Column Design Procedure PDF

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LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED ECC DIVISION
DA704-C-DA--SWD-
EDRC B&F DESIGN AUTOMATION

Column Designer
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Column Designer - Manual
DESIGN AUTOMATION SECTION

BUILDING & FACTORIES
ENGINEERING DESIGN AND RESEARCH CENTER
CHENNAI
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Column Designer
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CHECK LIST
PROJECT NAME
Column Designer
SL NO
ACTIVITY
JOB NO.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN
DESIGN PROCEDURE
FRONT END DESIGN - GUI
LIST OF INPUT & OUTPUTS
PROGRAM FLOW / PROCEDURE
NAMING STANDARDS (Index)
LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE
USE AND SUPPORT OF OTHER

APPLICATIONS
FORMATTED INPUT and OUTPUTS
10
VALIDATION / REVIEW MEETING REPORT
11
FEATURES
12
USER MANUAL (Installing and Operating)
13
PROGRAMMER MANUAL
Date
DATE
AVAILABILITY
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DA704
24-11-08
REMARKS
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Revision History
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24-11-08
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Column Designer
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Column: It is the vertical member which transfer loads to the foundation of the building and
the effective length exceeds three times the least lateral dimension.
Strut: It is the member transferring load to any direction Ex: Truss
Pedestal: I f column height is not more than three times the lateral dimension
Classification of columns based on (Length/Dimension) ratio
Short Column
Long or Slender column
Classification of columns based on shape
Rectangular/Square
Circular
Nonrectangular (T, L, I shape columns.,)
Classification of columns based on Loading
Axially Loaded Column
UniAxial Column
Biaxial Column
Y
Design of Axially loaded columns

Input Datas Required
Geometrical Inputs
Dimension of column along X-Direction in mm (D)
Dimension of column along Y-Direction in mm (b)
Unsupported Length of column in mm (Lo)
P
b
X
D
Material Inputs
Grade of Concrete in N/mm2 (fck)
Grade of Steel for Longitudinal Reinforcement in N/mm2 (fy1)
Grade of Steel for Transverse Reinforcement in N/mm2 (fy2)
Force Inputs
Factored Axial load on Column in kN (P)
Edge Conditions
Effectively held in position at both ends
Effectively held in position at one end and other not held in position
(As per IS 456, Table 28, Page 94)
Short Column
Columns are short if Le/D ratio is less than 12.
Long Column
Columns are long if Le/D ratio is equal to or Greater than 12.
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios Lex/D and
Ley/b are less than 12. It shall otherwise be considered as a slender compression member (IS
456, Clause 25.1.2, page 41)
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Column Designer
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Where Le/D is Slenderness ratio of column, Le is Effective Length of the column

Lex/Xd is Slenderness ratio about X- axis
Ley/Yd is Slenderness ratio about Y- axis
Y
D = Dimension in X- axis
Ley/b
b = Dimension in Y- axis
P
X
X
Lex/D
D
Effective length or Effective height (Le)
It is the length between points of contra flexure of a buckled column. Normally Effective
length of braced column varies from 0.5Lo to Lo and Effective length of unbraced column
varies from Lo very large.
Where Lo is Unsupported length of column
In the absence of more exact analysis the ratio of Effective length to Unsupported length may
be obtained from Fig 26 and Fig 27 of code IS 456-2000. It can be used to calculate the
Effective length of columns in framed structures. Effective length ratio for a column in a frame
with no sway (Effectively held in position restrained against rotation) i.e., relative
displacement of the ends of the column is prevented is given in Fig 26. Effective length ratio
for a column in a frame without restraint against sway (Not effectively held in position and not
restrained against rotation) i.e., relative displacement of the ends of the column is not
prevented is given in Fig 27.
(Refer: From IS 456-2000, Annex E, page 92)
Kc
1& 2 =
Kc + Kb
Kc + Kcu
Kc + Kcu + Kbt
1 =
Kcu
Kb1
Kb2
Kc
Kb3
Kb4
Kcl
Kc + Kcl
Kc + Kcl + Kbb
2 =
Kc = Flexural stiffness of column

