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EFFECTSOFVOLTAGEFLUCTUATIONSONELECTRICALEQUIPMENT|PowerQualityInElectricalSystems

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EFFECTSOFVOLTAGEFLUCTUATIONSONELECTRICALEQUIPMENT

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Wednesday,September14,2011

CBEMA
CURVE
THE
POWER

Theundesirableeffectsofvoltagefluctuationsonelectricalandelectronicequipmentarebriefly
ACCEPTABILITYCURVE
FORCOMPUTER
BUSINESSEQUIPMENT
CBEMACurveisoneof
themostfrequently
employedpower
acceptabilitycurve.Itwas
developedbythe
ComputerBusiness
EquipmentManufac...
STATCOM
(STATIC

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PQWers

describedhere.Thispostaimstogiveanoverviewoftheseeffects,whicharemoreobviouswithlight
sources. Nonetheless, other sophisticated devices subjected to voltage fluctuations could malfunction
andhavereducedefficiency,whicharecostlyintermsofdowntimeandrejects.

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Most electrical and electronic equipment are designed to operate properly and within their
specificationsifthevoltagesupplyvarieswithin10%ofnominal.However,somesensitivedevices
require stable incoming voltage for them to perform accurately, such as computers, medical
laboratories,telecommunicationsandtestequipment.
Moreover,theeffectsofvoltagefluctuationsonsusceptibleequipmentarediscussedbelow.

SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATOR)
STATCOMorStatic
Synchronous
Compensatorisashunt
device,whichusesforce
commutatedpower
electronics(i.e.GTO,
IGBT)tocontrolpo...
ANSI
C84.1
ELECTRIC
POWER
SYSTEMS
AND
EQUIPMENTVOLTAGE
RANGES
ANSIC84.1isthe
AmericanNational
StandardforElectric
PowerSystemsand
EquipmentVoltage
Ratings(60Hertz).In
1954,thefirstvers...
ITIC
CURVE
POWER

A.LightSources
Voltagefluctuationsareusuallyevidentinnuisancevariationsofthelightoutputfromincandescentand

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dischargelightingsources.Thisiscommonlyknownasflicker,whichisasubjectivevisualimpressionof
unsteadinessofalightsflux,whoseluminancefluctuateswithtime.
Arapidregularvoltagechangeof0.5%withafrequencyofabout6to8Hzcanresulttoobservable
flicker in the light output of an incandescent lamp. Generally, flicker affects our brain reaction and
impairsvision,leadingtodiscomfortanddeteriorationinworkquality.Worstcase,itcanevenresultto
accidentsasitaffectstheergonomicsoftheproductionenvironmentbycausingpersonnelfatigueand
reducedconcentrationlevels.
Lightsourcesaresensitivetovoltagesupplychangesastheluminousfluxisproportionaltotheapplied
voltage.Inequationform:
PQWStats

=VX
where:
=luminousflux
V=appliedvoltage

ACCEPTABILITYCURVE
FORINFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
EQUIPMENT
ITICCurveisamodified
versionoftheCBEMA
poweracceptabilitycurve,
buttheconceptremains
thesame.Itwas
developedbyaworking...
STATIC

X=exponentvaluedependingonlightsourcetype
For incandescent, X is typically between 3.13.7. Meanwhile, X is lower at around 1.8 for fluorescent
and discharge lamps. This is because incandescent lamps are more sensitive to voltage fluctuations
thandischargelightingequipment.
B.ElectroheatEquipment
All heating equipment that are subjected to considerable levels of voltage fluctuation will have lower
operational efficiency. For example, an electric arc furnace would require a longer melt time as
comparedtowhenvoltagesupplyisstable.

SYNCHRONOUSSERIES
COMPENSATOR(SSSC)
StaticSynchronousSeries
Compensator(SSSC)isa
modernpowerquality
FACTSdevicethat
employsavoltagesource
converterconnectedin...

C.ElectricalMachines
SynchronousMotorsandGenerators
Voltagefluctuationsattheterminalsoftheseelectricalmachinesleadtothefollowing:

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FERRANTIEFFECT
STATCOM(STATIC
SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATOR)
STATICVAR
COMPENSATORS
(SVC)INTHE
POWERSYSTEM
POWERQUALITY
PRIMERFREE
eBookDOWNLOAD

InductionMotors
For an induction motor, voltage fluctuations at the terminals can cause changes in torque and slip,
whichaffecttheproductionprocess.Intheworstcase,fluctuationscouldresulttoexcessivevibration,
reducingmechanicalstrengthandshorteningthemotorservicelife.
D.Electrolyzers
Thepresenceofvoltagefluctuationscanreduceboththeusefullifeandtheoperationalefficiencyofan

MITIGATIONOF
FLICKERAND
VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONS

electrolyzer equipment. In addition, elements of the highcurrent supply line can become significantly

UIE/IEC
FLICKERMETER
FORFLICKER
MEASUREMENT

E.StaticRectifiers

EFFECTSOF
VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONSON
ELECTRICAL
EQUI...

decreaseinpowerfactorandthegenerationofnoncharacteristicharmonicsandinterharmonics.Inthe

POWERQUALITY
BASICS:VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONS
ANDFLI...

F.OtherDevices

degraded,therebyincreasingmaintenanceand/orrepaircosts.

The effect of voltage fluctuation in phasecontrolled rectifiers with DCside parameter control is a
case of drive braking in an inverter mode, it can result in commutation failure and damage to system
components.

Furthermore,othereffectsofvoltagefluctuationsinclude:

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Computerizedorautomaticmachinestoproducedefectiveparts

ETAPTUTORIALS:
MODELINGA
SHUNTREACTOR

Securitysystemmalfunction

ALESSANDROVOLTA
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
MASTERO...

Avisitorfrom
viewed"ETAP
TUTORIALS:HARM
FILTERS&SIZING|
QualityInElectrical
Avisitorfrom
Systems"10minsago
NewJerseyviewed
"POWERQUALITY
BASICS:VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONSAN
FLICKER|PowerQua
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viewed"POWERQUA
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OFVOLTAGE
FLUCTUATIONSON
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT|Power
RealtimeviewGetFeedjit

UnwantedtriggeringofUPSunitstoswitchtobattery
Testingequipmenttogiveinaccuratedata
Nuisancetrippingduetomisoperationofrelaysandcontactors
Inconsistencyofmotorspeed

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References:
Hanzelka,Z.andBien,A.(2006).VoltageDisturbancesFlicker
IEEE11591995.RecommendedPracticeForMonitoringElectricPowerQuality

April(16)
March(14)

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AboutMe
yepyep
IamanElectricalEngineerwithaMastersDegreeinBusinessAdministration.MyinterestisinPowerQuality
andProtectiveRelaying.Ihavebeenworkinginanelectricdistributionutilityforaboutsevenyearsnowasa
Planning&DesignEngineer.IhandlePQstudies,powersystemanalysisandcapitalbudgetingforcompany
projects.
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