ELEMENTS OF BIOTECHNOLGY (2 MARKS)

UNIT-I
1. Define biotechnology.
Biotechnology is defined as the integration of natural sciences and
organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and
services.
2. Define metabolism.
The term metabolism refers to the sum of the biochemical reactions
required for energy generation and the use of energy to synthesize cell material
from small molecule in the environment.
3. Give any two function of DNA.
i.
DNA controls all the biochemical activities of the cell.
ii.
DNA carries the genetic information from one generation to
another.
iii.
DNA controls protein synthesis.
4. What are the types of RNA.
RNA has three types. They are
i.
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
ii.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
iii.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
5. Define protozoans.
Protozoans are unicellular, eukauytic microbes belong to the kingdom
protista. It classified based on their locomotion. It has a variety of shapes.
Protozoan can reproduce sexually and asexually. The size varies from the range
0.015 to 0.21m.
6. Define cell.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of human body. There are
many different types of cell.
7. Define traditional biotechnology.
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It refers to the conventional techniques that have been used for many
centuries to produce beer, wine, cheese and many other foods.
8. Difference between biotechnology and biology.
Biology: The biologist works in the range of monograms to milligrams.
Biotechnology: Biotechnologist works on the production of vaccines may be
satisfied with milligram yields, but many other projects aim at kilograms to
tonnes.
9. What are the function of RNA.
i.
RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis.
ii.
It helps in the transfer of material from one place to another.
iii.
It involves in the process of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
10. Difference between RNA and DNA.
S. No. RNA
RNA is more primitive than
1.
DNA
RNA is the genetic material of
2.

some organisms (Plant, animal,

3.

bacterial viruses)
Pentose sugar is ribose

DNA
DNA is originated from RNA
DNA is the genetic material of all
living
Pentose sugar is deoxyribose

11. What are the types of endoplasmic reticulums.

i. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (contains ribosomes)
ai. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (does not contains ribosomes)
12. Write the different organelles present in cell.
There are many organelles present in our cell, some major organelles are
i. Nucleus
ii. Mitochondria
iii. Endoplasmic reticulum
iv. Golgi complex
v. Cytoplasm
vi. Lysosome
vii. Ribosome
13. What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum.
i. Primary function is to produce proteins.
ii. Rough endoplasmic reticulum involve in protein synthesis.
iii. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum involve in package and
transport of protein.
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14. What are the functions of cell?
i. Obtain nutrients and oxygen.
ii. Make energy.
iii. Eliminate wastes.
iv. Sense and respond to environment.
v. Reproduce.
vi. Move material.
15. What is RNA and list its types.
RNA stands for Ribo Nucleic acid.
It is usually single standard in structure but in some viruses it is double
standard RNA.

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ELEMENTS OF BIOTECHNOLGY (2 MARKS)

UNIT-II
1. Define enzyme.
Enzyme is defines as complex protein molecules present in living cells,
where they act as catalysts in bringing about chemical changes in substance.
2. What is meant by enzyme technology?
The study of industrial enzymes and their uses is called enzyme
technology. It is used in production, isolation and purification of objects.
3. What are the types of enzyme production in industries?
There are two types of enzyme production.
i.
Submerged fermentation.
ii.
Solid substrate fermentation.
4. What is immobilization?
Enzyme linked with insoluble polymers such as membrane particle,
acting supports, earlier for the enzyme activity. This process is called
immobilization.
5. Define bioreactor.
A container used to produce the enzyme is called bioreactor or
fermentor. It is made of stainless steel.
6. What is the role of enzyme penicillin acylase?
Penicillin acylase is a enzyme, used to produce 6 amino penicillanic acid
(6-APA) from naturally produced penicillin G or penicillin V.
7. List the enzymes used in dairy industry.
i. Renin
ii. Lipases
iii. Lactases

