SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Instructor Manual

Training Unit

Ex-Proof Installation
Theory

No: EE 117

Training Unit
Ex-Proof Installation
Theoretical Part
No.: EE 117

Edition:

2009
All Rights Reserved

Editor:

MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

Education and Training Systems, DM-1
Lunzerstrasse 64 P.O.Box 36, A 4031 Linz / Austria
Tel. (+ 43 / 732) 6987 3475
Fax (+ 43 / 732) 6980 4271
Website: www.mcelinz.com
1

EX-PROOF INSTALLATION
LIST OF CONTENT

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction to explosion protection for electrical switchgear.........................................3

Identification table ..........................................................................................................4

Degress of explosion protection to prevent the ignition of gases or vapours.................6

Identification of equipment .............................................................................................7

Regulations on Explosion-Protection .............................................................................8

Hazardous areas due to the presence of explosive gases, vapours and mists ...........11

hazardous areas due to the presence of dust/air mixtures : ........................................14

Classification of apparatus...........................................................................................15

Types of protection according to European standard ..................................................17

10

Marking of explosion-protected apparatus ..............................................................18

11

Degrees of protection in accordance with EN 60529 ..............................................20

12

installation of electrical equipment in potentially explosive areas ...........................21

13

Selection of equipment............................................................................................21

14

Application...............................................................................................................22

15

Design .....................................................................................................................22

16

Laying......................................................................................................................22

17

Regulation and approvals outside the EC Jurisdiction ............................................23

18

General requirements..............................................................................................26

19

Definitions and symbols ..........................................................................................27

20

Apparatus grouping and temperature classification ................................................31

21

Temperatures ..........................................................................................................32

22

Requirements for all electrical apparatus ................................................................34

23

Non-metallic enclosures and non-metallic parts of enclosures ...............................35

24

Enclosures containing light metals ..........................................................................38

25

Fasteners ................................................................................................................38

26

Interlocking devices.................................................................................................40

27

Bushings .................................................................................................................41

28

Connection facilities for earthing or bonding conductors.........................................41

29

Cable and conduit entries........................................................................................42

30

Flameproof enclosure d ........................................................................................45

31

Flameproof enclosure e ........................................................................................56

32

pressurized enclosure p........................................................................................68

Introduction to explosion protection for electrical switchgear

During the manufacture, processing, transportation and storage of flammable substances

in the chemical and petrochemical industries, it frequently occurs that gases and vapours
escape and form an explosive atmosphere in combination with the oxygen in the air. If an
accidental ignition of this atmosphere is caused by, for example, sparks from electrical
switchgear, explosions' may occur and cause injury to persons and damage to property. In
order to avoid hazards of this kind, safety measures have been developed in a number of
countries. Due to the increasing number of international links in these industries, it became
necessary to achieve uniform international coordination of these safety measures.
The first organization for international cooperation was the "International Electrotechnical
Commission" (IEC), which was founded in the year 1906 with the objective of preparing
uniform recommendations for the field of electrical engineering.
Today, responsibility for the preparation of European standards lies with the European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. This committee includes representatives
not only of the countries of the European Economic Community but also of Finland,
Norway, Austria, Sweden and Switzerland. European standards are produced by this
committee, the CENELEC, in three official editions (French, English, German).

Identification table

The following table shows a comparison of the identification system for equipment in
accordance with the previous regulations VDE 0170/ 0171/2.61 and the identification
system

in

accordance

with

the

European

VDE.0170/0171/5.78:

standards

or

the

regulations

1)

For definition, see EN 50 014, Appendix A

In order to determine the explosion group (previously known as the explosion class), gases
and liquids are ignited in a vessel with standard properties. An identical type of gas is also
present outside the vessel. The vessel incorporates gaps of adjustable width. The
explosion group (ignition breakdown) with flameproof enclosure d (e.g. with a gap length of
25 mm) is defined by the gap width at which the mixture outside the vessel just fails to
ignite.
The ignition temperature is defined as the lowest temperature of a heated wall at which the
most combustible mixture just ignites (DIN 51 794). In accordance with this, flammable
gases and vapours are classified into temperature classes (previously known as ignition
groups)

Degress of explosion protection to prevent the ignition of gases or

vapours

Degree
explosion
protection
Increased
safety

of

Symbol

Explanation

Special measures are provided to prevent the occurrence of spark,

arcs or hazardous temperatures at components at which these
phenomena do not occur in normal operation.

Flameproof

Endangered components are encapsulated in a housing which is able

enclosure to withstand a certain test pressure when a mixture is
exploded within this housing, thus preventing the transmission of the
explosion to the mixtures surrounding the housing (ignition-proof
encapsulation).

Pressurized
apparatus
previously
known
as
forced
ventilation

Endangered components are encapsulated in housing which are

apparatus scavenged by fresh air or inert gases (protective as forced
(f) gas) under pressure in such a way that explosive mixtures which
have entered the housings before commissioning are removed and are
unable to penetrate the housing during operation.

Oil immersion

Endangered components are immersed in oil so that the any explosive

mixtures present above the surface of the oil cannot be ignited by arcs,
sparks or hot gases produced below the surface of the oil.

Sand filled

Endangered components are immersed in a fine-grained filling material

so that, when the equipment is used for the intended purpose, an arc
arising within the housing can not ignite and explosive atmosphere
surrounding the housing. Ignition must not be possible, either as the
result of flames or as the result of increased temperatures at the
surface of the housing.

Intrinsic safety

The energy in an electrical circuit is so low that explosive mixtures

cannot be ignited by sparks caused by the closing or opening of the
circuit.
Un the new VDE regulations, equipment with intrinsically-safe circuits
is classified into toe categories :
ia: Equipment of this category must not be able to cause ignition when
any combination of two faults occurs.
ib: Equipment of this category must not be able to cause ignition when
one fault occurs.

Special
protection

This is at present valid only of equipment constructed in accordance

with VDE 0171/2.61. There are no design regulations for this degree of
explosion protection. The occurrence of an explosion is prevented by
measures other than those described above. A test by the relevant
official testing body must demonstrate that the selected method of
protection is adequately effective.

Identification of equipment

The European standards specify an identification method for explosion-proof electrical

equipment.

Electrical equipment with the degree of explosion protection "Flameproof

enclosure" could, for example, have the identification EEx d II B T3. This identification is
mandatory for all equipment, no matter whether it is intended for sale only within the
European Economic Community or. also outside. If the equipment is also awarded an EEC
certificate (conformity or inspection certificate), it is further marked with the symbol Ex. The
complete designation for certificated equipment with the degree of explosion protection
"Flameproof encapsulation" would then be as follows:

Examples of identification for explosion-proof electrical equipment:

Degree

of

explosion

protection

of Identification in accordance with EN 50

equipment

014 50 020

Increased safety

EEX e

II T4

Flameproof enclosure

EEX d

II C T5

Intrinsic safety

(EEX ia) II C+)

or

+)

(EEX ib) I C

Intrinsically-safe circuits of category is may enter zone 0. All equipment for zone 0 must,

however, be certificated.

Regulations on Explosion-Protection

Electrical apparatus for use in hazardous areas must be explosion-protected in design and
must comply with the regulations on Explosion-Protection.

In order to establish a

requirement and safety level that is the same throughout Europe the EC Commission has
compiled product-related European Directives for all types of products.
In 1975 the Council of the European Community issued basic directives on ExplosionProtection. These were converted into national law in Germany in the "Regulators
concerning electrical installations in explosive atmospheres(Elex V)" issued in February,
1980. CENELEC the European committee for electrotechnical standardization, worked out
European standards for apparatus for use in hazardous areas. These standards DIN
EN50014 to 50020/VDE 0170/0171, Parts 1 to 7, designated as VDE regulations, came
into force on 1.5.1978. They contain constructional and test requirements for explosionprotected electrical apparatus for Zone 1
The certificates of conformity or inspection certificates issued by notified bodies of member
states of the EC. which are issued on the basis of the tests carried out. are recognized by
all member states of the European Union as type examination certificates.

Explosion-protected apparatus according to the directive 76/117/EEC bear

the Ex-symbol.

After a transition period as

of July 1. 2003 the directives 94/9 EC of the European

Parliament and Council for the harmonization of the statutory previsions of member states
on apparatus and protective system intended for use potentially explosive atmospheres
dated 23.3.1994 (directive 94/9/EX) will replace any existing directives on ExplosionProtection on a European level.
This new Ex-directive was converted into national German law by the new "Explosion
Protection decree (ExVO)" issued in December 1996.
Parallel to this a revised version of the "Regulations concerning electrical installations in
explosive atmospheres (ElexV)" was also issued in December 1996.
8

Among other things. the new ATEX directive slates the classification and marking of
apparatus for use in hazardous areas. Apparatus is now classified as:
Apparatus for mining
operations:

Apparatus Group I

Apparatus for use in all other

Hazardous areas

Apparatus Group II

This is divided further into apparatus categories that regulate the safety level of the
apparatus for In the respective zone :
Categories 1, 2 and 3
In addition to this, distinction is also made between apparatus for use in hazardous areas
due to the presence of explosive gases, vapours or mists, code letter "G", and apparatus
for use in hazardous areas due to the presence of dust, code letter "D".

Apparatus for hazardous areas with the

presence of explosive gases, vapours or mists
Zone

Apparatus category

Marking

II 1G

II 2 G

II 3 G

Apparatus for use in hazardous areas caused by dust

Zone

Apparatus category

Marking

20

II 1D

21

II 2 D

22

II 3 D

After successful completion of the type test within the scope of the conformity evaluation
procedure, the authorized testing stations, now called notified bodies, issue an EC Type
Examination Certificate.
To fulfil all requirements of the Explosion-Protection directive 94/9/EC (as well as of any
further EC-directives which is applicable), the manufacturer issues an "EC Declaration of
Conformity".
To allow free movement of goods throughout the CE marking

shall be affixed to all apparatus to which this EC declaration of conformity applies.

10

Hazardous areas due to the presence of explosive gases, vapours and

mists

Hazardous areas due to the presence of explosive gases, vapours and mists are classified
into three zones. This classification depends on the probability of the occurrence of an
explosive gas atmosphere.
What electrical apparatus may be used in the individual zones?

Zone 0 covers areas in which an explosive atmosphere caused by a mixture of air and
gases, vapours or mists is present continuously, for long periods or frequently.
Zone 0 mainly encompasses the areas inside closed containers, pipelines and apparatus
which contain inflammable liquids. The respective operating temperature lies above the
these flash point. The hazardous area is above the liquid level and not within the liquid.
With apparatus in the category 1 G (for Zone 0), in order to avoid ignition hazards resulting
from electrical circuits of the apparatus it is necessary to guarantee the specified degree of
safety.

in the event of two independent faults when only one protection measure is applied or

in the event of the failure one protection measure by means of a second independent
protective measure.

