3.1 CHAPTER 3 EFFICIENT ILLUMINATION DESIGN ILLUMINATION DESIGN Designing a lighting system necessities consideration of the following factors: 1. Type of lighting system to be adopted: There are standard lighting systems for different applications. The selection, however, depends upon the judgment and imagination developed by the designer through experience 2. LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION: This is the cardinal factor in any lighting system. Standards have been laid down afier years of research to provide enough guidance in adopting correct levels of illumination. these standards very in different countries depending upon the consciousness for lighting prevent and general standard of living. Table 3.2 give the level of illumination for domestic applications generally adopted in India. However, these standards also very according to circumstances, 3. Number and type of luminaries to be used: The number and type of fixtures have to be so chosen as to satisfy the requirement of the system of lighting and the level of illumination decided upon. 4. Room index: This is the method of classifying and grouping the rooms (in case of interior lighting), depending upon the layouts and dimensions of the rooms Room index is used for determining the co-efficients of utilization defined under point 5 below. Room indices can be obtained from the following: a. For Direct, Semidirect and General Diffuse Light distribution. Width of Room x Length of Room ‘Mounting height x (width of Room + Length of Room) 40b. For Semi-indirect and Indirect Light Distribution. 3 (width of Room x Length of Room) 2. (Ceiling height above work plane) (Width of Room + Length of Room) CO-EFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION: This indicates the percentage of the light emitted by the lamp which reaches the working plane. This factor takes into consideration reflecting efficiency, shape and mounting height of the luminaries. shape and dimensions of the room to be luminaries and reflecting efficiency of the ceiling and walls of the room. BZ (BRITISH ZONAL) CLASSIFICATION: BZ Classification is the modern method of classifying the light distribution characteristics of light fixtures. This is done in accordance with the shape of its light distribution curve (Polar curve) in the lower hemisphere. BZ numbers are represented by the theoretical polar curves. Ten theoretical direct ratio curves are obtained from these polar curves. Similarly, actual direct ratio curve is obtained, for a particular lighting fixture, from its polar curve. This direct ratio curve is then matched with one of the above ten curves to find its BZ number. This method is extremely useful in calculating the co-efficients of utilization of various lighting fixtures. According to this method: Cofficient of Utilization - (Lower flux utilance x Downword lightput ratio) + (Upper flux utilance x upward flux output ratio). After determining the BZ number, co-efficient of utilization can be calculated by using data of lower flux utilance and upper flux utilance for the BZ. number. 41Co-efficients of utilization calculated as above are accurate and reliable as they co- relate to the contributions from upward and downward luminous flux separately on working plane. REFLECTION FACTOR : In case of interior lighting, the reflecting efficiency of the walls and ceiling plays a very important part. It depends on the materials and colour of which they are made ABSORPTION FACTOR: This represents the percentage of net light flux available after absorption in the atmosphere. The absorption may take place due to contamination of the surrounding atmosphere with fumes, smoke, smog, dust ete. MUTUAL ABSORPTION FACTOR: If more than one lamp per fixture have to be used, there occurs a mutual absorption of light between the different lamps. This factor takes account of such absorption. MAINTENANCE FACTOR: This determines the light which will actually be available after the luminaire has been in service for some time. Reduction in light is caused by the following three elements. a. Reduction in light-output of fluorescent lamp. During the first 100 hrs. the fall in light out is more rapid. Light emitted after this may be taken as fairly constant till 18000 hours of service. The fall in light-output thereafter becomes more steep. b. Loss of light because of reduction in reflecting efficiency of the walls and ceiling of the room. This is caused by accumulation of dust and dirt. c. Absorption of light due to dust collection on the lamp, the reflecting and /or diffusing surface of the luminaire because of exposure to atmosphere. 42Loss of light as listed under item a is uncontrollable. Those listed under items b and ¢ can be minimized by proper maintenances. Values of the maintenance factor to be used under different circumstances are as under: Good and clear conditions 0.7-08 Average conditions 0.6-0.7 Poor and dirty conditions 05-06 For general lighting of an interior, the number of fixtures required is calculated by use of the following formulas. Are in sq.mtr. x desired level of illumination in lux No. of fixtures = Maintenance factor x cofficient.of utilization x No. of lamps per fixture x lumens per lamp x absorption factor. The next step is to plan out a suitable layout of these fixtures so as to obtain a uniform illumination on the plane concemed. At this stage, it is important to note that for uniform level of illumination, the ratio of spacing to mounting height of the industrial fixtures, should not, exceed the value 1.5. In case of decorative fixtures, this ratio may not exceed. 