad. He must join a course and make some ______________.
Gautam is unemployed. He got fired from his ______________.
If you want to take a long leave, you have to ask for _______________.
Amit will not get the job. Neither does he have the requisite degrees nor the right
______________
That old ___________ in the store room belongs to my grandfather.

Exercise 13.2

The boys are playing in the garden. ___________

I don't like tea. ___________
I prefer coffee. ___________
Experts say that pollution is the biggest danger to environment. ___________
Maggie Aunty makes delicious cakes. ___________
There are five windows in the library. ___________
We need some tape to seal this letter. ___________
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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Identify countable and non countable nouns in the following sentences by indicating C/NC

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The people in this apartment are very friendly. ___________

Baba Ramdev drinks two big glasses of water every morning. ___________
My mother makes wonderful sweets. ___________
Drive carefully, the roads become slippery during rains. ___________
My NGO is helping the police in traffic awareness. ___________
He bought three bottles of juice for our picnic. ___________
Can I have some milk please? ___________
Selected candidates will join training later this year. ___________
A rise in food prices is inevitable because of the bad rainfall. ___________
The lessons on this website are useful. ___________
You must drink a lot of water. ___________
Unemployed adults can be employed through industrial development ___________
I made some wonderful friends during my trip to Shimla ___________

Exercise 13.3
Answer the following questions:

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50

1. Pick the Proper Noun

a) writer
b) Pramod
c) water
d) brother
2. Pich the Common Noun?
a) dog
b) Delhi
c) Calcium
d) India
3. Which of the following noun is a Collective Noun?
a) jury
b) notebook
c) bats
d) aeroplane
3. Cricketer is a ............ Noun?
a) Collective
b) Abstract
c) Concrete
d) Countable
4. Apartment is a ............ Noun?
a) Collective
b) Abstract
c) Concrete
d) Countable
5. Which of the following noun is not a Abstract Noun?
a) justice
b) kindness
c) family
d) childhood
6. Which of the following noun is not a Countable Noun?
a) cup
b) silver
c) dog
d) apple
7. Which of the following noun is not a Proper Noun?
a) team
b) Delhi
c) Tuesday
d) Nalin
8. Cows eat grass.
a) Proper Noun b) Common Noun
c) Abstract Noun
d) Collective Noun
9. I saw a pack of wolves hiding behind the bushes.
a) Common Noun
b) Material Noun
c) Collective Noun
d) Abstract Noun

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