These conditions are deemed fulfilled if, for cases only e.g. the surroundings of outdoor
example the apparatus
-

is designed in the type of protection ia" to EN 50020 or

intrinsically safe apparatus to "ib" is also potted according to EN 50028.

The requirements on apparatus with regard to electrostatic charges are considerably

higher than those for Zone 1 or Zone 2.
The constructional and testing requirements for electrical apparatus in apparatus Group II
1 G have been newly regulated in Europe. EN 50284 / VDE 0170/0171, Part 12 replaces
special national arrangements as defined by the ATEX directive.

11

Zone 1 covers areas in which the occasional occurrence of an explosive atmosphere due
to the presence of gases, vapours or mists is likely.
Inflammable or explosive substances are made, processed or stored in Zone 1. This
includes the area surrounding charging doors, the immediate vicinity of filling and emptying
devices, the immediate vicinity of fragile equipment and lines. as well as around cable
glands on pumps and slides that do not seal adequately. The occurrence of an explosive
atmosphere is likely during normal operation.
With apparatus of the category 2 G (for Zone 1 ). it is either necessary to ensure that the
occurrence of an ignition source is excluded or the ignition source must be encapsulated
by a recognized type of protection in such away that the ignition of an explosive
atmosphere surrounding the apparatus is prevented. This applies in Zone 1 for both
normal, trouble-free operation and for the operating faults that commonly occur. The
constructional and test regulations for the permissible types of protection are laid down in
EN 50014 ff. The table on page 0/6 is a comparison of these types of protection for Zone 1
apparatus.
Zone 2 covers areas in which the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere due to the
presence of gases. vapours and mists is not likely. but if one should occur. then only rarely
and only for a short period.
Zone 2 encompasses areas around Zones 0 and 1 and areas around flanged joints of
pipelines in closed rooms. Furthermore, it includes areas in which, due to natural or forced
ventilation, the lower explosion limit is reached in exceptional.
Inflammable or potentially explosive materials are made and stored in Zone 2. In such a
way that the probability of the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere is rare. and then
only for a short time.
Apparatus in the category 3 G zone 2) must be designed in such a way that it is safe
during normal trouble-free operation. All apparatus that fulfils the requirements for Zone 0,
Zone 1 and Zone 2 may be used. The requirements for electrical apparatus specially
designed for use Zone 2 have been newly regulated - EN 50021. In future the previous
practice of also using apparatus of "good industrial quality in Zone 2, a common practice
in some countries, will not be possible without additions. Zone 2 apparatus to EN 50021

12

provides a level of protection that is considerably higher than that of standard industrial
apparatus.
Similarly in the new standard, the requirements for Zone 2 apparatus according to previous
national standards are considerably higher.
The type of protection "n" applies for Zone 2 apparatus: apparatus that cannot ignite a
surrounding explosive atmosphere under normal and certain abnormal operating
conditions. In addition to this, distinction is made between apparatus that does normally not
produce arcs sparks and/or hot surfaces "non-sparking apparatus" and apparatus that
produce sparks/arc and/or hot surfaces "sparking apparatus". The Explosion-Protection
methods resulting from this were derived in part, from the types of protection for Zone 1
/category 2 apparatus whereby they were adapted for Zone 2/category 3 apparatus on a
lower level.
Non-sparking apparatus "nA":
The risk of the occurrence of sparks arcs and or hot surfaces during normal operation is
minimized by constructional measures.
Sparking apparatus:
Here sparks/arcs and/or hot surfaces occur during normal operation:

The following

protection methods are permissible:

Apparatus with protected contacts:

"nC"

This includes enclosed switchgear, non-ignitable components, hermetically sealed, sealed

and encapsulated devices.
Restricted breathing apparatus:

"nR"

Apparatus with simplified pressurization:

"nP"

Limited power apparatus:

"nL"

13

hazardous areas due to the presence of dust/air mixtures :

Hazardous areas due to the presence of inflammable dust/air mixtures are also subdivided
into 3 zones that are comparable to the zones for explosive gas atmospheres.
Zone 20 covers areas in which an explosive atmosphere due to dust. air mixtures is
present continuously, for long periods or frequently.
If these conditions occur they are usually found in closed containers, pipelines apparatus
etc.
Zone 21 covers areas in which the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere due to dust air
mixtures is to be expected occasionally.
This can for example, include areas in the immediate vicinity of dust extraction or filling
stations and areas where dust deposits can occur and can form a potentially explosive
concentration of inflammable dust mixed with air under normal operating conditions
Zone 22 covers areas in .which the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere due to
dust is not likely, but, if it occurs then in all probability only rarely and only for a short
period.
This can. for example, include areas in the vicinity of apparatus containing dust if dust can
escape from leaks.
In future only apparatus that fulfils the conditions of the directive 94/9/EC shall be used in
these areas. Electrical apparatus in the type of protection "dust Explosion-Protection due to
enclosure must be built and tested in accordance with EN 50028-1-1, whereby for the
most part this was based on the general requirements in accordance with EN 50014 for
explosion-protected apparatus for gases vapours and mists.
With such dust explosion-protected apparatus, there are, among other things, given
surface temperatures and minimum IP degrees of protection required.
The approval amendments for dust Explosion-Protection in accordance with directive
94/9/EC are already available for many of the explosion-protected light fittings and
apparatus in this catalogue, or they have been applied for.
14

Classification of apparatus

In accordance with the various properties of gases with regard to ignition temperature.
ignition capability and flame transmission capacity, explosion-protected electrical
apparatus is divided into explosion groups and temperature classes.
Division of explosion-protected apparatus into explosion groups
To specify, the scope of application of explosion- protected electrical apparatus, it is subdivided into two groups
Group I: Electrical apparatus for use in mines susceptible to the hazard of firedamp
Group II Electrical apparatus for use in all other hazardous areas
A further sub-division of the Explosion Group II into A", B and "C" is prescribed for the
types of protection "flameproof enclosure" and "intrinsic safety".
With the type of protection "flameproof enclosure this sub-division is made according to
the maximum experimental safe gap for the non-transmission of an internal ignition
(MESG). whereas with the type of protection intrinsic safety" this sub-division is made
according to the ratio of the minimum ignition current of the mixture being tested to the
minimum ignition current of a mixture of laboratory methane and air (MIC). Group II C
apparatus is suitable for use in all types of gas atmospheres.
Division of explosion-protected apparatus into temperature classes
The ignition temperature is the lowest temperature of a surface at which an explosive
atmosphere will ignite.

Gases and vapours can be divided into temperature classes

according to their ignition temperatures.

This results in a sub-division of explosion-

protected electrical apparatus into the temperature classes T1 to T6. This classification
allows explosion-protected apparatus to be used economically.
The maximum surface temperature of an apparatus must always be lower than the ignition
temperature of the gas/air or vapour/air mixture.
Generally speaking, explosion-protected apparatus must be suitable for an ambient
temperature from -20 C to +40 C.

15

The following tables show both the division of explosion-protected apparatus according to
the temperature classes and examples of the classification of gases and vapours in
accordance with the explosion groups and temperature classes.

Temperature class

Max. surface
temperature

T1

450 C

T2

300 C

T3

200 C

T4

135 C

T5

100 C

T6

85 C

Classification of gases and vapours into explosion groups and temperature classes

I
II A

II B
II C

T1
Methane
Acetone, Ethane,

T2

T3

Ethylalcohol

Petrol

Ethylacetate, Ammonia,

i-amylacetate

Benzol, Acetic acid,

n-butane

Carbonmonoxide

n-butylalacohol

Dieselfuel
Aviationfuel
Heatingoils,
n-hexane

Methanol,
Propane,
Toluene
Town gas (lamp gas)
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Acetylene

T4

T5

T6

Acetalde
hyde
Ethylether

Carbondis
ul-phide

16

Types of protection according to European standard

Type of
Protection

Symbol

Flameproof

enclosure

Sand

filling

Pressuri-

zation

Oil

safety

Power-operated apparatus
switchgear, motors

IEC
60079-1
EN 50018

(all types of apparatus

producing
ignitable arcs in
normal operation)

IEC
60079-5
EN 50017

Capacitors, electronic
components, fuses

IEC
60079-2
EN 50016

Power-operated apparatus
(active safety measures
required)
Transformers (rarely used)

IEC60079
-18
EN 50028

Measurement and control

IEC
60079-7
EN 50019

IEC
60079-11
En 50020

safety

Intrinsic

Applications

IEC
60079-6
EN 50015

sulation

Increased

Principle

immersion

Encap-

IEC/EN

devices, relays, electronic

circuits
Connection
and
distribution
boxes,
light
fittings,
measuring
instruments, squirrel cage
motors
(no
ignitable
sparks in
Normal operation)
Measurement and control
devices, data processing
(low
electric values)

17

Marking of explosion-protected apparatus

Type label according to new directive 94 09/EC

Type label according to previous directive

As, until the transition period expires, both the previous basic Explosion-Protection
directive 76/117/EEC, supplemented by the individual Explosion-Protection directive
79/196/EEC, and the new Explosion-Protection directive 94/9/EC are valid, there are two
valid parallel certification procedures and marking methods for explosion-protected
apparatus.
By way of example, the two type labels for an explosion-protected light fitting for
fluorescent lamps show both the marking according to the previous directive and the
marking according to the new directive.
18

Name / Code of manufacturer

Type code

Address of manufacturer

Year of manufacture

Community marking for explosion-protected apparatus in accordance with

directive76/117 EEC

Marking of apparatus in accordance w to directive 94/9/EC:

for use in hazardous areas:

II

apparatus Group II for use in Zone 1 areas category:

for use in gas hazardous areas:

CE marking confirming conformity with al requirements of the applicable directives

for the product. The number next to the CE marking (only typical for ATEX) stands
for the notified body involved in the production quality system (in this case PTB)

Testing station (notified body) and number of certificate (X" after number means
that special conditions must be observed)

Marking of apparatus in accordance with the European Standards for the

construction and testing of explosion -protected apparatus :
Eex : built and tested according to the European Standards
e d : types of protection used according to the European Standards
II C : explosion group
T 4 : temperature class