Kbt = Sum of stiffness of beam on top
Kbb = Sum of stiffness of beam on bottom
To find whether the column is a no sway or sway column,
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Q=
Sheet of
Puu
Huhs
Pu = Sum of axial loads on all columns in the storey
u = Elastically computed first order lateral deflection
Hu = Total lateral force acting within the storey
Hs = Height of the storey
If Q 0.04 then column is no sway member otherwise it can be considered as a sway member.
Note: For normal usage assuming idealized conditions the effective length of a given plane
may be assessed on the basis of Table 28. (Refer: IS 456-2000)
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Column Designer
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Effective length of compression members (Refer: IS 456-2000, Table 28, page 94)
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Column Designer
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Unsupported length (Lo) (IS 456, Clause 25.1.3, page 42)
The unsupported length of a compression member shall be taken as the clear distance between
end restraints.
a) In flat slab construction, it shall be clear distance between the floor and the lower extremity
of the capital, the drop panel or slab whichever is the least.
b) In beam and slab construction, it shall be the clear distance between the floor and the
underside of the shallower beam framing into the columns in each direction at the next higher
floor level.
c) In columns restrained laterally by struts, it shall be the clear distance between consecutive
struts in each vertical plane, provided that to be an adequate support, two such struts shall meet
the columns at approximately the same level and the angle between vertical planes through the
struts shall not vary more than 30 deg from a right angle. Such struts shall be of adequate
dimensions and shall have sufficient anchorage to restrain the member against lateral
deflection.
d) In columns restrained laterally by struts or beams, with brackets used at the junction, it shall
be the clear distance between the floor and the lower edge of the bracket, provided that the
bracket width equals that of the beam strut and is at least half that of the column.
The unsupported length between end restraints. If, in any given plane, one end of a column is
unrestrained, its unsupported length, Lo, shall not exceed
Lo =
100b 2
D
Where b = Width of that cross-section, and

D = Depth of the cross-section measured in the plane under consideration.
Leff
Lo
Unsupported length
Effective length
Minimum Eccentricity (emin) (IS 456, Clause 25.4, page 42)&(SP16, Clause 3.1, page 99)
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All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal to the unsupported length of
column/ 500 plus lateral dimensions/30, subject to a minimum of 20 mm. Where bi-axial
bending is considered, it is sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds the minimum about
one axis at a time. However, as a simplification, when the value of the minimum eccentricity
calculated as above is less than or equal to 0.05D. The minimum eccentricity ratio should be
less than 0.05 in both directions. (emin 0.05 D)
All the compression members shall be designed for minimum eccentricity where as calculated
eccentricity is more minimum eccentricity is negligible.
ex min =
Lo X d
L
Y
and ey min = o + d
+
500 30
500 30
Failure patterns
Pcr
M1
M2
10
12
20
M1 - Pure compression failure

M2 - Combined compression
and bending failure
M3 - Elastic instability failure
M3
30
40
Le/d
Mode 1
If Le/D is less than 12 column fails under axial loads without undergoing any lateral
deformation. Steel and concrete reach the yield stress value at failure. The collapse of the
column is due to material failure.
Mode 2
Short columns can be subjected to direct load and moment. Slender columns even when loaded
axially undergo deflection along their length as beam columns, and these deflections produce
additional moments in the columns. When material failure is reached under the combined
action of these direct loads and bending moment, it is called combined compression and
bending failure.
Mode 3
Very long columns can become unstable even under small loads well before the material
reaches yield stress. Under such cases the member fails by lateral elastic buckling.
Columns should never be of such dimensions that they fail by buckling. All columns should
fail by material failure only. For this purpose the clear distance restraints (Lo) should never
exceed 60 times the minimum dimensions of the column. For unbraced columns it is
recommended that to keep this value as 30. In cantilever columns in addition to the above
restricton Lo<60b
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LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE (IS 456, Clause 38, page 69, 70)
Compression
Assumptions
a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
b) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in
bending.
c) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results
in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress
strain curve is given in Fig. 21of code IS 456. For design purposes, the compressive strength of
concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The
partial safety factor = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
NOTE - For the stress-strain curve in Fig. 21 the design stress block parameters are as follows (Refer Fig. 22 of IS
456)
Area of stress block = 0.36 fck Xu
Depth of centre of compressive force from the extreme fibre in compression = 0.42 Xu
Where fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
xu = Depth of neutral axis
d) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used. Typical curves are given in Fig. 23 of IS 456. For design purposes the
partial safety factor m, equal to 1.15 shall be applied.
In addition to the above assumptions the following shall be assumed,
f) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
g) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall
be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.
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LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN COMPRESSION