1. The number as calculated above, however, is subject to some variations pending on the type of interior, symmetry of installation, and aesthetic balance. Apart from general lighting, it is sometimes necessary to provide local lighting. The type and intensity of such lighting is governed by the merit of individual cases. At times, economy and efficiency of the lighting system have to be compromised in favour of aesthetics. 433.2, ILLUMINATION LEVELS Location Entrances, hallways Living room Dining room Bedroom: a) General b) Dressing tables, bed heads Games or recreation room Table games Kitchen Kitehen sink Laundry Bathroom Bathroom mirror Sewing Workshop Stairs Garage Study 300 200 100 300 200 300 200 100 300 700 200 100 70 300 443.2A APPROXIMATE REFLECTION FACTORS OF COMMON SURFACE MATERIALS AND COLOURS Material Reflection factor % White plaster 90-95 White paper 80 Silvered mirrors 70-85 Chromium plate polished 65 Aluminium 62 Lime Stone 35-38 Polished Marble 30-70 Tracing Cloth 30 Grey Cement 20-30 Granite 20-25 Red Brick 10-15 Black paper 5 COLOUR White 80 Light grey 66 Primrose/yellow 65 Pale Pink Si Light Green 45 Medium grey 42 Sky Blue 34 Olive green 21 Medium Brown 17 Cardinal Red 19 Dark Grey 173.3 FLUORESCENT LAMP Universal Lights source for general area lighting : Low pressure mercury vapour lamp having the advantages of low wattage consumption and higher efficiency. Standard tubelight : Champion AR (fat) 38 mm. diameter. Available in 20 w, 40w and 65w. in two colour temperatures. High life due to triple coil construction. Anode ring ensures no black ends over life. Champion AR slim (26 mm. diameter) : 18w,36w Trulite :(slim):26 mm. diameter. 18w.36w with triphosphor fluorescent powder technology for excellent colour rendering properties. Available in 3 colour temperatures with a colour temperatures with a colour index of Ra=80 TLD-80NG: New generation slim 26mm. diameter tube light with colour rendering index of Ra>80 like above but with higher efficacy and higher lamp life and higher lumen maintenance than above, TLS-HE: Thin (16 mm. diameter) 40% thinner than existing slim tubelights but with efficiency being 104 lumen par watt. Lumen maintenance is 90% during its life time of 15000 burning hrs. Ra=85 TLS-HO : Like TLS-HE but with higher lumen output than above (upto 4350 Im) system minaturisation and designed for use with electronic gear, Lasts 20000 burning hrs. at a 3 hrs. switching cycle with HF warm-start ballast. 8 eB . g Actual diameter 463.4 ESSENTIALS OF A PROPER LIGHTING DESIGN : Various factors go out a good illumination design. These are: 1 Selection of correct source of light. v ‘Adequate level of illumination of the plane of work Correct brightness relationship, eliminating glare and reflection, 4. Aesthetic blending of lighting and & decor. . Appropriate color of light having regards to a.) Requirement of Work or Process. b.) Psychological effects. ¢.) Combination with natural light 6. Proper shadow characteristics. 7. Provision of auxiliary and emergency lighting for safety. 8. Provisions for easy maintenance. 9. Facilities of operation i.e. current switching groups, proper switching control. 10. Maximum overall economy consistent with efficiency 473.4Z CHOICE OF LIGHT SOURCES AND ECONOMICS 1.1 GENERAL Any general statement that, for instance, fluorescent lamps give cheaper lighting than filament lamps, or vice versa, is almost certain to be misleading especially where the cost of electricity is abnormally high or low, or where the installation is in use for exceptionally long or short periods per annum. 1.2 Total annual cost of a lighting installation is made up of two parts: a) Fixed Annual charges 1. Capital cost of fitting, excluding, lamps 2. Capital cost of control gear (if Amortized over a required) convenient period of say 5 or 10 years 3. Capital cost of installation work 4) Annual kW, kVA or other fixed charges for current, b) Annual Running Costs 5) Annual cost of current used excluding (d) 6) Annual cost of lamp replacements and other consumable articles such as starting switches, etc. For comparative purposes cost under 1.2 are usually calculated on a lumen-hour basis which may be conveniently expressed in the following form, and it will be noted that this expression also takes into account the incidence of fixed charges under 1.2 above. C= 1000 (C1+CoxP) F h ‘Where: c a total running cost in rupees per million lumen-hours 48Cl = cost of lamp in rupees, Co = cost of current in rupees per unit F = lumen output of lamp h = _ Lamp life in thousands of hours, and P = _ Lamp watiage (including losses in control gear) In calculating Co due allowance should be made for any kilowatt or maximum demand charge, divided by the estimated annual burning hours. It it is also desired to compare the different types of fittings which may be employed then the lamp lumens (F) should be multiplied in each case by the appropriate coefficient of utilization, in order to give a relative measure of the working plane intensities. 