Serial number

Technical data

19

10 Degrees of protection in accordance with EN 60529

Because they are often used in outdoor installations and often come into contact with dust
and water as well as with other environmental influences caused by chemical media,
explosion protected electrical apparatus are subjected to particularly extreme operating
conditions in accordance with the constructional and test requirements explosion-protected
apparatus must therefore, satisfy the requirements for a minimum degrees of protection,
normally IP 54. The IP degrees of protection according to EN 60529 are defined according
to the protection against inadvertent contact foreign matter and water.
The degrees of protection against solid foreign matter are designated o the first code
number
Degrees of protection against water are designated by the second code number
Example: IP 65: dust-tight protected against jet water
First

Degree of Protection

Number

Second

Degree of Protection

Number

No special protection

No special protection

Protected against solid foreign

Protected against vertically

bodies 50 mm and larger

2

Protected against solid foreign

dripping water
2

bodies 12.5 mm and larger

3

Protected against solid foreign

The enclosure is inclined up to 15C

3

bodies 2.5 mm and larger

4

Protected against solid foreign

Dust protected

Protected against spray water being

sprayed at an angle up to 60

bodies 1 mm and larger

5

Protected against dripping water when

Protected against splash water from

any direction

Protected against jet water from any

direction

Dust-tight

Protected against powerful water jets

from any direction

Protected against water when the enclosure

is immersed in water for a specified time

Protected against water when the enclosure

is continuously submerged

20

11 installation of electrical equipment in potentially explosive areas

Electrical equipment should as far as possible be installed outside explosive areas. In
cases where installation is carried out within such areas, it should be noted that heavy
gases and vapours collect chiefly on the floor, while light gases and vapours collect on the
ceiling. There is the risk that the vapours of flammable liquids will form clouds, which are
explosive, even at a considerable distance from their point of origination.

12 Selection of equipment
Electrical equipment for installation within potentially explosive areas must be selected in
accordance with the relevant. hazard zone, the flammable gases and vapours which may
be encountered and the mechanical, chemical and thermal influences which may be
present. The mechanical strength of explosion-proof electrical equipment is generally
demonstrated by means of an impact test, in which a 1 kg weight is allowed to fall on to
each type of equipment from a height of 0.7 m The chemical resistance of the equipment
depends principally on the types of aggressive liquids, gases and vapours which are
encountered.
Installation work in potentially explosivee areas must be carried out with particular care.
The properties of the degree of explosion protection must not be impaired by the
introduction of cables into explosion-proof equipment. Care must be taken to ensure a
perfect seal. The rubber rings of the cable glands must correspond to the diameter ,of the
cable. Trumpet-shaped connectors with strain relief should be used to connect flexible
cables.

Trumpet-shaped connector with strain relief

Unused cable penetrations must be correctly sealed in such a way that they can be
opened only by means of tools. Connection blocks must not be used.

21

13 Application
Metal conduits are used to lay both individual cables and sheathed cables. These conduits
can be laid on, in and under plaster.. They can also be laid in concrete. Metal conduits
must not be laid under ground.

14 Design
These conduits are thin-walled steel tubes (wall thickness approx. 1 - 2 mm, depending on
diameter), and are supplied in lengths of 3 m. The size designation is derived from the
previously customary types of metal conduit, with internal insulation. The conduit size and
thread are defined by the designation Pg 9 - 11 - 13.5 - 16 to 48. Pg 16, for example,
corresponds to an internal conduit diameter of 19.9 mm and external conduit diameter of
22.5 mm.

15 Laying
The conduits should be clamped into a pipe vice, cut to length with a hacksaw and
deburred (file, triangular scraper). A pipe threading die should then be used to cut a thread
at the end of the conduit after chamfering this somewhat.
The conduit lengths of bends should be screwed together by means of threaded sleeves,
and should butt together within the sleeves. Excessively-long threads should be avoided.
Conduit ends which are not fed into boxes or switchgear should be fitted with end bushes.
Metal conduits can be combined with flexible steel tubing, e.g. to allow the connection of
vibrating equipment. On plaster, the conduits should be secured by means of single-strap
or double-strap conduit clamps; in the case of open laying, the conduits should be secured
by means of spacer clamps.

22

The distance between clamps should be 80 to 120 cm, depending on the conduit diameter.
In general, the first clamp should be positioned 10 cm after boxes, switches or conduit
ends.

16 Regulation and approvals outside the EC Jurisdiction

Outside the jurisdiction of directive 94/9/EC (EC area) there are other standards and
approvals that apply for the operation of electrical apparatus for use in hazardous areas.

National approvals on the basis of the EN directives

The majority of the eastern European countries such as Russia, Poland, Hungary. etc.
have their own certification bodies that issue their own approvals on the basis of the
current EC type examination certificates. These are requisite for the installation and opera:
on of electrical apparatus in hazardous areas in these countries. CEAG Sicherheitstechnik
GmbH is in possession approvals for the products listed in this catalogue in many of these
countries. Details of this can be found at the beginning or end of the product chapter.

Non-European approvals
In addition to the EN standard, the IEC as a worldwide standard is an important basis for
the approval of explosion-protected apparatus.

A comparison shows the similarity of

content to the European standards. Thus. almost all of the EC standards can be compared
to EN standards that say the same or are similar in content. Approvals to the "Australian
Standard AS can, for example, be classed with the IEC circle.

Explosion-Protection in North America

The IEC/EN approach to Explosion-Protection differs to the engineering practices in North
America. Here. to name one example, they use closed conduit systems with potted ignition
barriers.

Other

criteria

also

apply

for

the

classification.

In

addition

to

the

"hazardous(classified) locations" Class I (gases, vapours and mists), there are Class II
(dusts) end Class III (fibres). These design regulations and classifications are laid down in
the NEC Sections 500 to 505. valid for the of USA. and in the CEC standard, Section 18.
valid for Canada. In addition to this the areas are divided into Division 1 and Division 2.
Due to the introduction of the IEC zone classification concept in Canada in 1988 and in the
USA in 1996 (amendment of NEC. Article 505 and of CEC). the use of a comparable
technology became, possible.
23

Table of comparison of Type of Protection

Type of Protection

EX Standards

IEC Standards

General requirements

EN 50014

IEC 60 079-0

increased safety e

EN 50019

IEC 60 079-7

enclosure d

EN 50018

IEC 60 079-1

instrinsic safety i

EN 50020

IEC 60 079-11

Oil immersion o

EN 50015

IEC 60 079-6

Pressurization p

EN 50016

IEC 60 079-3

Powder filling a

EN 50017

IEC 60 079-5

Encapsulation m

EN 50028

IEC 60 079-18

Type of protection n

EN 50021

IEC 60 079-15

Flameproof

24

Table of Comparison IEC NEC CEC Classification

Gases, vapours or mists

Dust s

Fibres

Class I

Class II

Class III

Regulation USA

NEC 500-5

NEC 505-7

NEC 500-6

NEC 500-7

Regulation

CEC

CEC 18-006

CEC 18-008

CEC 18-010

Canada

004

Classification

Division 1

Zone 0

Division 1

Division 1
Division 2

J18-

Zone 1
Group

Division 2

Zone 2

Division 2

(Groups to NEC

-3

-7

-3

Div. 1 and 2

Zone 0, 1, 2

II

(Acetylene)

hydrogen)

B (hydrogen)

II B (ethylene)

F (coals)

C (ethylene)

II A (propane)

G (grain)

Div. 1 and 2

Zone 0.1 and 2

Div. 1 and 2

T1450C

T1450C

T1450C

T2300C

T2300C

T2300C

500 ..
or CEC J18-050
C

(acetylene,

Div. 1 and 2
E (metals)

---

D (propane)
Temperature
classes
Class I

T2A280C;

T2A280C;

T2B260C

T2B260C

T2C230C;

T2C230C;

T2D215C

T2D215C

T3200C;

T3200C

T3200C;

T3A180C

T3A180C

T3B165C;

T3B165C;

T3C160C

T3C160C

T4135C;

T4135C;

T4A120C

T4A120C

T5100C

T5100C

T5100C

T685C

T685C

T685C

25

None

17 General requirements
18.1

The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for

standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National
Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all
questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this
end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards.
Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee
interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work.
International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the
IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions
determined by agreement between the two organizations.

18.2

The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as

nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects
since each technical committee has representation from all interested National
Committees.

18.3

The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use
and are published in the form of standards, technical reports or guides and they are
accepted by the National Committees in that sense.

18.4

In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to

apply IEC International Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in
their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the lEC Standard
and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the
latter.

18.5

The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be
rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its
standards.

18.6

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International
Standard may be the subject of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible
for identifying any or all such patent rights.
26

18 Definitions and symbols

For the purpose of this part of IEC 60079, the following definitions apply :
19.1

Electrical apparatus
Items applied as a whole or in part for the utilization of electrical energy. These
include, among others, items for the generation, transmission, distribution, storage,
measurement, regulation, conversion and consumption of electrical energy and
items for telecommunications

19.2

Potentially explosive atmosphere

An atmosphere which could become explosive (the danger is a potential one)

19.3

Explosive gas atmosphere

A mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the
form of gas, vapour or mist, in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout
the unconsumed mixture

19.4

Explosive test mixture

A specified explosive mixture used for the testing of electrical apparatus for
potentially explosive atmospheres

19.5

Ignition temperature of an explosive gas atmosphere

The lowest temperature of a heated surface which, under specified conditions
according to IEC 60079-4, will ignite a flammable substance in the form of a gas or
vapour mixture with air

19.6

Service temperature
The temperature reached when the apparatus is operating at its rating

19.7

Maximum service temperature

The highest value of the service temperatures

NOTE - Each apparatus may reach different service temperatures in different parts.

27

19.8

Maximum surface temperature

The highest temperature which is attained in service under the most adverse
conditions (but within the recognized tolerances) by any part or surface of an
electrical apparatus, which would be able to produce an ignition of the surrounding
explosive atmosphere

NOTE 1 - The manufacturer will prescribe the product standard and also, in his particular
design, he should take into account the following other conditions:
-

fault conditions specified in the standard for the type of protection concerned;

all operating conditions specified in any other standard specified by him including
recognized overloads;

any other operating condition specified by him.

