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Turbulence Modelling
Suyash Sharma
M.Sc. Computational Fluid Dynamics
School of Aerospace, Transport & Management, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
Submitted 31ST March 2016
Abstract
The flow modelling of Ahmed Body is a benchmark for the ground vehicle external aerodynamics for the drag generated
at the vehicle rear. Studies have been carried out in the past decades for the flow around a simplified vehicle model at various
rear slant angles to model the relation between the geometry and drag. The current CFD study models the flow using a RANS
turbulence models also carrying out the grid sensitivity analysis.
The study had been carried out on three different refinement levels of the grid constituting tetra-prism meshing. Two
equation turbulence model was chosen for the turbulence modelling and the results have been below satisfactory in terms of
velocity flow field compared with the experimental data.
Keywords: Ahmed Body, RANS, Vortices
1. Introduction
Aerodynamic performance of the ground vehicle is
vital criterion in todays world even more so when
facing a global energy crisis. Saving fuel by
improving external aerodynamics is in hot pursuit of
the researchers globally. Quite a number of leading
researchers have been routinely performing tests on
assessing and improving this parameter. With the
development of computing power and numerical
methods, the exercise is no longer limited to the
expensive wind tunnel tests but can be carried out to
a convincing level of accuracy through turbulence
modelling like LES and DES. Currently, Reynolds
averaged turbulence models have been adopted
frequently in the development of road vehicle due to
its cost effectiveness and as a guidance for the wind
tunnel hot zones.
The benchmark experiment for the problem was
performed by [1] on a wooden model with a
simplified ground vehicle geometry. Further to this
experiment was a wind tunnel test performed by [2]
in 2000 using an LDA and PIV for validating the
results. A number of other researches numerical or
computational [3] were performed around the same
period to investigate the flow or to validate the
turbulence models as well as modified turbulent
stress calculations. A more accurate attempt at
resolving the flow features around ahmed body can
be found in [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].
Tunnel Length ,
Clearance Inlet , Ahmed Body ,
Clearance Ahmed Body, Outlet ,
Width ,
Height ,
Cross Section ,
Blockage Ratio ,
8.192[m]
2.048[m]
5.12[m]
1.43[m]
1.91[m]
2.73[m2]
4.2 %
() +
( ) =
[( + )
]
+ + +
+
() +
( ) =
[( + )
]
+ 1 + 2
+
+ 1 3 +
2
=
(1)
(2)
(3)
Number of Nodes.
325172
1885712
4271428
+ min
21
14
4
+ max
198
129
54
Table 3 Y+ Variation
Cells
1.15M
5.20M
13.0M
0.287
0.303
0.296
0.289
%
5.5%
3.13%
0.69%
2
2
Figure 4 Wall Y+
4. Conclusion
5. References
no. 6, pp. 95103, 2015.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[4]
[14]
[5]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]