Design of axially loaded short columns (IS 456, Clause 39.3, page 71)
The member shall be designed by considering the assumptions given above and for the
minimum eccentricity. When the minimum eccentricity limit does not exceed 0.05 times the
lateral dimension, the members may be designed by the following equation,
Pu = (Ac) x Stress in concrete + (As) x Stress in steel
Pu = 0.4 f ck Ac + 0.67 f y Asc
Pu = Axial load on the member
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of the concrete
Ac = Area of concrete
fy = Characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement
Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns
When axial load only acting on the column (M=0), In this case the strain distribution across the
section is uniform. Its ultimate load is reached when the compression strain reaches the failure
strain of c = 0.002. The corresponding stress in concrete and steel can be calculated by using
equilibrium equation given above.,
0.002
Section
Failure with axial load only
Strain Distribution in Column
Design formula
Ultimate load = Load carried by concrete + Load carried by steel

P = Ac f c + As f s (Ultimate load)
f c = 0.45 f ck (Stress in concrete)

f s = 0.87 f y (Stress in steel for Fe 250)
f s = 0.75 f y (Stress in steel for Fe 415)
Hence the ultimate load carrying capacity of the column,
P = Ac (0.45 f ck ) + As (0.75 f y 0.45 f ck )
P = Ac (0.45 f ck ) + As (0.87 f y 0.45 f ck )
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Allowing 10% accidental eccentricity because never possible to apply the load centrally on
column
Pu = 0.4 f ck Ac + 0.75 f y Asc for Fe250 (SP16, Clause 3.1, page 99)
Pu = 0.4 f ck Ac + 0.67 f y Asc for Fe 415
The above equation can be written as
Pu = 0.4 f ck ( Ag
pAg
) + 0.67 f y
pAg
100
100
Where Ag is the gross area of cross section
p is the percentage of reinforcement
Dividing both sides by Ag
Pu
p
p
) + 0.67 f y
= 0.4 f ck (1
Ag
100
100
p
Pu
(0.67 f y 0.4 f ck )
= 0.4 f ck +
Ag
100
Charts 24 to 26 of SP16 can be used for designing short columns in accordance with the above
equations. In the lower section of these charts, Pu/Ag has been plotted against reinforcement
percentage p for different grades of concrete. If the cross section of the column is known, Pu/Ag
can be calculated and the reinforcement percentage read from the chart. In the upper section of
the charts, Pu/Ag is plotted against Pu for various values of Ag. The combined use of the upper
and lower sections would eliminate the need for any calculation. This is particularly useful as
an aid for deciding the sizes of columns at the preliminary design stage of multistoreyed
buildings.
Strength of Helically/Spirally reinforced short column
Strength of Helically/Spirally reinforced short column = Pc = Load taken by core + Load taken
by Long steel + 2 x Stress in spiral
D
1
2
D = Diameter of column
Dk = Diameter of core
1 = Diameter of longitudinal steel
2 = Diameter of spiral steel
Dk
The strength of compression members with helical reinforcement satisfying the following
requirement shall be taken as 1.05 times the strength of similar member with lateral ties. The
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ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less than
A
f
1 ck
0.36 g
(IS 456, Clause 39.4, page 71)
fy
Ak
Pu (Spirally reinforced column) = 1.05 Pu (Tied column)
Ag = Gross area of the section
Ak = Area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of
the helix
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of the concrete
fy = Characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement but not exceeding 415 N/mm2
The above equation can be written as,
Vsh
A
f
= 0.36 g
1 ck
A
fy
k
AK
The above expression gives the ratio of the volume of the helical reinforcement required for
the volume of the core per unit height of the column.
Vsh = Volume of the spiral in one ring x No of rings per unit length
aDk
s
Rewriting the IS equations by using Vsh, we get
Vsh =
s=
11 .1aD k f y
2
( D 2 Dk ) f ck
a = Area of spiral steel