NOTE 2 - The relevant surface temperature may be internal or external depending upon
the type of protection concerned
19.9

Enclosure
All the walls, doors, covers, cable entries, rods, spindles, shafts, etc., which
contribute to the type of protection and/or the degree of protection IP of the
electrical apparatus

19.10 Type of protection

The specific measures applied to electrical apparatus to avoid ignition of a
surrounding explosive atmosphere
19.11 Degree of protection of enclosure (IP)
A numerical classification according to IEC 60529 preceded by the symbol IP
applied to, the enclosure of electrical apparatus to provide for
-

protection of persons against contact with or approach to live parts and against
contact with moving parts (other than smooth rotating shafts and the like) inside
the enclosure,

protection of the electrical apparatus against ingress of solid foreign objects

and, where indicated by the classification,

protection of the electrical apparatus against harmful ingress of water.

NOTE - The enclosure which provides the degree of protection IP is not necessarily
identical to the apparatus enclosure for the types of protection listed in clause 1.
28

19.12 Rated value

A quantity value assigned, generally by the manufacturer, for a specified operating
condition of a component, device or apparatus
19.13 Rating
The set of rated values and operating conditions
19.14 Cable entry
A device permitting the introduction of one or more electric and/or fibre optics
cables, into an electrical apparatus so as to maintain the relevant type of protection
19.15 Ex cable entry
A cable entry tested separately from the apparatus enclosure but certified as an
apparatus and which can be fitted to the apparatus enclosure during installation
without further certification
19.16 Conduit entry
A means of introducing a conduit into an electrical apparatus so as to maintain the
relevant type of protection
19.17 Compression element
An element of a cable entry acting on the sealing ring to enable the latter to fulfil its
function
19.18 Clamping device
An element of a cable entry for preventing tension or torsion in the cable from being
transmitted to the connections
19.19 Sealing ring
A ring used in a cable or conduit entry to ensure the sealing between the entry and
the cable or conduit
19.20 Terminal compartment
A separate compartment or part of a main enclosure, communicating or not with the
main enclosure, and containing connection facilities

29

19.21 Connection facilities

Terminals, screws or other parts, used for the electrical connection of conductors of
external circuits
19.22 Bushing
An insulating device carrying one or more conductors through an internal or
external wall of an enclosure
19.23 Ex component
A part of electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres, which is not
intended to be used alone in such atmospheres and requires additional certification
when incorporated into electrical apparatus or systems for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres
19.24 Symbol "X"
Symbol used as a suffix to a certificate reference to denote special conditions for
safe use
3.25
19.25 Symbol "U"
Symbol used as a suffix to a certificate reference to denote an Ex component
NOTE - The symbols X and U should not be used together.
19.26 Certificate
A document confirming that the apparatus is in conformity with the requirements,
the type tests and, where appropriate, the routine tests in the standard referred to
therein. A certificate can relate to an Ex apparatus or an Ex component
NOTE - A certificate may be produced by the manufacturer, me user, or a third party, for
example, an IEC Ex accepted certification body, a national certification body. or an
authorised person.

30

19 Apparatus grouping and temperature classification

Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres is divided into the following:
Group I:

electrical apparatus for mines susceptible to firedamp;

Group II:

electrical apparatus for places with a potentially explosive atmosphere, other

than mines susceptible to firedamp.

Electrical apparatus intended for mines where the atmosphere, in addition to firedamp,
may contain significant proportions of other flammable gases (i.e. other than methane); it
shall be constructed and tested in accordance with the requirements relating to Group I
and also to the` subdivision of Group II corresponding to the other significant flammable
gases. This electrical apparatus shall then be marked appropriately (for example 'Ex d I/lIB
T3' or 'Ex d I/II (NH3)')
20.2

Electrical apparatus of Group It may be subdivided according to the nature of the

potentially explosive atmosphere for which it is intended.

20.2.1 For the types of protection flameproof enclosure 'd', and intrinsic safety 'i', electrical
apparatus of Group II is subdivided into IIA, IIB and IIC as required in the specific
standards concerning these types of protection.
NOTE 1 - This subdivision is based on the maximum experimental sate gap (MESG) for
flameproof enclosures or the minimum ignition current (MIC) for intrinsically safe electrical
apparatus (see annex A).
NOTE 2 - Apparatus marked 118 is suitable for applications requiring Group IIA apparatus.
Similarly, apparatus IIC is suitable for applications requiring Group HA or Group lie
apparatus.
20.2.2 For all types of protection, apparatus of Group II shall be marked as a function of its
maximum surface temperature according to 5.1.2.
20.3

The electrical apparatus may be tested for a particular explosive atmosphere. In

this case, it shall be certified and marked accordingly.

31

20 Temperatures
21.1

Maximum surface temperature

21.1

For electrical apparatus of Group l, the maximum surface temperature shall be

specified in relevant documentation according to 23.2.

This maximum surface temperature shall".

-

150 C on any surface where coal dust can form a layer;

450 C where coal dust is not expected to form a layer (for example due to sealing or

ventilation), provided that

a) the actual maximum surface temperature is marked on the apparatus, or
b) the symbol X is placed after the certificate reference to indicate the conditions for
safe use.
NOTE - When choosing electrical apparatus of Group 1. the user should take into account
the influence and the smouldering temperature of coal dusts if they are likely to be
deposited in a layer on surfaces with temperatures above 150 C.
21.1.2 Group 11 electrical apparatus shall be arranged and marked according to 27.2 f)
and shall be
- either preferably classified in a temperature class given in table 1;
- or defined by the actual maximum surface temperature;
- or, if appropriate, restricted to the specific gas for which it is intended.

Table 1 - Classification of maximum surface temperatures for

Group II electrical apparatus

Temperature
T1

Maximum surface temperature

C
450

T2

300

T3

200

T4

135

T5

100

T6

85

32

21.2

Ambient temperatures
Electrical apparatus shall normally be designed for use in the ambient temperature
range between -20 C and +40 C; in this case, no additional marking is necessary.
When the electrical apparatus is designed for use in a different range of ambient
temperatures, it is considered to be special; the ambient temperature range shall
then be stated by the manufacturer and specified in the certificate; the marking shall
then include. either the symbol Ta or Tamb together with the special range of
ambient temperatures or, if this is impracticable, the symbol X shall be placed after
the certificate reference, according to 27.2 i) (see table 2).

Table 2 - Ambient temperatures in service and additional marking

Electrical apparatus
Normal

Ambient temperature in service

Maximum : +40 C

Additional marking
None

Minimum : -20 C
Special

Stated by the manufacturer and

Ta or Tamb

Specified in the certificate

with the special range, for

example : -30 C Ta +40 C
or the symbol X

21.3

Surface temperature and ignition temperature

The lowest ignition temperature of the explosive atmospheres concerned shall be
above the maximum surface temperature. However. for components having a total
surface area of not more than 10 cm2, their surface temperature may exceed that
for the temperature class marked on the electrical apparatus for Group 11 or the
corresponding maximum surface temperature for Group I, if there is no risk of
ignition from these components, with a safety margin of

50 K for T1, T2 and T3;

25 K for T4, T5 and T6 and Group I.

This safety margin shall be ensured by experience of similar components or by

tests of the electrical apparatus itself in representative explosive mixtures.

33

NOTE - During the tests, the safety margin may be provided by increasing the ambient
temperature.
More specific relaxations for the surface Temperature of small components, such as are
used in "i" circuits, are given in IEC 60079-11.

21 Requirements for all electrical apparatus

22.1

Electrical apparatus for use in potentially explosive atmospheres shall comply with
the requirements of this standard as modified by the specific standards for the types
of protection as listed in clause 1.

NOTE - If the electrical apparatus has to withstand particularly adverse service conditions
(for example rough handling, humidity effects, ambient temperature variations,
effects of chemical agents, corrosion), these should be specified to the
manufacturer by the user and are not the responsibility of the testing station.
22.2

Enclosures which can be opened more quickly than the time necessary
a) to allow incorporated capacitors, charged by a voltage of 200 V or more, to
discharge to a value of residual energy of
-

0,2 mJ for electrical apparatus of Group I or Group IIA, or

0,06 mJ for electrical apparatus of Group IIB, or

0,02 mJ for electrical apparatus of Group IIC, including apparatus marked

Group II only,

or double the above energy levels if the charging voltage is less than 200 V,

b) or to allow the cooling of enclosed hot components to a surface temperature

below the temperature class of the electrical apparatus
shall either be marked with the warning AFTER DE-ENERGISING, DELAY Y
MINUTES BEFORE OPENING,
Y being the value in. minutes of the delay required;
or alternatively, the apparatus may be marked with the warning DO NOT OPEN
WHEN AN EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERE MAY BE PRESENT.
34

22 Non-metallic enclosures and non-metallic parts of enclosures

23.1

General
The following requirements, and those of 23.4.7, apply to non-metallic enclosures
and non-metallic parts of enclosures, on which the type of protection depends.
However, for sealing rings (see 3.19) on which the 'type of protection depends, the
proof furnished according to B.3.3 is sufficient.

23.1.1 The documents according to 23.2 shall specify both the material and the
manufacturing process of the enclosure or part of the enclosure.
23.1.2 The specification for plastic materials shall include
a) the name of the manufacturer:
b) the exact and complete reference of the material, including its colour, percentage of
fillers and any other additives, if used:
c) the possible surface treatments. such as varnishes, etc.;
d) the temperature index TI corresponding to the 20 000 h point on the thermal
endurance graph without loss of flexural strength exceeding 50 %. determined in
accordance with IEC 60216-1 and IEC 60216-2 and based on he flexing property in
accordance with ISO 178. If the material does not break in this test before exposure
to the heat. the index shall be based on the tensile strength in accordance with ISO
527-2 with test bars of type 1A or 1B.
The data by which these characteristics are defined shall be supplied by the
manufacturer.
23.1.3 The testing station is not required to verily compliance of the material with its
definition.
23.2

Thermal endurance
The plastic materials shall have a temperature index TI corresponding to the 20 000
h point (see 7.1.2) of at least 20 K greater than the temperature of the hottest point
of the enclosure or the part of the enclosure (see 23.4.6.1), having regard to the
maximum ambient temperature in service (see 5.2).

35

The endurance to heat and to cold of the enclosures, or parts of enclosures, of

plastic materials shall be satisfactory (see 23.4.7.3 and 23.4.7.4).
23.3

Electrostatic charges on enclosures or parts of enclosures of plastic material

The following requirements apply only to plastic enclosures, to plastic parts of
enclosures and to other exposed plastic parts of electrical apparatus for

non-fixed electrical apparatus;

fixed apparatus with plastic parts that are likely to be rubbed or cleaned on site.

