SLII

ASSIGNMENT4

WriteaprogramtoimplementII
passassembler.(For
hypotheticalinstructionsetfrom
Dhamdhere)
Considerfollowingcasesonly
(Literalprocessingnotexpected):
a.Forwardreferences
b.DSandDCstatement
c.START,EQU,END
d.Errorhandling:symbolused
butnotdefined,invalid
instruction/registeretc.

Objective:

1.Tostudybasictranslation
processofassemblylanguageto
machinelanguage.
2.Tostudytwopassassembly
process.

Tasksperformedbythepasses
oftwopassassemblerareas
follows:
PassI:
1.Separatethesymbol,
mnemonicopcodeandoperand
fields.
2.Determinethestorage
requiredforeveryassembly
languagestatementandupdate

the
locationcounter.
3.Buildthesymboltableandthe
literaltable.
4.Constructtheintermediate
codeforeveryassembly
languagestatement.
PassII:
1.Synthesizethetargetcodeby
processingtheintermediatecode
generatedduringPassI.

DesignofaTwo
PassAssembler:

Datastructuresrequired
forpassI:

1.Sourcefilecontaining
assemblyprogram.
2.MOT:Atableofmnemonic
opcodesandrelated
information.
Ithasthefollowingfields
Mnemonic,TYPE,OPcode
,Length
HashtableImplementationof
MOTtominimizethesearch
timerequiredforsearching
theinstruction.

3.SYMTAB:Thesymbol
table.
FieldsareSymbolname,
Address(LCValue).
4.Intermediateformused

Variant1/Variant2

3.SYMTAB:Thesymboltable.
FieldsareSymbolname,
Address(LCValue).
4.IntermediateformusedVariant
1/Variant2

DataStructureusedby

PassII:

1.OPTAB:Atableofmnemonic
opcodesandrelatedinformation.
2.SYMTAB:Thesymboltable.
3.LITTAB:Atableofliteralsused
intheprogram.
4.Intermediatecodegenerated
byPassI.
5.OutputfilescontainingTarget
code/errorlisting.

PASSI

INPUT
Textfileinassemblycode.

MOTtable(Hypothetical
Instructionset).

OUTPUT
Intermediatecodefilein
variant1/2.
SymbolTable.

PASSII

INPUT
MOTtable(Hypothetical
Instructionset).
Intermediatecodefilein
variant1/2.
SymbolTable.

OUTPUT
MachineCode

AlgorithmPASSI

1.Openthesourcefileininput
mode.
2.ifendoffileofsourcefilegoto
step8.
3.Readthenextlineofthe
sourceprogram
4.Separatethelineintowords.
Thesewordscouldbestoredin
arrayofstrings.
5.Searchforfirstwordis
mnemonicopcodetable,ifnot
presentitisalabel,addthisasa

symbolinsymboltablewith
currentLC.Andthensearchfor
secondwordinmnemonic
opcodetable.
6.Ifinstructionisfound
case1:imperativestatement
case2:Declarativestatement
case3:AssemblerDirective
GenerateIntermediatecodeand
writetoIntermediatecodefile.
7.gotostep2.
8.Closesourcefile.

AlgorithmPASSII

1.openintermediatecodefile
2.Ifendoffile(Intermediate
code),gotostep2
3.Readnextlinefrom
intermediatecodefile.
4.Writeopcode,registercode,
andaddressofmemory(tobe
fetchedfromsymboltable)onto
targetfile.Thisistobedoneonly
forImperativestatement.
5.gotostep2.
6.Closeallfiles.
7.Displaysymboltableandtarget
file.

11

AlgorithmFortwopassassemblerPassI
1

Initialization

SetLC=0

STP=1//SymbolTablePointer
RC=0//RegisterCodeAREG=1,BREG=2,CREG=3,DREG=4

Whilenextstmt.isnotanENDstmt
a

IfLabelispresentthen
this_label=symbolinlabelfield

if(checkSYMTAB(this_label))
Address=LCLength=operand1

else

Enter(this_label,LC)inSYMTAB

ifnextMnemonicthengotostep2f

12
b

IfaSTARTorORIGINthen
LC=valuespecifiedinoperandfield.

IfanEQUstmtthen
1. this_addr=valueof<addr_spec>
//IfReqdfetchfromSYMTAB
2. CorrecttheSYMTABentryforthis_labelto
(this_label,this_addr)
d

IfaDeclarationstmtthen
IfDCthen
1. Generatecode(DL,01)
2. size=sizeofconstant(1)
3. LC=LC+size

IfDSthen

4. Generatecode(DL,02)
5. size=sizespecifiedasarg.ofDSstmt.
6. ReflectthesizeinSYMTAB
7. LC=LC+size

13
e

IfanImperativestmtthen
3. code=opcodeformOPTAB

4. IfOperandisLiteralthen

this_literal=literalinoperandfield
LITTAB[LTP]=this_literal
GenerateICas(IS,code)RC(L,LTP)
LTP=LTP+1

IfoperandisRegisterthen

RC=Appropriateregistercode

IfOperandisSymbolthen
CheckSYMTAB(operand)

If(!EntryFound)then

Enter(SYMTAB[STP]=symbol)
STP=STP+1
this_entry=SYMTABentryno.ofoperand
GenerateICas(IS,code)(RC)(S,this_entry)

LC=LC+instructionlengthfromOPTAB

3
(ProcessingOfENDStatement)
a
b
GenerateIC(AD,02)
GotoPassII

ErrorHandling

Symbolusedbutnotdefined,
TobehandledinPASSII.Whenwereplace(s01)with
address,soifaddressisnotfoundinSymTab,
Generateanerror.
Invalidinstruction/registeretc.
TobehandledinPASSI.Whenwesearchtokenin
MOTtableifnotfound,Generateanerror.

