Power System Analysis

(603)

Name: Slobodan Stankovic

Student number: 14402056
Title of the experiment: Power Flow Calculations Using
ETAP Power Station Simulator
Laboratory group: Friday (08:00-09:30)
Laboratory supervisor: Mansour Mohseni
Laboratory partners: None

Date performed the experiment: 14.05.2010

Due date: 28.05.2010
Date submitted: 21.05.2010

I hereby declare that the report presents entirely my own work and have not copied
from any other student or past student.

Student signature: -------------------------------------------------------

Power Flow Calculations Using ETAP Power Station Simulator

Introduction:

Power flow study is important tool for numerical analysis of power systems.
Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation
such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC
power, such as reactive, real and apparent power, in addition to voltage and current. It
analyses the power systems in normal steady-state operation and the principal
information obtained from a load flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the
voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each line.

Aims and objectives:

The purpose of this experiment is introduce student in how to use a

professional computer program to solve power flow problems using Gauss-Seidel,
Newton- Raphson, and Decoupled load flow method.

Method:

Considering diagram on picture below we are to recreate system in

professional software named ETAP for purpose of load flow analysis.

Apparatus:

-ETAP Power Station Simulator

-ETAP Manual
-Hardware Key
-Printer

Results:
Discussion:

Question 1
By comparing the results obtained, it is clear that all three methods produce
results that are almost the same. However, the results produced by the Newton-
Raphson and Decoupled load flow methods are much closer to each other when
compared to the results produced by the Gauss-Seidel flow method.
Considering that we had 2 iterations for Newton Raphson method, 3 for
Decouple and 60 for Gauss- Siedel method we can say that Newton - Raphson is the
best method for getting the accurate data in manual calculation and has small number
of iterations. Decouple method has advantage as method which is fastest in manual
calculation, and Gauss - Siedel is slowly diverging toward solution therefore least
desirable for manual calculations. As far as computer systems they do not make
difference in time needed to calculate small network but recalculation of large
networks with many busses would create problem for Gauss – Siedel method.

Question 2
Due to number of iterations needed Gauss – Siedel method is lest accurate because it
would take too much time to get accurate result. Nevertheless if we need to calculate
“by hand” this method will be easiest to use because calculations are not complicated
as i.e. for Newton Raphson method.

Question 3
No lines are overloaded, but transformer between busses 1 and 5 is overloaded
with 5.6% over nominal power. This is within normal operation possibilities of
transformer he can withstand such overload as permanent state. Disadvantage can be that
isolation is deteriorating much faster.

Question 4
When capacitance is connected to bus 2 demand of reactive power for that bus
decreased as well as demand of entire system for it. From the other hand demand for
active power of entire system increased.

Conclusions:

The power flow study is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to
a power system. The purpose of load flow studies includes: building new generation
sites, calculate projected load growth, examine interconnections with other systems,
also to determine various load conditions, such as peak and off peak, analyse the
impact of losing major components, such as lines, transformers or generators.
 The power flow study analyses the power systems in normal steady-state
operation and the principal information obtained from a load flow study is the
magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power
flowing in each line. There are three types of busses, i.e. swing bus, load bus and
voltage controlled bus.

References
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_flow_study

[2] Nikola Rajkovic, Analyses of electro energetic systems part I (in Serbian)
Electrotehnical faculty in Belgrade, Serbia