23.3.1 Electrical apparatus of Group I

Enclosures of plastic material with surface area projected in any direction of more
than 100 cm2 shall be so designed that under normal conditions of use,
maintenance and cleaning, danger of ignition due to electrostatic charges is
avoided.
This requirement shall be satisfied by suitable selection of the material so that the
insulation resistance, measured according to the method given in 23.4.7.8 does not
exceed 1 GO at (23 2) C and (50 5) % relative humidity, or by virtue of the size,
shape and, layout, or other protective methods, such that dangerous electrostatic
charges are not likely to occur.
If, however, the danger of ignition cannot be avoided in the design, a warning label
shall indicate the safety measures to be applied in service.
NOTE 1 -

When selecting electrical insulating materials, attention should be paid to

maintaining a minimum insulation resistance to avoid problems arising from
touching exposed plastic parts that are in contact with live parts.

NOTE 2 -

Further restrictions may apply to plastic enclosures for use in areas where an
explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or is present for long
periods.

23.3.2 Electrical apparatus of Group II

36

Enclosures shall be so designed that under normal conditions of use, maintenance

and cleaning, danger of ignition due to electrostatic charges is avoided. This
requirement shall be satisfied by either of the following:
a) by suitable selection of the material so that the insulation resistance of the
enclosure, measured in accordance to 23.4.7.8. does not exceed 1 G at (23
2) C and (50 5) % relative humidity;
b) or by limitation of the surface area of plastic enclosures or plastic parts of
enclosures as follows (see also note 2):

for Group IlA and HIS apparatus to a maximum of 100 cm2, except that
this may be increased to a maximum of 400 cm2 if the exposed areas of
plastics are surrounded by conductive earthed frames:

for Group IIC apparatus, including light-transmitting parts, to a maximum

of 20 cm, except that this may be increased to a maximum of 100 cm if
the plastic parts are additionally protected against the occurrence of
dangerous electrostatic charges;

c) or by virtue of the size, shape and lay-out, or other protective methods, such
that dangerous electrostatic charges are not likely to occur.
If the danger of ignition cannot be avoided in the design of the apparatus, a
warning label shall indicate the safety measures to be applied in service.
NOTE 1 When selecting electrical insulating materials attention should be paid to
maintaining a minimum insulation resistance to avoid problems arising from
touching exposed plastic parts that are in contact with live parts.
NOTE 2 Further restrictions may apply to plastic enclosures for use in areas where an
explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or is present for long periods (zone 0).
23.4

Threaded holes
Threaded holes for fasteners which secure covers intended to be opened in service
for adjustment, inspection and other operational reasons may only be tapped into
the plastic material when the thread form is compatible with the plastic material of
the enclosure.
37

23 Enclosures containing light metals

24.1

Materials used in the construction of enclosures of electrical apparatus of Group I

shall not contain, by mass.
a) more than 15% in total of aluminium, magnesium and titanium; and
b) more than 6% in total of magnesium and titanium.

NOTE values for Group II are under consideration

24.2

Threaded holes in enclosures for fasteners which secure covers intended to be

opened in service for adjustment, inspection and other operational reasons may
only be tapped in the material of the enclosure when the thread form is compatible
with the material used for the enclosure.

24.3

The provisions of 8.1 do not apply to Group I surveying instruments carried by

persons.

24 Fasteners
25.1

General
Parts necessary to achieve a standard type of protection or used to prevent access
to uninsulated live parts shall be capable of being released or removed only with
the aid of a tool.
Fastening screws for enclosures of materials containing light metals may be made
of light metal or plastics if the material of the fastener is compatible with that of the
enclosure.

25.2

Special fasteners
When any of standards for a specific standard type of protection required a special
fastener, this shall conform to the following ;

the thread shall be coarse pitch in accordance with ISO 262, with a tolerance fit
of 6g/6H in accordance with ISO 965;

38

the head of the screw or nut shall be in accordance with ISO 4014, ISO 4017,
ISO 4032 or ISO 4762, and, in the case of hexagon socket set screws, ISO
4026, ISO 4027, ISO 4028 or ISO 4029;

NOTE -

the holes of the electrical apparatus shall comply with the requirements of 9.3.
For Group I the heads of special fasteners liable to mechanical damage in
normal service which may invalidate the type of protection should be protected,
for example by the use of shrouds or counter-bored holes.

25.3

Electrical apparatus - holes for special fasteners

25.3.1 Holes for the threaded fasteners of 9.2 shall be threaded for a distance to accept a;
thread engagement, h, at least equal to the major diameter of the thread of the
fastener (see figures 1 and 2).
25.3.2 The thread shall have a tolerance fit of 6H in accordance with ISO 965, and either:
a) the hole under the head of the associated fastener shall allow a clearance not
greater than a medium tolerance fit of H13 in accordance with ISO 286-2 (see
figure 1 and ISO 273); or
b) the hole under the head (or nut) of an associated reduced shank fastener shall be
threaded to enable the fastener to be retained. The dimensions of the threaded
hole shall be such that the surrounding surface in contact with the head of such a
fastener shall be at least equal to that of a fastener without a reduced shank in a
clearance hole (see figure 2).

h major diameter of the a thread of the fastener

c maximum clearance permitted by tolerance of fit H13 of ISO 286-2.
Figure 1 - Tolerances and clearance for threaded fasteners
39

standard clearance hole appropriate to the threadfrom

major diameter of the thread of the fastener

the contact dimension of a reduced shank fastener

the contact dimension of a standard head of a standard fastener (without

reduced shank) threaded throughout its length with the size of thread used

Figure 2 - Contact surface under head of fastener with a reduced shank

25.3.3 In the case of hexagon socket set screws, the screw shall have a tolerance fit of 6H
in accordance with ISO 965 and shall not protrude from the threaded hole after
tightening.

25 Interlocking devices
Interlocking devices used to maintain a type of protection shall be so constructed that
their effectiveness cannot readily be defeated by the use, for example, of a
screwdriver or pliers.

40

26 Bushings
Bushings used as connection facilities and which may be subjected to a torque
while the connection or disconnection is being made shall be mounted in such a
way that all parts are secured against turning

27 Connection facilities for earthing or bonding conductors

28.1

A connection facility for the connection of an earthing or equipotential bonding

conductor shall be provided inside the terminal compartment of electrical apparatus
and near the other connection facilities.

28.2

Electrical apparatus with a metallic enclosure shall have an additional external

connection facility for an earthing or equipotential bonding conductor. This external
connection facility shall be electrically in contact with the facility required in 15.1.
The external connection facility is not required for electrical apparatus which is
designed to be moved when energised and is supplied by a cable incorporating an
earthing or equipotential bonding conductor.

NOTE - The expression 'electrically in contact' does not necessarily involve the use of a
conductor.
28.3

Neither an internal nor external earthing or bonding connection facility is required

for electrical apparatus for which earthing (or bonding) is not required, such as
electrical apparatus having double or reinforced insulation. or for which
supplementary earthing is not necessary.

28.4

Earthing or equipotential bonding connection facilities shall allow for the effective
connection of at least one conductor with a cross-sectional area as, in table 3.

41

Table 3 - Minimum cross-sectional areas of protective conductors

Cross-sectional area of phase

Minimum cross-sectional area of the

conductors of the installation S

corresponding protective conductor Sp

mm

mm

S 16

16 < S 35

16

S 35

0.5 S

In addition, earthing or bonding connection facilities on the outside of electrical

apparatus shall provide for effective connection of a conductor of at least 4 mm2.
28.5

Connection facilities shall be effectively protected against corrosion. They shall also
be designed so that the conductors are secured against loosening and twisting and
so that the contact pressure is maintained.
Contact pressure of electrical connections shall not be affected by dimensional
changes of insulating materials in service, due to temperature or humidity, etc.
Special precautions shall be taken if one of the parts in contact consists of a
material containing light metal. One example of a means of connecting to a material
containing light metal is to use an intermediate part made from steel.

28 Cable and conduit entries

29.1

The manufacturer shall specify in the documents submitted according to 23.2, the
entries intended for use with cable or conduit, their position on the apparatus and
the maximum number permitted.

29.2

Cable and conduit entries shall be constructed and fixed so that they do not after
the specific characteristics of the type of protection of the electrical apparatus on
which they are mounted. This shall apply to the whole range of cable dimensions
specified by the manufacturer of the cable entries as suitable for use with those
entries.

42

29.3

Cable and conduit entries may form an integral part of the apparatus, i.e. one major
element or part forms an inseparable part of the enclosure of the apparatus. In such
cases the entries shall be tested and certified with the apparatus.

NOTE - Cable and conduit entries, which are separate from, but installed with the
apparatus, are usually tested and certified separately from the apparatus but may
be tested and certified together with the apparatus if the apparatus manufacturer
so requests.
29.4

Cable entries, whether integral or separate, shall meet the relevant requirements of
annex B.

29.5

Where the design of a Group I cable entry is such that twisting of the cable can be
transmitted to the connections, then an anti-rotation device shall be fitted.

29.6

Entry by conduit shall be either by screwing into threaded holes or by locking in

plain holes:
-

in the wall of the enclosure; or

in an adaptor plate designed to be fitted in or on the walls of the enclosure; or

into a suitable stopping box, integral with, or attached to the wall of the
enclosure.

29.7

Blanking elements, intended to close openings in the enclosure walls of electrical

apparatus, when they are not fitted with cable or conduit entries, shall, together with
the enclosure wall of the apparatus, satisfy the requirements of the specific type of
protection concerned. The means provided for this shall be such that the blanking
element can be removed only with the aid of a tool.

29.8

When the temperature under rated conditions is higher than 70 C at the cable or
conduit entry point, or 80 C at the branching point of the conductors, the outside of
the electrical apparatus shall be marked as a guide for the selection by the user of
the cable or of the wiring in the conduit (see figure 3).

43

1. Entry point
2. Branching point
3. Sealing
4. Filling compound

Figure 3a cable entry

Figure 3b Conduit entry

Figure 3 Illustration of entry points and branching points

44

29 Flameproof enclosure d
30.1

Definitions
For the purpose of this standard. the following definitions, in addition to those given
in IEC 60079-0, apply.