LineNo
Label
MnemonicCode
Operand1
Operand2
1
START
200
2
MOVER
AREG,
C
3
MOVEM
AREG,
A
4
LOOP
MOVER
AREG,
A

5
MOVER
CREG
B
6
ADD
CREG
D

7
NEXT1
SUB
AREG
D
8
MULT
CREG
B
9
STOP
10
A
DS
2
11
B
DC
3
12
C

DC
5
13
D
DC
1

14
NEXT1
EQU
LOOP
15

END

Example

MnemonicCodeTable
(MOTtable)
Mnemonic
Code
Machine

Code
Class
LengthInsructio
STOP
00

IS

1
ADD
01

IS

2
SUB
02

IS

2
MULT
03

IS

2
MOVER
04

IS

2
MOVEM
05

IS

2
COMP
06

IS

2
BC
07

IS

2
DIV
08

IS
2

READ
09

IS

2
PRINT
10

IS

2
DC
01
DL
1
DS
02
DL
SIZE

PseudoOpCodeTable
(POTtable)
Pseudoopcode
Code

IntermediateMachine
Code
Class
LengthInsructio
START
01
AD
END
02
AD
LTONG
03
AD
ORIGIN
04
AD
EQU
05
AD

PASSI
Intermediatecode,Symbol
Table

19

MnemonicCode

Operand1
Operand2
LC
IntermediatecodepassI
1
START
200
(AD01)(200)
2
MOVER
AREG
C
200
(IS4)(01)(S01)
3
MOVEM
AREG
A
201
(IS5)(01)(S02)

4
LOOP
MOVER
AREG
A
202
(IS4)(01)(S02)
5
MOVER
CREG
B
203
(IS4)(03)(S04)
6
ADD
CREG
D
204
(IS01)(03)(S05)
8
NEXT1
SUB
AREG
D
207
(IS02)(01)(S05)

20

9
MULT
CREG
B
208
(IS03)(03)(S4)
10
STOP
209
(IS00)
11
A
DS
2
210211
(DL02)(C2)
12
B
DC
3
212
(DL01)(C3)
13
C
DC
5
213
(DL01)(C5)
D

14

DC
1
214
(DL01)(C1)
15
NEXT1
EQU
LOOP
(AD05)
(AD02)

SRNo
Symbolname
address
size
1

C
213
1
2

A
210
2
3

LOOP
202

16
END

B
212
3
5
D
214
1
6
NEXT1

202

PASSII
MachineCode

22

AlgorithmFortwopassassemblerPassII
1

Initialization
SetLC=0

RC=0//RegisterCodeAREG=1,BREG=2,CREG=3,DREG=4

Whilenextstmt.isnotanENDstmt

a
Clearmachinecodebuffer


23

b
IfaSTARTorORIGINthen
LC=valuespecifiedinoperandfield.
Size=0

c
IfaDeclarationstmtthen
IfDCthen

8. Assembletheconstantinmachine_code_buffer
9. size=sizeofmemoryarearequiredbyDC/DS

IfanImperativestmtthen
5. GetoperandaddressfromSYMTAB/LITTAB
6. Assembleinstructioninmachine_code_buffer
7. Size=sizeofinstruction.

Ifsize!=0
movecontentsofmachine_code_buffertocode_area
1. Lc=Lc+size

(ProcessingOfENDStatement)

Performsteps2(e)

Writecode_areaintooutputfile.

24

MnemonicCode

Operand1
Operand2
LC
MachineCOde
1
START
200
2
MOVER
AREG
C
+200
401213
3
MOVEM
AREG
A
+201
501210
4
LOOP
MOVER
AREG
A
+202
401210

5
MOVER
CREG
B
+203
403212
6
ADD
CREG
D
+204
103214
8
NEXT1
SUB
AREG
D
+207
201214

25

MULT
CREG
B
+208
303212
10
STOP
+209
00
11
A
DS
2
+210211
12
B
DC
3
+212
13
C
DC
5
+213
14
D
DC
1
+214
15
NEXT1
EQU

LOOP

16
END

Example2

START100
READN
MOVERBREG,ONE
AGAINMULTBREG,TERM
MOVERCREG,TERM
BCLE,AGAIN
MOVEMBREG,RESULT
PRINTRESULT
STOP
NDS1
RESULTDS1
ONEDC1
TERMDS1
END