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Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, for example:
Static routes are not advertised through the network, which increases
safety.
Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols. no CPU
cycle is not used to calculate and communicate routes.
The route that uses a static route to send data is known.
The static routing has the following disadvantages:
Initial setup and maintenance are prolonged.
The configuration is prone to errors, especially in large networks.
administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route
information.
not well suited to growing networks; maintenance becomes increasingly
complicated.
Requires a thorough knowledge of the entire network for proper
implementation.
Static routes are useful for smaller networks with only one path to an outside
network. They also provide a larger security for certain types of traffic or links
to other networks that need more control network. It is important to
understand that the static routing and dynamic routing are not mutually
exclusive. However, most networks use a combination of dynamic routing
protocols and static routes. This can cause the router has multiple paths to a
destination network through static routes and dynamic routes discovered.
However, the administrative distance (AD) is a static route 1. Therefore, a
static route will take precedence over all dynamically discovered routes.
The static routing has three main uses:
Facilitate the maintenance of the routing table into smaller networks which
are not expected to grow significantly.
Provides routing to internal networks and from these routes. A network of
domestic routes is one to which is accessed through a single route one whose
router has only one neighbor.
Use a single default route to represent a route to any network that does not
have a more specific match with another route in the routing table. Default
routes are used to send traffic to any destination that is beyond the next
upstream router.
Types of static routes
Static routes are often used most often to connect to a specific network or to
provide a gateway of last resort for a network of domestic routes. Also they
are used for the following:
Reduce the number of routes announced by summarizing several
contiguous networks as a single static route.
Create a backup path if a link fails the main route.
The following types of IPv4 and IPv6 static routes will be analyzed:
standard static route
static default route
Static route Summary
floating static route
IPv4 and IPv6 support configuring static routes. Static routes are useful to
connect to a specific remote network
A static default route is one that matches all packets. A default route identifies
the gateway IP address to which the router sends all IP packets for which no
route has discovered or static. A static default route is simply a static route
with 0.0.0.0/0 as IPv4 destination address. When configuring a static default
route, a gateway of last resort is created.
Note: All paths that identify a specific destination with a larger subnet mask
override the default path.
Default static routes are used in the following cases:
When no other route to the routing table matches the packet's destination IP
address. In other words, when there is no more specific match. They are
commonly used when a peripheral router from one company to the ISP
network is connected.
When a router has another single router to which it is connected. This
condition is known as a stub router
Another type of floating static route is a static route. Floating static routes are
static routes that are used to provide a backup path to a static main dynamic, in
the case of a link failure or route. The floating static route is used only when
the main route is unavailable.
To achieve this, the floating static route is configured with a greater
administrative distance than the main route. Remember that the administrative
distance represents the reliability of a route. If there are multiple routes to the
destination, the router will choose to have a lower administrative distance.
For example, suppose an administrator wants to create a floating static route
as a backup route discovered by EIGRP. The floating static route must be
configured with more than EIGRP administrative distance. EIGRP has an
administrative distance of 90. If the floating static route is configured with an
administrative distance of 95, the dynamic route discovered by EIGRP to the
floating static route is preferred. If the route discovered by EIGRP instead the
floating static route is used is lost.
Configuring static routes and default routes 6.3.1 Configuring Static IPv4
Static routes are configured with the ip route global configuration command.
The command syntax is as follows:
Router (config) # ip network routedireccin-mask-Subnet {ip-address |
nmerointerfaz-type interface [ip-address]} [distance] [name name]
[permanent] [tag tag]
The following parameters are required to configure static routing:
-network address: network address of the remote network destination that is
added to the routing table, also called a "prefix".
mask-subnet: subnet mask, or simply mask of the remote network that is
added to the routing table. The subnet mask can be modified to summarize a
group of networks.
A fully specified static route has determined both the output interface as the
next hop IPv6 address. Similar to the fully specified static routes that are used
with IPv4 mode, this would be used if CEF was not enabled on the router and
the output interface was on a multi-access network. With CEF, a static route
that uses only IPv6 next hop address would be the preferred even when the
output interface is a multi-access network method.
Unlike IPv4, IPv6 is a situation that occurs when you should use a fully
specified static route. If the static route IPv6 uses an IPv6 link-local address as
the next hop address, a fully specified static route must be used that includes
the output interface
The reason why you should use a fully specified static route is that IPv6 linklocal addresses are not included in the IPv6 routing table. The link-local
addresses are only unique in a given network or link. The link-local address of
the next hop can be a valid address in several networks connected to the
router. Therefore, it is necessary that the output interface is included.
VLSM
With the subnet mask fixed length (FLSM), the same number of addresses is
assigned to each subnet. If all subnets have the same requirements as to the
number of hosts, these address blocks fixed size would suffice. However, this
is not what usually happens.
While traditional division subnets satisfy the needs of the larger LAN and
divides the address space into a suitable number of subnets, results in a
significant waste of unused addresses.
For example, only two addresses are needed on each subnet for the three WAN
links. Since each subnet has 30 addresses usable, there are 28 unused
addresses in each of these subnetworks.
Applying a scheme of division in traditional subnets to this situation is not
very efficient and generates waste. In fact, this is a successful example to
show how subnetting a subnet can be used to maximize the use of the
management model. The subdivision of subnetworks, or using a subnet mask
of variable length (VLSM), was designed to prevent wasted addresses.
Setting short routes and floating static routes summary 6.5.1 Configuring IPv4
Route summarization, also known as "route aggregation" is the process of
advertising a set of contiguous addresses as a single address with a mask
shorter and less specific subnet. CIDR is a form of route summarization and is
synonymous with the term "Supernetting".
CIDR ignores the classy boundary restriction and allows summarization with
smaller than the default class mask masks. This type of summarization helps
reduce the number of entries in the routing updates and lowers the number of
entries in local routing tables. Also reduces the use of bandwidth for routing
updates and speeds up searches in the routing tables.
Apart from the fact that IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and are written in
hexadecimal, the summary of IPv6 addresses is very similar to the summary
of IPv4 addresses. Only it requires a few more steps because IPv6 addresses
abbreviated and the hexadecimal conversion.
Several IPv6 static routes can be summarized in a single static route if IPv6:
The destination networks are contiguous and can be summarized in a single
network address.
All static routes use the same exit interface or next-hop IPv6 address.
Configuring floating static routes
Floating static routes are static routes that have an administrative distance
greater than another static route or dynamic routes. They are very useful for
providing a backup to a primary link, as shown in the illustration.
By default, static routes have an administrative distance of 1, which makes
them preferable to routes discovered by dynamic routing protocols. For
example, some administrative distances protocols common dynamic routing
are:
EIGRP = 90
IGRP = 100
OSPF = 110
IS-IS = 115
RIP = 120
The administrative distance of a static route can be increased to make the
route less desirable than the path of another static route or route discovered by
a dynamic routing protocol. Thus, the static route "floats" and is not used
when active route with the best administrative distance. However, if the
preferred route is lost, the floating static route can take over, and you can send
traffic through this alternative route.