13 It is commonly found that an intending user of lighting equipment may not realize that a relatively high total sum by way of fixed annual charges, as in (a) above, does not necessarily indicate a relatively expensive installation when total cost per unit of light delivered is calculated. It so happens that the most efficient light sources available today require certain auxiliary equipment which swells the capital cost but, nevertheless, their high efficiency and long life reduces the running cost. Whether or not the increased capital cost is counterbalanced by the decreased running cost is a matter of simple mathematics and such calculations should be made where any doubt exists, irrespective of any special overriding reasons for employing a particular equipment for a particular task. 493.4P ENER PERFORMANC SMENT OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS 1. Introduetion The primaty objective is to provide the requirement lighting effect for the lowest installed load-highest lighting at lowest power consumption. 2. Purpose of the Performance Test Most interior lighting requirements are for meeting average illuminance on a horizontal plane. either throughout the interior, or in specific areas within the interior combined with general lighting of lower value. The purpose of performance test is to calculate the installed efficacy in terms of Tux/watm? (existing or design) for general lighting installation. The calculated value can be compared with the norms for specific types of interior installations for assessing improvement option The installed load efficacy of an existing (or design) lighting installation can be assessed by carrying out a survey as indicated in the following pages. Performance Terms and Definitions Installed Loan Efficacy is the average maintained illuminance provided on a horizontal worki neral lighting of an interior. Unit plane per circuit watt with lux per watt per square meter (lux/W/m*) Lamp Circuit Effieaey is the amount of light (lumens) emitted by a lamp for each watt of power consumed by the kamp circuit, ie. including control gear losses. This ful measure for those lamps that require control gear. Unit: lumens per € wit watt (Im/W) 50The installed power density per 100 lux is the power Installed Power Densit needed per sqare metre of floor area to achieve 100 lux of average maintained illuminance on a horizontal working plane with general lighting of a interior. Units watts per squa re per 100 lux (W/m?/100 lux) N.B, Installed power density (W/m?/100 Tux) =_ 100 rf Installed load efficacy (lux/ W/m") Installed Load Efficacy Radio (ILER) Or Target W/m?/100lux Actual W/m?/1001ux illuminance is the average of lux levels measured at various Average m points in a defined area. Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of the effect of light on the perceived color of objects. ‘To determine the CRI of a lamp, the color appearances of a set of standard color chips are measured with special equipment under a reference light source with the same correlated color temperature as the lamp being evaluated. If the lamp renders the color of the chips identical to the reference light source, its CRI is 100. If the color rendering differs from the reference light source, the CRI is, less than 100. A low CRI indicates that some colors may appear unnatural when illuminated by the lamp. 4. Prepara Belore starting the measurements. the following care should be taken: All lamps should be operating and no luminaires should be ditty or stained. 51+ There should be no significant obstructions to the flow of light throughout the interior, especially at the measuring points. © Accuracies of readings should be ensured by — Using accurate illuminance meters for measurements Sufficient number and arrangement of measurement points within the interior ~ Proper positioning of illuminance meter ~ Ensuring that no obstructions /reflections from surfaces affect measurement © Other precautions — If the illuminance meter is relatively old and has not been checked recently, it should be compared with one that has been checked over a range of illuminances. e.g. 100 to 600 lux, to establish if a correction factor should be applied. — That the number and arrangement of measurement points are sufficient and suitable to obtain a reasonably accurate assessment of the average illuminance throughout an interior. The procedure ite measurements is as recommended in the CIBSE Code for such s follows: ‘The interior is divided into a number of equal areas, which should be as square as possible. The illuminance at the centre of each area is measured and the mean value calculated. This gives an estimate of the average illuminance on the horizontal working plane. 52ratio of a General Lighting Installation in an Interi 5. Calculation of the Installed Load Efficacy and Installed Load Efficacy STEPS | installation by a power meter if a separate If the feeder for lighting is available. actual value is not known a reasonable approximation can be obtained by totaling up the lamp wattages including ballasts: Calculate watts per square metre. 