30.1.1 Flameproof enclosure "d"

an enclosure in which the parts which can ignite an explosive atmosphere are
placed and which can withstand the pressure developed during an internal
explosion of an explosive mixture, and which prevents the transmission of the
explosion to the explosive atmosphere surrounding the enclosure
30.1.2 Volume
total internal volume of the enclosure. However. for enclosures in which the
contents are essential in service. the volume to be considered is the remaining free
volume
NOTE - For luminaires, the volume is determined without lamps fitted.
30.1.3 Flameproof joint
place where the corresponding surfaces-of two parts of an enclosure come
together, or the conjunction of enclosures. and which prevents the transmission of
an internal explosion to tote explosive atmosphere surrounding the enclosure
30.1.4 Width of flameproof joint (L)
shortest path through a flameproof joint from the inside to the outside of an
enclosure
30.1.5 Distance (I)
shortest path through a flameproof joint, when the width of the joint L is interrupted
by holes intended for the passage of fasteners for assembling the parts of the
flameproof enclosure

45

30.1.6 Gap of flameproof joint (i)

distance between the corresponding surfaces of a flameproof joint when the
electrical apparatus enclosure has been assembled. For cylindrical surfaces,
forming cylindrical joints. the gap is the difference between the diameters of the
bore and the cylindrical component
30.1.7 Maximum
maximum gap of a joint of 25 mm in width which prevents any transmission of an
explosion in ` 10 tests made under the conditions specified in IEC 60079-1A
30.1.8 Shaft
Part of circular cross-section used for the transmission of rotary movement `
30.1.9 Operating rod
Part used for the transmission of control movements which may be rotary or linear
or a ' combination of the two
30.1.10 Pressure-piling
Results of an ignition a compartment or subdivision enclosure, of gas mixture precompressed. for example, due to a primary ignition in another compartment or
subdivision
30.1.11 Quick-acting door or cover
Door or cover provided with a device which permits opening or closing by simple
opening or o simple operation, such as the movement of a lever or the rotation of
a wheel. The device is arranged so that the operation has two stages :
-

one for locking or unlocking:

another for opening or closing

30.1.12 Door or cover fixed by threaded fasteners

Door cover. the opening or closing of which . requires the manipulation of one or
more threaded fasteners (screws. studs. bolts or nuts)
30.1.13 Threaded door or cover
Door or cover which is assembled to a flameproof enclosure by a threaded
flameproof joint
46

30.1.14 Breathing device

Integral or separable pas of a flameproof enclosure designed to permit exchange
between the atmosphere inside the enclosure and the surrounding atmosphere
30.1.15 Draining device
Integral or Separable part of a flameproof enclosure designed to permit water
formed by condensation to escape from the enclosure
30.2

Apparatus grouping and temperature classification

The apparatus grouping and temperature classification defined in IEC 60079-0 for
the use of electrical apparatus in potentially explosive atmospheres apply to
flameproof enclosures. The subdivisions A. B. C lot electrical apparatus of Group 0
also apply.

30.3

Flameproof joints

30.3.1 General requirements

All flameproof joints, whether permanently closed or designed to. be opened from
time to time, shall comply, in the absence of pressure, with the appropriate
requirements of clause 5.
The design of joints shall be appropriate to the mechanical constraints applied to
them.
NOTE - The values given in clause 5 constitute the necessary conditions. Additional
measures may be necessary in order to pass the non-transmission test of 15.2.
The surface of joints may be protected against corrosion.
Coating with paint or powder-coat finish is not permitted. Other coating material
may be used if the material and application procedure have been shown not to
adversely affect the flameproof properties of the joint.
30:3:2

Non-threaded joints

30.3.2.1 Width of joints (L)

47

The width of joints shall not be less than the minimum values given in tables 1
and 2. The width of joints for cylindrical metallic parts press-fitted into the walls of
a metallic flameproof enclosure of a volume not greater than 2 000 cm3 may be
reduced to 5 mm. if
-

the design does not rely only on an interference fit to prevent the part being
displaced during the type tests of clause 15, and

the assembly meets the impact test requirements of IEC 60079-0. taking the
worst-case interference fit tolerances into account. and

the external diameter of the press-fitted part, where the width of the joint is
measured, does not exceed 60 mm.

30.3.2.2 Gap (i)

The gap, if one exists. between the surfaces of a joint shall nowhere exceed the
maximum values given in tables 1 and 2.
The surfaces of joints shall be such that their average roughness Ra (derived
from ISO 468:1982. Surface roughness - Parameters, their values and general
rules for specifying requirements - withdrawn 1998) does not exceed 6.3 m.
For flanged joints there shall be no intentional gap between the surfaces. except
for quick-acting doors or covers.
For electrical apparatus of Group l, it shall be possible to check. directly or
indirectly, the gaps of hanged joints of covers and doors designed to be opened
from time to time. Figure 1 shows an example of construction for indirect checking
of a flameproof joint.

48

Table 1 Minimum width of joint and maximum gap for enclosure of Groups I, IIA
and IIB

Minimu
m width
of joint
L mm
6

for volume (cm )

Type of joint
V 100
I
IIA
IIB
Flanged cylindrical
0.3 0.3 0.2
of spigot joints
0
0
0
9.5
0.3 0.3 0.2
5
0
0
12.5
0.4 0.3 0.2
0
0
0
25
0.5 0.4 0.2
0
0
0
Cylindri- Steeve
6
0.3 0.3 0.2
cal
bearings
0
0
0
joints for
9.5
0.3 0.3 0.2
shaft
5
5
0
glanos
12.5
0.4 0.3 0.2
of
0
5
5
rotating
25
0.5 0.4 0.3
electrica
0
0
0
l
40
0.6 0.5 0.4
machine
0
0
0
s with
Rolling6
0.4 0.4 0.3
element
5
5
0
bearings 9.5
0.5 0.4 0.3
0
5
5
12.5
0.6 0.5 0.4
0
0
0
25
0.7 0.6 0.4
5
0
5
40
0.8 0.7 0.6
0
5
0
NOTE : constructional values rounded according
maximum gap

Maximum gap mm
3
3
for volume (cm ) for volume (cm )
100 < V 500
500 < V 2000
I
IIA
IIB
I
IIA
IIB
0.3
5
0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.3
0
0.3
0
0.4
0
-

0.2
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
-

0.3
5
0.4
0
0.5
0
0.6
0
-

0.3
0
0.3
0
0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.2
0
0.2
0
0.2
5
0.3
0
-

0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.3
0
0.4
0
-

0.2
0
0.2
0
-

0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.2
0
0.4
0
-

0.1
5
0.2
0
-

0.4
0
0.5
0
0.6
0
-

0.3
0
0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.2
0
0.2
5
0.3
0
-

0.4
0
0.5
0
0.6
0
-

0.2
0
0.4
0
0.5
0
-

0.2
0
0.2
5
-

0.4
5
0.6
0
0.7
5
taken

0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2

0
0
0
0
0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3
0
5
0
0
0.4 0.8 0.7 0.4
5
0
5
0
when determining the

0.5 0.4 0.2 0

0
5
0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6
0
5
0
0
0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7
5
0
0
5
0.8 0.7 0.4 0.8
0
5
5
0
to ISO 31-0 should be

49

for volume (cm )

V > 2000
I
IIA
IIB
-

Table 2 Minimum width of joint and maximum gap for group IIC enclosure
Maximum gap mm
for
for
for
for
Minimum
volume
volume
volume
volume
Type of joint
width
of
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
joint L mm
V 100
100 < V 500 < V V > 2000
500
2000
Flanged joints 1)
6 L < 9.5
0.10
9.5L<15.8 0.10
0.10
15.8L<25
0.10
0.10
0.04
25 L
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.40
c 6 mm 12.5
0.15
0.15
0.15
Spigot joints
d 0.5 L 25
0.182)
0.182)
0.182)
0.182)
3)
3)
3)
(figure 2)
L = c + d 40
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.203)
f 1 mm
6
0.10
Cylindrical joint
9.5
0.10
0.10
Spigot joints
12.5
0.15
0.15
0.15
(figure 3)
25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
40
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
6
Cylindrical joints for shaft 9.5
glanos
Of rotating electrical
12.5
machines
With rolling-element
25
bearings
40
1)
Flanged joints are not permitted for explosive mixtures of acetylene and air except
if the gap is 0.04 mm for L 9.5 mm up to 500 cm3
2)
..of cylindrical part increased to 0.20 if f < 0.5
3)
..of cylindrical part increased to 0.25 if f < 0.5
NOTE The constructional values rounded according to ISO 31-0 should be taken
when determining the maximum gap

50

30.3.2.3 Threaded joints

Threaded joints shall comply with the requirements in tables 3 or 4.

Table 3 Cylindrical threaded joints

Pitch
0.7 mm2
Thread
form
and Medium or fine tolerance quality according to ISO
quality of fit
965-1 and ISO 965-3b
Threads engaged
5
Depth of engagement
Volume < 100 ccm3
5
Volume < 100 ccm3
8 mm
a Where the pitch exceeds 2 mm, special manufacturing precautions may
be necessary (for example, more threads engaged) to ensure that the
electrical apparatus can pass the test for non-transmission of an internal
ignition which is prescribed in 15.2
b Cylindrical threaded joints which do not conform with the ISO 965-3, in
respect of thread form or quality of fit, are permitted if the test for nontransmission of an internal ignition that is prescribed in 15.2 is passed
when the width of the threaded joint specified by the manufacturer is
reduce by the amount specified in table 6

Table 4 Taper threaded joints

Pitch
0.9 mm
Threads provided on 6
each part
Threads engaged
5
The internal and external thread should have the same cone angle and
thread form which shall be defined
NOTE Difficulties may be encountered in achieving the five thread
engagement for tapered threads when using standard gauging practive

30.3.2.4 Gaskets (including O-rings)

If a gasket of compressible or elastic material is used, for example, to protect
against the ingress of moisture or dust or against leakage of a liquid, it shall be
applied as a supplement. that is to say neither be taken into account in the
determination of the width of the flameproof joint nor interrupt it.
The gasket shall then be mounted so that

51

- the permissible gap and width of flanged joints or the plane part of a spigot joint
are maintained.
- the minimum width of joint of a cylindrical joint or the cylindrical part of a Spigot
join' are maintainer before and after compression.
These requirements do not apply to cable entries (see 13.1) or to joints, which
contain a sealing gasket of metal or of a non-flammable compressible material
with a metallic sheath.

Such a sealing gasket contributes to the explosion

protection, and in this case the gap between each surface of the plane part shall
be measured after compression. The minimum width of the cylindrical part shall
be maintained before and after compression.
30.3.2.5 Apparatus using capillaries
The capillaries shall either comply with the gap dimensions given in table 1 or
table 2 for cylindrical joints using 0 as the diameter of the inner part, or when the
capillaries do not conform to the gaps given in these tables, the apparatus shall
be certified if they pass the test for non-transmission of an internal ignition given
in 15.2.
30.4

Cable entries
Cable entries, whether integral or separate. shall meet the requirements of this
standard. the relevant requirements of annex C and create. on the enclosure. the
joint widths and gaps prescribed in clause 5.
Where cable entries are integral with the enclosure or specific to the enclosure they
be tested as part of the enclosure concerned.
Where cable entries are separate
- threaded Ex cable entries can be certified as apparatus. Such cable entries do
not have to be submitted to the tests of 15.1 and the routine test of clause 16.
Threaded cable entries and their associated holes with threads not complying
with ISO standards shall be marked in such a manner that any confusion can be
precluded;
- other cable entries can only be certified as an Ex component.

