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Talk for ANSYS USERS GROUP

June 1999
Stress Categories for Design by Analysis of Pressure
Vessels

BACKGROUND
Developed in the early 1960s under Bernie Langer at the
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
Basis for SDB-63, Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, and Section VIII, Division 2 of the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code (Appendix 4)
FAILURE THEORY
ASME "Design by Analysis" approach is based on Tresca
(shear stress) failure theory with an elastic-perfectly plastic
stress-strain curve
Tresca failure theory states that "yielding will occur when the
maximum shear stress equals the shear stress at yielding in an
uniaxial-tension test"
Maximum Shear Stress/2 = (Maximum Principal Stress
Minimum Principal Stress)/2
Max Shear Stress = Max Principal Stress Min Principal
Stress => Stress Intensity
Tresca failure theory is less accurate than Von Mises

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(Distortion-Energy) failure theory, but slightly more

conservative and simpler
COMPARISON OF FAILURE THEORIES

Definitions
Normal Stress: Stress component normal to the plane
reference
Shear Stress: Stress component tangent to plane of reference
Membrane Stress: Uniform normal stress

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Bending Stress: Linear normal stress

General Stress: Stress away from any discontinuities
Local Stress: Stress near a discontinuity
Primary Stress: Stress developed by imposed loading that is
necessary to satisfy the simple laws of equilibrium of external
and internal forces and moments
Secondary Stress: Stress developed by constraint of adjacent
parts or self-constraint of structure Secondary stresses are
self-limiting They can be relieved by local yielding minor
distortions
Peak Stress: Localized stress that does not cause any
noticeable distortion and is objectionable only as a possible
source of fatigue crack or brittle fracture
Stress Intensity: Difference between maximum and minimum
principal stress
Design Stress Intensity: Allowable Stress Intensity typically
the lesser of 2/3 the Yield Stress (YS) or 1/3 the Ultimate
Tensile Stress (UTS)
Stress Categories
Five Basic Stress Categories
1.
2.
3.

General Primary Membrane Stress Intensity (Pm)

Local Membrane Stress Intensity (PL) Primary Stress
Primary Membrane Plus Primary Bending Stress (PL + Pb)
either General or Local Membrane Stress

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4.
5.

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Primary Plus Secondary Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q)

Peak Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q + F)
Stress Category

Code Limit

General Primary Membrane

Stress Intensity (Pm)

k*Sm

Local Membrane Stress

Intensity (PL)

k*1.5*Sm

Primary Membrane Plus

Primary Bending Stress (PL +
Pb)

k*1.5*Sm

Primary Plus Secondary

Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q)

3.0*Sm

Peak Stress Intensity (PL + Pb

+ Q + F)

Sa for fatigue

Stress Category

Limit
Based
on Sm

Limit
Based
on Sy

General Primary Membrane

Stress Intensity (Pm)

Sm

0.67*Sy 0.33*Su

Local Membrane Stress

Intensity (PL)

1.5*Sm

Sy

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Limit
Based
on Su

0.5*Su

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Primary Membrane Plus

Primary Bending Stress (PL +
Pb)

1.5*Sm

Sy

0.5*Su

Primary Plus Secondary

Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q)

3.0*Sm

2*Sy

Su

LIMIT STRESS FOR COMBINED TENSION AND BENDING

ON A RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

STRAIN HISTORY BEYOND YIELD

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HOPPER DIAGRAGM

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