3 the | Total Circuit watts Wim = the average maintained illuminance. Fav Maintained Fav. Maint Divide 5 by 4 to calculate lux per watt per square Meter Lux/Wim STEP 8 | Calculate Installed Coad Effiea Obtain target Lux/Wim Tux Tor type of the: type of imerior/application and RI (2): Ratio (6+7) arget Lux/ Wim= 536.Target lux/w/m (w/m/100° lux) values for maintained horizontal plane for all room indices and applications: luminance on [ Room Commercial Lighting ( | Index Offices. Retail stores etc) & very clean | | industrial applications. | rendering Ra:40-85 | Standard or good colour | Tndustrial Lighting (Manufacturing areas, Workshops Warehousing ete) standard or good colour rendering. Ra: 40-85 Industrial lighting installations where standard or good colour rendering is but not essential some colour discrimination is required Ra: 20-40, 53 (1.89) 49(2.04) 671-49) | 521-92) 48(2.08) ~~ | 66(1.52) 730 (2.00) F627) 65(1.54) FIT 41.36) | 422.38) 6101.64) 302.36) ——SSS«& «381.72 | 40 (2.50) ~— | 36(2.78) 551.82) H 3612.78) 3.03) 32(1.92) Rs: Colour rendering index. The principal difference between the targets for Commercial and Industrial Ra: 40- 85 (Cols.2 & 3 ) of Table is the provision for a slightly maintenance factor for the latter. ‘The targets for very clean industrial applications, with Ra: of 40-85 are as column 2. 546. ILER Assessment Compare the calculated ILER with the information in table below Indicators of Performance I ASSESSMENT 0.75 OR OVER Satisfactory to Good 0.31-0.74 Review suggested 10.5 or less - Urgent action required ILER Ratios of 0.75 of more may be considered to be satisfactory. Existing installations with ratio of 0.51 0.74 certainly merit investigation to see if improvements are possible. OF course there can be good reasons for & low ratio, such as having to use lower efficacy lamps or less efficient luminaries in order to achieve the required lighting result-but it is essential to check whether there is a scope for a more efficient alternative. Existing installations with an ILER of 0.5 or 1 the less certainly justify close inspection to identify options for conver installation to use more efficient lighting equipment. Having derived the ILER for an existing lighting installation, then the difference an be used to estimate the between the actual ILER and the best possible (1.0) energy wastage. For a given installation: Annual energy wastage (in kWh) = (1.0-ILER) X Total load (kW) x annual operating hours (h) The process of comparing the installed load efficacy (ILE) with the target value for the Room Index and type of application can also be used to assess the efficiency of stallations. If, when doing so. the design for new or replacement general lighting calculated ILE (lux/W/m) is less than the target value then it is advisable to ascertain the reasons, It may be that the requirements dictate a type of luminaries 55that is not as efficient as the best. or the surface reflectance’s are less than the normal maxima, or the environment is dirty, ete.. Whatever the reasons are they should be checked to see if'a mor efficient solution is possible. 563.4A HOME LIGHTING DESIGN Good lighting in the home contributes immensely to our well being and our, ability to complete the many varied tasks that are necessary in our home lives; all of which call for different lighting needs, Consider, for example: © When watching television you need only low light, © Children completing homework need a high level of light. © Preparing food in the kitchen requires a bright light, © Eating meals calls for a warm, comfortable light . © The lighting should be energy efficient © The lighting should also complement your interiors ‘These few situations clearly illustrate the need for varied lighting throughout the home. Poor lighting affects the quality of our work or studying and leads to tiredness and headaches. The need for good lighting varies with age also A 35 year old person requires twice as much light as a 20 year old and a 60 year old needs five times as much. Master Bedroom * Many books are read in bed, which requires a high lighting level, but otherwise one would usually prefer gentle lighting at the end of a long day. ‘+ The bedroom is also used as a dressing room and for applying make-up, which requires excellent colour rendering, Our Solution «Ifyou prefer fluorescent lighting, make sure you use, a Philips Trulite lamp which gives good colour rendering. © CFL wall lights make an inviting and cosy atmosphere & save on energy bills. 57CEL lamps also give good colour rendition and should be installed close to the dressing mirror. A table lamp is convenient for the bedside table. If you read much in bed, we recommend you use a directional task light with compact fluorescent to avoid stressing your eyes. The fitting should have an adjustable arm so that it can be positioned correctly to avoid glare. Mirolta is however tailormade for dressing table. Children's Bedroom Children's bedrooms should be lit with security and safety in mind. Fora bedside light, choose a fitting which uses a cool burning compact fluorescent lamps, such as PL-S or PLE-C, in case it gets covered by clothing, bedsheets or curtains. These are both safe and inexpensive to operate over extended periods. They will allow you to safely leave the room until the child falls to sleep when the light mayor may not be switched off. Studying under poor lighting can lead to fatigue, headaches and shortsightedness. Lighting is crucial for students and others who spend time over books. High levels of good qu light will significantly improve concentration and speed of reading. Compact fluoresent lamps or TL lamps are perfect for studying as they provide an even distribution of light without shadows. They do not emit much heat, and last a lot longer. A student can concentrate longer under a cool coloured light (compact fluorescent) than a warm coloured light (incandescent). Use a desk or wall mounted luminaire with adjustable arm and shade, so that the light can be directed exactly where needed. ‘A good reflector inside the shade increases the intensity of the light and distributes the light without glare. 