s = Pitch of the spiral
The following are the main considerations regarding detailing of helical steel, (IS 456, Clause
26.5.3.2, page 49)
The diameter of the helicals shall be at least 6mm or one fourth the diameter of longitudinal
steel.
The pitch of the spiral shall be calculated a)from the above equation b)not more than 75mm c)
not more than 1/6th core diameter d) not less than 25mm e) not less than three times the
diameter of the steel bar forming the helix
Comparison of Tied and Spirally reinforced columns
Circular columns can be tied or spirally reinforced. In tied columns the laterals are individual
ties where as in helically reinforced columns a continuous helix of steel of the required
diameter goes around the longitudinal steel at a given pitch. Tied columns failed suddenly,
spirally reinforced columns gradually, exhibiting considerable amount of ductility and
deformation.
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Design of Uniaxial bending columns

Geometrical Inputs
Material Inputs
Force Inputs
Factored Moment in X direction on top in kNm
Factored Moment in X direction on bottom in kNm
Edge Conditions
A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall be designed on the basis of the
same assumptions and minimum eccentricity mentioned in the above paragraphs
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NOTE -The design of member subject to combined axial load and uniaxial bending will involve lengthy
calculation by trial and error. In order to overcome these difficulties interaction diagrams may be used.
These have been prepared and published by BIS in SP: 16 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456
Y
My
ex
P
ey
Mx
b
D
Y
Moment due to eccentricity in any one direction

ex = Mx/ P (or) ey = My/ P
Mx = Moment in X direction
My = Moment in Y direction
ex = Eccentricity X direction
ey = Eccentricity Y direction
When an eccentrically loaded column is subjected to P and M for every load P there is a
particular value of M which will cause failure. Thus there will be a infinite combination of Pu
and Mu which can safely act together for a given RC section. The particular value of Mu for a
given value of Pu can be found only by trial and error and the work is quite tedious. It will be
more convenient especially for routine design to construct a curve showing the Pu, Mu
combination and the read off value of Mu for a given value of Pu or vice versa. Such a curve
showing the limiting values of Pu and Mu is called a P-M interaction curve.
Axial only
Compression
failure
P
f ck bd
Balanced
failure
Tension
failure
Bending
only
Mu
f ck bd 2
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Thus the interaction curves give the strength envelopes for the reinforced concrete section
subjected to combinations of direct load and bending moment. Points outside these diagrams
represent failure of the column. Combinations on or inside the diagram are safe.
Using Interaction diagrams for design (SP16)
Procedure to find the area of steel for given column size for specified P and M
Check whether the column is short or long.

Find the following design parameters
Lo
D
e = M/P > emin =
+ or 20mm
500 30
Pu
Mu
Find d/D,
,
for column design
f ck bD f ck bD 2
Determine the area of steel from interaction curve, Choosing proper curve for grades of
P
steel and cover factor d/D, find P/fck. Calculate As =
xbD . Distribute this total area
100
As as distributed in the sketch given in SP16 for the interaction diagram.
Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