52

30.4.1 Conduit entries

30.4.1.1 Conduct entries are permitted only for electrical apparatus of Group II.
30.4.1.2 Conduit entries shall create on the enclosure the joint widths and gaps prescribed
in clause 5.
30.4.1.3 In addition, a sealing device such as a stopping box with setting compound shall
be provided, either in the flameproof enclosure or immediately at the entrance
thereto. A sealing device is considered as flitted immediately at the entrance of
the flameproof enclosure when the device is fixed to the enclosure either directly
or through an accessory necessary for coupling (such as a nipple or a three-piece
union); it shall satisfy the type test for sealing prescribed in 15.3. The, setting
compound shall be specified in the certificate either of the stopping box or of the
complete electrical apparatus having the flameproof enclosure. The part of the
stopping box between the setting compound and the flameproof enclosure shall
be treated as a flameproof enclosure, i.e. the joints shall comply with clause 5
and the assembly shall be submitted to the tests for non-transmission of 15.2.
NOTE - The seating device may be applied by the installer or user of the electrical
apparatus according to it ;ructions provided by the manufacturer
30.4.2 Plugs and sockets and cable couplers
Plugs and sockets shall be constructed and mounted so that they do not alter the
flameproof properties of the enclosure on which they are mounted, even when the
two parts of the plugs and sockets are separated.
30.4.2.1 The widths and the gaps of the flameproof joints (see clause 5) of the flameproof
enclosures of plugs and sockets and cable couplers shall be determined by the
volume which, exists at the moment of separation of the contacts other than those
for earthing or bonding or which are parts of circuits complying with IEC 6007911.
30.4.2.2 For plugs and sockets and cable couplers, the flameproof properties of the
enclosure shall be maintained in the event of an internal explosion both when the
plugs and sockets or cat e couplers are connected together and 'at the moment of

53

separation of the contacts other than those for earthing or bonding or those which
are parts of circuits complying with IEC 60079-11
30.4.2.3 The requirements of 13.3.2 and 13.3.3 do not apply to plugs and sockets nor to
cable couplers fixed together by means of special fasteners conforming to 11.1
and which bear a label with the warning
"DO NOT SEPARATE WHEN ENERGIZED
30.5

Verification and tests

The requirements of IEC 60079-0 concerning verifications and tests are, for the
type of protection flameproof enclosure "d", supplemented by the following
requirements.
The determination of the maximum surface temperature specified in 23.4.6.1 of IEC
60079-0 shall be made under the conditions defined in table 5 of this standard.

Table 5 - Conditions for the determination of maximum surface temperature

Type of electrical apparatus

Luminaires (without ballast)
Ballast

Test voltage
Un + 10%
Un + 10%

Overload or fault conditions

None
Un + 10%
Rectifier effect simulated by
diode
None
None
Un and worst-case ..gap
..

Motors
Un 5%
Resistors
Un + 10%
Electromagnets
Un + 10%
Other apparatus
Un 10%
NOTE : Un is the rated voltage of the apparatus
a
The rectifier effect is only to be simulated in the case of ballasts for tubular
fluorescent lamps
b
To be agreed between manufacturer and testing station, depending on the type of
apparatus
30.5.1 Type tests

The type tests shall be carried out in the following sequence on one of the samples
which has been subjected to the mechanical tests in accordance with 23.4.3 of IEC
60079-0.

54

a) Determination of the explosion pressure (reference pressure; in accordance with

15.1.2.
b) Overpressure test in accordance with 15.1.3.
c) Test for non-transmission of an internal ignition in accordance with 15.2.
Testing stations may deviate from this test sequence in that the static or dynamic
Overpressure test may be carried out either after e test for nom-transmission of an
internal or On. ".other sample which has also been subjected to those other tests
affecting mechanical strength already applied to the first sample: in no case. after the
overpressure lest. shall the joints of the enclosure have suffered a permanent
deformation nor shall the encIosure have suffered any damage affecting the type of
protection.

55

30 Flameproof enclosure e
31.1

Definitions
For the purpose of this part of IEC 60079, the definitions and certain terms used in
IEC 6007-0. together with the following terms and definitions apply.
For the definitions of any other terms, particularly those of a more general nature,
referent should be made to IEC 60050(426) or other appropriate parts of the IEV
(International Electrotechnical Vocabulary).

NOTE - Where a word. for example "battery*, is shown in parentheses in a term, it may be
omitted when there is no risk of confusion or misunderstanding.
31.1

Cells and batteries

Cell
assembly of electrodes and electrolytes which constitutes the smallest electrical
unit of 4 battery

NOTE - A sketch illustrating the various parts of a cell is given in figure 1. This sketch is
included for description. purposes only and is rot intended to imply any
requirements or preference for a particular form of construction.
31.1.2 Primary cell or batter y
electrochemical system capable of producing electrical energy by chemical reaction
31.1.1.3 Secondary cell or battery
electrically rechargeable electrochemical system capable of storing electrical
energy and delivering it by chemical reaction
31.1.1.4 Open cell or battery
Secondary cell or battery having a cover provided with an opening through which
gaseous products may escape
[IEV 486-01-18 modified ]
31.1.1.5 Sealed valve regulated cell or battery
56

Cell or battery which is closed under normal conditions, but which has an
arrangement which allows the escape of gas if the internal pressure exceeds a
predetermined value. The cell cannot normally receive an addition to the electrolyte.
[IEV 486-01-20 modified]
NOTE - This definition differs from the IEV definition 486-01-20 by virtue of the fact it
applies to either a cell or -, battery.
31.1.1.6 Sealed gas-tight cell or battery
Cell or battery which remains closed and does not release either gas or liquid
when operated within the limits of charge or temperature specified by the
manufacturer
NOTE 1 Such cell and batteries may be equipped with a safety device to prevent
dangerously high internal pressure. The cell or battery does not require addition
to the electrolyte and is designed to operate during its life in its original sealed
state.
NOTE 2 The above definition is taken from IEC 60079-11. It differs from the IEV definition
486-01-21 by virtue of the fact it applies to either a cell or battery.
31.1.1.7 Battery
Assembly of two or more cells electrically connected to each other to increase the
voltage or capacity
NOTE - Where the terms cell or cells are used, the text refers to individual single cells.
Where the terms-battery- or -batteries- are used. the text refers to both cells and
batteries.

57

Key
1 Separator

9 Intercell connector

2 Positive plate

10 Terminal post

3 Cell container

11 Electrolyte-tight terminal post seal

4 Electrolyte level (maximum

12 Croup bar

5 Headspace

13 Plate lug

6 Electrolyte-tight lid seal

14 Negative Plate

7 Filler and vent plug

15 Slurry space

8 Post encapsulation
Figure 1 - Parts of a cell

58

31.1.1.8 Capacity
Quantity of. electricity or electric charge, which a fully charged battery can deliver
under specified conditions
NOTE - The SI unit for electrical charge is the coulomb (1 C = 1 As) but in practice,
battery capacity is usually expressed in ampere-hours (Ah).
31.1.1.9 Nominal voltage
(of a cell or battery) voltage specified by the manufacturer
31.1.1.10 Maximum open circuit voltage
(of a cell or battery) voltage which is the maximum attainable voltage under
normal conditions, that is, from either a new primary cell, or a secondary cell just
after a full charges
NOTE - The maximum open circuit voltage for acceptable cells is given in tables 9 and 10.
31.1.1.11 Charging
Act of forcing current through a secondary cell in the opposite direction to the
normal flow to restore the energy stored originally
31.1.1.12 Reverse charging
Act of forcing current through either a primary cell or secondary cell in the same
direction as the normal flow
NOTE - For example in an expired battery.
31.1.1.13 Deep discharge
Event which reduces a cell voltage below that recommended by the cell or battery
manufacturer
31.1.1.14 Container (of a cell)
Container for the plate pack and electrolyte of a cell made of a material
impervious to attack by the electrolyte
[IEV 486-02-20]
31.1.1.15 (Battery) container
59

enclosure to contain the battery

NOTE - The cover is a part of the battery container.
31.1.1.16 Plate pack
Assembly of the positive and negative plate groups with separators
[IEV 486-02-15]
31.1.1.17 Partition wall
Integral part of a battery container dividing it into individual sections and
increasing its mechanical strength
31.1.1.18 Insulating barrier
Electrical insulating material between groups of cells subdividing the battery.
31.1.1.19 Intercell connector
Conductor of electricity used for carrying current between cells.
31.2

Increased safety "e"

type of protection applied to electrical apparatus in which additional measures are
applied so as to give increased security against the possibility of excessive
temperatures and of the occurrence of arcs and sparks in normal service or under
specified abnormal conditions

NOTE 1 - This type of protection is denoted by e. The 'additional measures' are those
required for compliance with this standard.
NOTE 2 - Apparatus producing arcs or sparks in normal service is excluded by this
definition of increased safety.
31.2.1 Initial starting current IA
highest r.m.s. value of current absorbed by an a.c. motor when at rest or by an a.c.
magnet with its armature clamped in the position of maximum air gap when
supplied at rated voltage' and rated frequency
NOTE -

Transient phenomena are ignored.

60

31.2.2 Limiting temperature

Maximum permissible temperature for apparatus or parts of apparatus equal to the
lower of the two temperatures determined by:
a) the danger of ignition of the explosive gas atmosphere;
b) the thermal stability of the materials used
NOTE - This temperature may be the maximum surface temperature (see both 3.8 and
clause 5 of IEC 60079-0) a lower value (see 4.8).
31.3

Constructional requirements for all electrical apparatus

31.3.1 General
The requirements of this clause apply, unless otherwise stated in clause 5, to all
electrical apparatus with type of protection 'e". They are additional to the general
requirements of IEC 60079-0 and are themselves supplemented for certain'
electrical apparatus by the supplementary requirements in clause 5.
31.3.2 Terminals for external connections
Terminals for connections to external circuits shall be generously dimensioned to
permit the effective connection of conductors of cross-section equal to at least that
corresponding to the rated current of the electrical apparatus.
The number and sizes of conductors that can be safely connected to terminals shall
be specified in the descriptive documents according to 23.2 of IEC 60079-0.
NOTE 1 - Attention is drawn to the use of aluminium wire because of the difficulties
associated with controlling critical creepage and clearance distances with the
application of anti-oxidant materials.