59Philips Lighting has a very comprehensive range 6f desk Ii ts, available in a wide range of styles and colours, The latest ht" sources have been incorporated, such as compact fluorescent PLS, and halogen lamps. TIPS: Installation Tips: Always locate the fitting on the opposite side of the hand that you write with to avoid shadows. The lower edge of the lamp shade should be at the same level as your eyes. If higher, it can create glare; if lower, the shade will block some of the working area. The Dining Area Requirements * You need to see what you are eating but not be blinded in the process. * Apart from normal dinner, dining. room is also used for entertaining guests, children's birthday party etc. ‘©The dining table can also serve as a desk for school homework, annual tax returns, a games table and even for dressmaking or hobbies. You will need different light for these activities, so versatility is essential. Lighting for dining Use a centrally located luminaire for general lighting with a good diffuser to spread the light evenly. The use of additional lighting such’ as CFL wall lights will help create atmosphere or dramatise your dining area, 60TIPS Where the dining area and living area is located within the same larger room space, it may be more attractive to match and combine the general lighting, but tailormake the accent and task lighting for each area. For task lighting a suitable table top luminaire can be uses. The Kitchen Requirements © Most accidents happen in the kitchen, and many may have been avoided if there was sufficient or appropriate lighting. ‘© Typical tasks include preparation and cooking of food, reading recipes and instructions, all of which require excellent levels of lighting, * Good colour rendition is also crucial in order to judge the freshness and quality of meats, fruits, vegetables, ete. * Cooking generates steam and grease, and it is important that the luminaire should be easy to clean. An energy-efficient light source should be used to save cost and electricity Our Solution A combination of general lighting to illuminate the whole area, and task lighting for food preparation gives the best result General Area Lighting A fluorescent fixture located in the centre of the kitchen gives good quality, energy efficient, general lighting. Philips has a range of luminaires that utilise fluorescent lamps. Philips ‘Trulite lamps render colours accurately, which is important when prepairing food. In the illustration, we have used a Philips Trulite luminaire for general lighting, 62Task lighting for kitchens A directional working light is required when more critical and complicated tasks are carried out such as cutting meats, measuring and evaluating ingredients, reading recipes, decorating cakes, etc. The best results are achieved by using a fluorescent batten, which distributes the light to a wide area, and is safe and easy to clean. It should be installed over the working benches and/or above the cooker. Philips’ Trulite Astralite is ideal for this purpose, and other luminaries are also available from your Philips dealer. Atmosphere in kitchens If the kitchen is used for dining and light entertaining, good atmosphere can be created by using CFL wall light. Ties Always select lamps that give a good colour appearance and therefore improve the presentation of your food. Look out for Philips Trulite series By using more than one light source you will not only be able to use the required olight for each task, but also use only as much light as is necessary for the task and thereby save electricity . The Living Area Requirements © The living area is usually the focal point of most homes; it is where a wide range of activities are performed. © More than one level of lighting will be required. 63© Reading requires a high level to ensure that all details are picked up and reduce the possibility of headache and eye soreness. © When attaching television you need a low light level to reduce contrast. © Creating a welcoming ambience for entertaining friends requires a different level of light. Our Solution General Area Lighting Use a suitable TL luminaire that will allow you a good uniform lighting level. Aesthetics & Atmosphere To create and ensure ‘aesthetics’ in Drawing-room lighting, ano of CFL wall lights can be used from the available range apart from Table Lamps for task lighting for reading, knitting etc. TIPS * Living rooms need to use a mixture of General, Accent and Atmosphere lighting. © _ Bycclear section from the large range of Philips luminaries you will be able to tum your living room into four or five completely different rooms depending on the occasion, © Forreading use a suitable table-top CFL luminaire, 64