Design of Biaxial bending columns
Geometrical Inputs
Material Inputs
Force Inputs
Factored Moment in Y direction on top in kNm
Factored Moment in Y direction on bottom in kNm
Edge Conditions
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Y
My
ex
P
Mx
ey
D
Y
Moment due to eccentricity in both the direction

ex = Mx/ P and ey = My/ P
The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on
the basis of assumptions given above with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium
of load and moments about two axes. Alternatively such members may be designed by the
following equation, (IS 456, Clause 39.6, page 71)
n
M
Mx
+ y 1.0
M
M X1
y1
Mx, My = Moments about x and y axes due to design loads
Mx1, My1 = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of bending about x and y
axes respectively and n is related to P/Pz
Where Pz = 0.45 fckAC + 0.75fyAsc
For values of P/Pz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of n vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0. For values less
than 0.2 n is 1.0, for values greater than 0.8 n is 2.0.
(SP16, Clause 3.3, page 104)
For intermediate values, linear interpolation may be done. Chart 63 can be used for evaluating
Pz. For different values of P/Pz the appropriate value of n has been taken and curves for the
n
M
M
equation x + y 1.0 have been plotted in Chart 64.
M
M X1
y1
2 5 P
The values of n can be also determined by the equation n = 1 +

3 2 Pz
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Charts 27 to 38 of SP16 can be used for designing columns compression with bending
(Reinforcement distributed equally on two sides) and Charts 39 to 50 of SP16 can be used for
designing columns compression with bending (Reinforcement distributed equally on four
sides) in accordance with the above equations.
The IS code formula follows the Bresler load contour method. It is based on the concept of a
failure surface which is envelope of a number of interaction curves for different axes of
bending of a column.
Slender Compression Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design of Slender columns
Geometrical Inputs
Material Inputs
Force Inputs
Factored Moment in Y direction on top in kNm
Factored Moment in Y direction on bottom in kNm
Edge Conditions
The design of slender compression members shall be based on the forces and the moments
determined from an analysis of the structure, including the effect of elastic deflections on
moments and forces. When the effects of deflections are not taken into account in the analysis,
additional moments given below shall be taken into account in the appropriate direction. (IS
456, Clause 39.7, page 71)
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The additional moments Max and May, shall be calculated by the following formulae,
Pu D lex

2000 D
Pb l
M ay= u ey
2000 b
M ax=
Pu = Axial load on the member

Lex = Effective length in respect of the major axis
Ley = Effective length in respect of the minor axis
D = Depth of the cross-section at right angles to the major axis
b = Width of the member
For design of section assumptions mentioned for members with axial load and bending as
appropriate shall apply.
When the slenderness ratio Lex/D or Ley/b of a compression member exceeds 12, it is
considered to be a slender compression member. Lex and Ley being the effective lengths with
respect to the major axis and minor axis respectively. When a compression member is slender
with respect to the major axis, an additional moment Max given in above equation should be
taken into account in the design. Similarly, if the column is slender about the minor axis, an
additional moment May given in above equation should be considered.
The expressions for the additional moments can be written in the form of eccentricities of load
as follows (SP16, Clause 3.4, page 106)
M ax = Pu eax
eax =
D Lex
2000 D
eax
1 Lex
=
D 2000 D
Table I of SP16 gives the values eax/D (or) eay/b for different values of slenderness ratio.
NOTES (IS 456, Clause 39.7, page 72)
1 A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided by
walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered
as unbraced.
2 In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads occurring in its height, the additional moment shall
be added to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 M1 and 0.6 M2 where M2 is the larger end moment and M1 is
the smaller end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double curvature). In no case shall the initial
moment be less than 0.4 M2 nor the total moment including the initial moment be less than M2. For unbraced
columns, the additional moment shall be added to the end moments.
3. Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey, subject to lateral load are usually constrained to
deflect equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may be taken as the average for all columns
acting in the same direction.
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The equation given for the values Max and May may be multiplied by the following factor (k)
P P
1
k = Z
PZ Pb
Where
P = Compression axial load on compression member
PZ = Pz = 0.45 fckAC + 0.75fyAsc (Chart 63 of SP16)
Pb = Axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum compressive strain of 0.0035 in
concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
(SP16, Clause 3.4, page 106)
Though this modification is optional according to the Code, it should always be taken
advantage of, since the value of k could be substantially less than unity. The value of Pb will
depend on arrangement of reinforcement and the cover ratio d/D, in addition to the grades of
concrete and steel. The values of the coefficients required for evaluating Pb for various cases
are given in Table 60 of SP16. The values given in Table 60 are based on the same
assumptions as for members with axial load and uniaxial bending.
The expression for k can be written as follows
P
1
Pz
1
k=
P
1
Pb
Chart 65 of SP16 can be used for finding the ratio of k after calculating the ratios P/Pz and
Pb/Pz.
Basis of additional moment

