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Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
1. Physical Layer: It is the initial layer which coordinates
the functions that are required for bit transmission over a
physical medium. Basically defines the procedures and
physical devices and interfaces have to perform for
transmission to occur.
2. Data Link Layer: This is the Layer 2 in an OSI model that
transforms the physical layer to appear error free to the
equal to, or more than the number of bits transmitted, and they
have different values. It is up to the data link layer to detect,
and if necessary, correct the errors.
4. Network-layer
protocol
configuration
negotiation:
After LCP has finished the previous phase, networklayer protocols can be separately configured by the
appropriate NCP.
5. Link termination:
LCP can terminate the link at any time, usually done at
the request of a human user.
The encapsulation fields are described as:
Protocol field:
The protocol field is one or two octets, and its value
identifies the datagram encapsulated in the Information
field of the packet.
Information field:
The Information field is zero or more octets. The
Information field contains the datagram for the protocol
specified in the Protocol field.
Padding:
On transmission, the information field can be padded
with an arbitrary number of octets up to the MRU
(Maximum Received Unit), which defaults to 1500
octets.
five
parts
of
Multipurpose
Internet address
classes:
Multicast
addresses:
Broadcast
addresses:
Unspecified
address:
Loopback
address:
Address syntax:
Address prefix
syntax:
IPv4 Address
IPv6 Address
Applicable
Not applicable
IPv4 multicast
addresses(224.0.0.0/4)
Network broadcast, subnet
broadcast, all-subnets
directed broadcast, limited
broadcast.
0.0.0.0
IPv6 multicast
addresses(FF00::/8)
Not applicable
127.0.01
::1
Colon hexadecimal
format with
suppression of
leading zeros and
zero compression.
Embedded IPv4
addresses are
expressed in dotted
decimal notation.
Prefix length
notation only.
Global unicast
addresses
Site-local addresses
(FEC0::/10)
::
Link-local addresses
(169.254.0.0/16)
(FE80::/64)