8. What are the enzymes used in starch industry?

i. Amylases
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ii. Glucoamylases
iii. Immobilized enzymes
9. What is intracellular enzyme?
The enzyme produced inside the cell that must be activated by a specific
molecule. Intracellular molecules are activated by a hydrophobic material such
as steroid molecular which can go through the cell membrane and activate the
intracellular enzyme.
10. Define semi synthetic antibiotics.
Antibiotics produced by microorganisms naturally are called synthetic
antibodies. Chemical modification in synthetic antibodies are called semi
synthetic antibodies.
11. Define microbial enzyme.
The enzyme which is produced with the help of microorganisms is
called microbial enzyme. It is a safe and low allergic product, which is free
from toxic materials.it is mainly used in food industry and medical treatment.
(e.g., Amylase and Protease).
12. What is immobilized enzymes?
An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme that is attached to an inert,
insoluble material such as calcium alginate. This can provide increased
resistance to changes in conditions such as pH and temperature.
13. What is a protein?
Proteins are a class of nitrogenous organic compounds which have large
molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids are an essential
part of all living organisms such as muscle, hair, etc., and as enzymes and
antibodies.

14. Difference between enzyme and protein.

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S.
No.

1.

2.

Protein

Enzyme

Proteins are expressed in

Enzyme are functional proteins

form of genes and they are

which means, they carry out a

3D structures composed of

specific function by interacting with

building blocks called

other molecules, and even with

compounds amino acids.

Proteins help the structure,

proteins.
Enzymes are biochemical catalysts,

function and regulation of

which speed up the rate of

cells, tissues and organs.

biochemical reaction.

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UNIT-III
1. Define degradation.
Complex compound transformed into simple products, sometime
mineralisation.
2. Define conjugation.
Formation of complex or addition reactions to more complex
compounds.
3. Define detoxification.
Conversion of toxic compounds to non toxic compounds is called
detoxification.
4. Define biomagnification.
Biomagnification is essence implies an increase in the concentration
of a chemical substance.
5. Define antibiotics.
Antibiotics is a compound selectively active against a wide range of
micro organisms.
6. Define broad spectrum antibiotics.
Antibiotics that affect a wide range of microorganism are termed
broad micro organism. For example, choramphenical and the tetracyclines,
which can control such unrelated oraganims.
7. Define narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Streptomycin and penicillin are examples of narrow spectrum anti
bodies, being effective against only a few bacterial species.

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8. Define vaccines.
Vaccines are preparation of dead microorganisms or living attenuated
or weakened microorganisms that can be given to humans or animals to
stimulate their immunity to infection.
9. Define monoclonal antibodies.
When antibody producing cells immortalised and stabilised the
secret antibodies will always be the same from that particular cell line and
can be fully characterised to access their suitability for different
applications.
10. What is biopharmaceutical product?
Genetic engineering involves inserting the necessary human derived
gene construct into suitable host micro organism that will produce the
therapeutic protein biopharmaceutical.
11. What is gene therapy?
This is the treatment of disease by the transfer and expression of
genetic material in a patients cell in order to restore normal cellular
function.
There are two types of gene therapy.
i.
Germ cell gene therapy.
ii.
Somatic gene therapy.
12. Define germ cell gene therapy.
In germ cell gene therapy changes are directed at the individuals
genetic make-up and can be passed on the off spring.
13. Define somatic cell gene therapy.
In somatic cell gene therapy, functioning genes are introduced into
body cells that lack them. The effects of the gene therapy are confined to
the person undergoing the treatment and or not passed on to the offspring.
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14. What are the physical methods used for sewage treatment.
The physical methods for sewage treatment are
i. Land fill technologies
ii. Composting.

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ELEMENTS OF BIOTECHNOLGY (2 MARKS)