Slender columns even axially loaded they produce moments along their length due to lateral
deflection, if emax is the maximum deflection,
Design moment = External moment + Additional moment
Madd = P x eadd
Max and May formulas are derived by considering the elastic deflection using curvature strain
relationship. Lateral defection of column must be less than when a large portion of column
section is in compression. For any value of P for which the strain s is less than that of balanced
failure (Balanced failure s=0.002, c=0.0035) reduction factor k should be considered by the
economical point of view.
Madd = kP x eadd
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In order to get the final design moment for slender columns the following factors should be
considered,
Initial moments (Mi) caused by end moments M1 and M2 (Initial moment equal to sum of 0.4
M1 and 0.6 M2 where M2 is the larger end moment and M1 is the smaller end moment (assumed negative
if the column is bent in double curvature).
Moment due to accidental eccentricity (Mmin)

Additional moments (Madd)
Longitudinal reinforcement (IS 456, Clause 26.5.3, page 48)
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional area of the column.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing and
compacting
of concrete, hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from the columns below have to be lapped
with those in the column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required
to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
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e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars
of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed300 mm.
h) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken in account in
strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of
the cross-sectional area shall be provided.
NOTE - Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three times the
least lateral dimension.
Transverse reinforcement (IS 456, Clause 26.5.3.2, page 49)
Reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement so

disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral
support against buckling. The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement
either in the form of circular rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal
links (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135 deg. The ends of the transverse
reinforcement shall be properly anchored.
Arrangement of transverse reinforcement
If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go round comer and alternate bars for the purpose of Providing
effective lateral supports.
If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the tie
are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to
be tied in one direction by open ties.
Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than one
row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed to have
been provided if,
i) Transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer-most row in accordance with clause
26.5.3.2, of IS 456.
ii) No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the
diameter of the largest bar in the inner row.
Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) and each
group adequately tied with transverse reinforcement in accordance with clause 26.5.3.2, of IS
456 the transverse reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may be provided on
the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bar for purpose of determining the pitch
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and diameter of the transverse reinforcement in accordance with 26.5.3.2. The diameter of such
transverse reinforcement need not, however, exceed 20 mm.
Pitch and diameter of lateral ties
1) Pitch - The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the
following distances
i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
iii) 300 mm
2) Diameter- The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one
fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 16 mm.
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FRONT PAGE - GUI
COLUMN DESIGNER MAIN PAGE
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Column Designer - Manual

DESIGN AUTOMATION SECTION

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN

FRONT END DESIGN - GUI

LIST OF INPUT & OUTPUTS

PROGRAM FLOW / PROCEDURE

NAMING STANDARDS (Index)

LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE

USE AND SUPPORT OF OTHER

FORMATTED INPUT and OUTPUTS

VALIDATION / REVIEW MEETING REPORT

USER MANUAL (Installing and Operating)

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Design of Axially loaded columns

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Where Le/D is Slenderness ratio of column, Le is Effective Length of the column

Kc = Flexural stiffness of column

Kbb = Sum of stiffness of beam on bottom

To find whether the column is a no sway or sway column,

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Unsupported length (Lo) (IS 456, Clause 25.1.3, page 42)

Where b = Width of that cross-section, and

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M1 - Pure compression failure

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d) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

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LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN COMPRESSION

Failure with axial load only

Strain Distribution in Column

Ultimate load = Load carried by concrete + Load carried by steel

f c = 0.45 f ck (Stress in concrete)

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Strength of Helically/Spirally reinforced short column

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a = Area of spiral steel

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Design of Uniaxial bending columns

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Moment due to eccentricity in any one direction