UNIT-IV
1. Define genetics.
The branch of biology which is concerned with biological inheritance,
(i.e.,) with the causes of resemblances and variations among related organism
is called genetics.
2. Define protoplast fusion.
Fusion may a method of re assorting whole groups of genes between
different strains of micro and macro organisms. E.g., mammalian cell fusion
used to formation of monoclonal antibodies.
3. Define antibody.
i.
It has a Y shaped molecular structure.
ii.
One part of this structure to bind the invading antigen.
iii.
Other part to trigger the bodys response to eliminate the antigen
antibody complex.
4. Define genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering can be defined as the formation of new
combinations of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules.
5. Define gene technology.
Gene technology is the modification of the genetic properties of an
organism by the use of recombinant DNA technology.
6. Define splicing gene.
The construction of hybrid DNA molecules in vitro have come from the
discovery site that sitespecific restriction endoneuclease enzymes. There are
techniques available for breaking open a length of DNA into shorter
fragments.
7. What are restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes are present in a wide range of bacteria and can
distinguish between DNA from their own cell and foreign DNA by
recognising certain sequences of neucleotides.
8. Define transduction.
Transduction DNA transferred from one organism to another by way of
a carrier or vector system.
9. What is bioethics?
It is the study of typically controversial ethics brought about by
advances in biology and medicine. It is also moral discernment as it relates to
medical policy, practice, and research.
10. Define propagation.
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The new DNA will be cloned with the propagation of host cell.
11. What is cell fusion?
In this technique, immortalization is achieved whereby B.Iymphocyte
cells are fused to immortal cancer cells in a one to one ration, forming
hybrids or hybridomas capable of continuous growth and antibody secreting
in culture.
12. What is protoplast fusion?
Protoplast fusion has been used to combine genes from different
organisms to create strains with desired properties. These are the powerful
techniques for engineering of microbial strains for desirable industrial
properties.
Protoplast fusion is also called as somatic fusion.
13. Write notes on bio-informatics.
Bio-informatics is the combination of biology and information
technology. It is the branch of science that deals with the computer based
analysis of large biological data sets.

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ELEMENTS OF BIOTECHNOLGY (2 MARKS)

UNIT-V
1. Sacharomyces cerevisiae?
This organism can assimilate and utilise sugars such as glucose and
fructose and metabolise them to ethanol, for which it has a high tolerance.
2. Define beers.
Beers are produced mostly from starchy cereals such as barley.
Additional carbohydrate sources knows as adjuncts, are normally added in
varying proportions.
3. Define red wine.
Red wine is formed when grapes are crushed and fermented whole.
4. Define malting.
Dried barley is soaked and steeped in water and the spread out on the
malt house floor or in revolving drums, where the seed germinate, with the
formation of starch degrading (amylose) and protein degrading (protease)
enzyme.
5. Define mashing.
The starches and proteins broke down to produce dextrins, maltose and
other sugars, protein breakdown products, minerals and other growth factors.
6. Define tea.
Tea is derived from the enzymic activity released after the crushing of
the leaves.
7. Define amino acids.
Amino acids are widely used in the food and beverage industries as
flavour enhancers, as seasonings, or nutritional additives.
8. Define vinegar.
Vinegar is an aqueous solution containing atleast 4% by volume acetic
acid and small amount of esters, sugars, alcohol and salt.
9. Define bioinformatics.
Bioinformatics has emerged as a multidisciplinary subject that
encompasses developments in information and computer technology as applied
to biology and biological sciences.
10. What are the division of bioinformatics?
i.
Molecular bioinformatics.
ii.
Organal bioinformatics.
iii.
Species bioinformatics.
11. What is organic acid?
Citric acid is widely used in foodrelated industries. Citric acid is used
in food to enhance the flavour, to prevent oxidation and as a preservative.
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12. What is the role of biotechnology is agriculture?
Plants are primary source of food for human beings. Human beings have
sought to improve the quality and productivity of agriculturally important
plant; advances in agriculture were made by biotechnology by new cultivation
techniques in chemically defined media. The individual or group of cells were
treated like microbial suspensions and were able to grow under aerated shaken
conditions, initially in flasks and then in bioreactors. By means of genetic
manipulation, plants were able to achieve improved resistance to specific
herbicides, improved resistance to insect pests
13. Write five foods derived from microbes.
Wine, cheese, chocolate, wine and beer.
14. What are bio pesticides?
Bo pesticides are comprised of substances that exist naturally in
microorganisms and plants and whose main function is to protect the plant
from insect attack. Bio pesticides is the contraction of Biological pesticides,
include several types of pest management intervention through predatory,
parasitic, or chemical relationships.
15. Write any three biopolymers.
i. Poly lactic acid.
ii. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate.
iii. Hyaluronic acid.

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