The connection of aluminium wire to

external terminals may be accomplished by the use of suitable bi-metallic

ferrule connections providing a copper connection to the terminal.
Terminals shall be subjected to the terminal insulating material tests of 6.9.
These terminals shall
a) be fixed to their mountings without possibility of self-loosening,

61

b) be constructed in such a way that the conductors cannot slip out from their intended
location during tightening of the terminal.
31.3.4 Be such that proper contact is assured without damage to the conductors that
would impair the ability of the conductors to fulfil their function, even if multistranded conductors are used in terminals intended for direct clamping of a
conductor.
NOTE 2 The use of crimped cable terminations is allowed provided that the
requirements in a), b) and c) are fulfilled.
In particular, terminals shall not
- have sharp edges, which would damage the conductors,
- be able to turn, twist or be permanently deformed during normal tightening which
shall be defined by the manufacturer of the apparatus and which shall not be
less than that specified in IEC 60947-7-1, IEC 60999-1 or IEC 60999-2, where
applicable,
- be constructed of aluminium.
Terminals shall be such that the contact they assure is not appreciably impaired
temperature changes occurring in normal service. The contact pressure shall not
transmitted through insulating material.
NOTE 3 Special precautions against vibration and mechanical shock may be required
NOTE 4 Special precautions against electrolytic corrosion should be considered
NOTE 5 Special precautions against corrosion should be considered where ferrous
material is used

62

31.4

Internal connections
Connections within electrical apparatus and forming an integral part of that
apparatus shall not be subject to undue mechanical stress. Only the following
means for the connection of conductors are permitted :

a) screwed fasteners with means of locking;

b) crimping;
c) soldering, provided that the conductors are not supported by the soldered
connection alone;
d) brazing;
e) welding; and
f)

any means of connection complying with the requirements of 4.2.

NOTE Special precautions against electrolytic corrosion should be considered.

Connections which are terminals shall be subjected to the terminal insulating
materials tests of 6.9
31.5

Temperature limitations

31.5.1 No part of an electrical apparatus shall attain a temperature in excess of that

determined by the thermal stability of the materials used. Furthermore, no surface
of any part of an electrical apparatus including the surface of internal parts to which
the potentially explosive atmosphere might have access shall attain a temperature
in excess of the maximum surface temperature prescribed in clause. 4 of IEC
60079-0 except for lamps in luminaires for which the requirement is given in 5.3.4.
NOTE There are two conditions to be satisfied, either of which may prove to be the limiting
feature for a particular apparatus or part of an apparatus.
31.5.2 The permissible temperature of conductors and other metal parts is further limited
by
a) reduction of mechanical strength.
b) unacceptable mechanical stress due to thermal expansion.
c) damage to neighbouring electrical insulating parts.
63

In determining the temperature of the conductors. both the self-heating of the

conductors and the effect of heating by neighbouring parts shall be taken into
account.
31.5.3 The limiting temperature of insulated windings shall not exceed the values given in
table 3 which take account of the thermal endurance of electrical insulating
materials, provided hat the electrical apparatus still complies with the requirements
of 4.8.1.

Table 3 Limiting temperatures for insulated windings

Methode of
temperature
measurement
(see note 1)
1. Limiting temperature in rated
service
a) insulated single layer winding
Resistance
thermometer
Resistance
b) other insulated windings

Thermometer

Thermal class according

to IEC 60085 (see note 2)
A
C

E
C

B
C

F
C

H
C

or 95

11
0
10
5
95

12
0
11
0
10
0

13
0
13
0
11
5

15
5
15
5
13
5

90
80

2 Limiting temperature at end of

16 17 18 21 23
Resistance
time tE
0
5
5
0
5
(see note 3)
NOTE 1 Measurement by thermometer is permissible only when measurement by change
of resistance is not possible. In this context thermometer has the same meaning
as in IEC 60034-1 (for example, a bulb thermometer, or a non-imbedded
thermocouple or resistance temperature detector (RTD) applied to the points
accessible to the usual bulb thermometer).
NOTE 2 As an interim measure until values have been prescribed, the higher thermal
classes of insulating material denoted by figures in IEC 60085 are considered as
subject to the limiting temperatures given for class H
NOTE 3 These values result form the ambient temperature, the temperature rise of the
winding in rated service and the increase of temperature during time tE

31.6

Type verification and tests

64

31.6.1 Maximum overpressure test

A pressure equal to 1.5 times the maximum overpressure specified or 200 Pa,
whichever is the greater, shall be applied to the pressurezed enclosure and, where
they are and integral part the enclosure, the associated ducts and their connecting
parts.
The test pressure shall be applied for a period of 2 min 10 s.
The test is considered to be satisfactory if no permanent deformation occurs which
would invalidate the type of protection
31.6.2 Leakage test
The pressure in the pressurized enclosure shall be adjusted to the maximum
overpressure specified by the manufacturer for normal service.

With the outlet

aperture closed the leakage flow rate shall be measured at the inlet aperture.
The measured flow rate shall be not greater than the maximum leakage flow rate
specified by the manufacturer.
In the case of static pressurization, the pressure in the pressurized enclosure shall
be adjusted to the maximum overpressure that can occur in normal service. With
the aperture closed, the internal pressure shall be monitored for a period of time , in
accordance with 8.7 The change of pressure shall be not greater than the minimum
overpressure specified for normal service.
31.6.3 Purging test for pressurized enclosures with no internal source of release
(pressurization technique may be leakage compensation or continuous flow) and
filling procedure test for static pressurization
Pressurized enclosure where the protective gas is air
The pressurized enclosure shall be prepared for test as described in annex A. The
pressurized enclosure shall be filled with the test gas to a concentration of not less
than 70 % at any point. As soon as the pressurized enclosure is filled, the test gas
supply shall be turned off and the air supply turned on at the minimum purging rated
specified by the manufacturer. The time take until there is no sample point where

65

there is a test gas concentration in excess of that specific in clause A.2 shall be
measured and noted as the purging time. If a second test is required.
The pressurized enclosure shall be filled with a second test gas, representing the
other end of the density range, to a concentration of not les than 70 % at any point
and the purging time for the second test shall be measured. The minimum purging
duration specified by the manufacturer shall be not less than the measured purging
time or the longer of the two measure purging time where two tests are carried out.

Table 1 Determination of protection type

Enclosure does
not contain
ignition-capable
apparatus
No containment system
Type px a
Type py
No containment system
Type pz
No pressurization
required
Gas / vapour
1
Type px a
Type py
Gas / vapour
2
Type px (and ignition- Type px b
capable apparatus is not
located in the dilution
area)
Liquid
1
Type px a (inert) c
Type py
Liquid
2
Type pz (inert) c
No pressurization
required c
NOTE If the flammable substance is a liquid, normal release is never permitted.
a
Protection type px also applies to group I
b
If no normal release; see annex E
c
The protective gas shall be inert if (inert) is shown after the pressurization type; see
clause 13
d
Protection by pressurization is not required since ti is considered unlikely that a fault
causing a release of liquid will simultaneously occur with a fault in the equipment that
would provide an ignition source
Flammable substance
in the containment
system

External
zone
classificati
on
1
2

Enclosure contains
ignition-capable
apparatus

66

Table 2 design criteria based upon protection type

Design criteria

Type px

Type py

Type pz with
indicator

Type pz with
alarm

Degree of enclosure

IP4X minimum

IP4X
minimum

IP4X minimum

IP3X minimum

protection according
to
IEC 60529 or
IEC 60034-5
Resistance of

IEC 60079-0,

IEC 60079-0,

IEC 60079-0,

enclosure to impact

table 4

table 4

table 4

Verifying purge
period

Required a timing

Time and

Time and

IEC 60079-0,
half
the value in
table 4
Time and

device and
monitoring
of pressure and
flow
Spark and
particle
barrier required,

flow marked

flow marked

flow marked

No
requirement
(note 1)

Spark and
particle
barrier required,

Preventing
incandescent
particles
from exiting a
normally
closed relief vent
into a
zone 1 area
Preventing
incandescent
particles
from exiting a
normally
closed relief vent
into a
zone 2 area
preventing
incandescent
particles
from exiting a vent
open to a zone 1
area
in normal operation
preventing
incandescent
particles
from exiting a vent
open to a zone 2
area
in normal operation

see 5.8. unless

see 5.8. unless

Spark and
particle
barrier required,
see
5.8. unless

incandescent

incandescent

incandescent

particles not
normally
produced.
No requirement

particles not
normally
produced.
No requirement

particles not
normally
produced.
No requirement

(note 2)

(note 2)

Spark and
particle barrier

Spark and
particle barrier

required, see
5.8.

required, see
5.8.

Spark and
particle
barrier required,

Spark and
particle
barrier required,

see 5.8. unless

incandescent

see 5.8. unless

incandescent

see 5.8. unless

incandescent

particles not
normally
produced.

particles not
normally
produced.

particles not
normally
produced.

(note 2)

Spark and
particle barrier
required, see 5.8.

No
requirement
(note 2)

Spark and
particle
barrier
required,
see 5.8.

Spark and
particle
barrier required,

No
requirement
(note 1)

67

Design criteria

Type px

Type py

Door / cover
requiring
a tool to remove
Door / cover not

Warning see 5.3

and 6.2b) ii)
Interlock, see
7.12
(no internal hot
parts)

requiring a tool to
remove

Warning see

Type pz with
indicator
Warning see 5.3

Type pz with
alarm
Warning see 5.3

5.3 (note 1)
Warning see

and 6.2 b) ii)

No requirement

and 6.2 b) ii)

No requirement

5.3 (note 1)

(note 3)

(note 3)

Internal hot parts

Comply with
Not
Warning see 5.3 Warning see 5.3
that
applicable
Require a cool-down 6.2 b) ii)
and 6.2 b) ii)
and 6.2 b) ii)
Period before
opening
enclosure
NOTE 1 Subclause 6.2 b) ii) is not applicable for type py since neither hot internal parts nor
normally created incandescent particles are permitted.
NOTE 2 There is no requirement for spark and particle barriers since in abnormal operation,
where the relief vent opens, it is unlikely that the external atmosphere is within the explosive
limits.
NOTE 3 There is no requirement for marking or tool accessibility on a pz enclosure since in
normal operation the enclosure is pressurized with all covers and doors in place. If a cover or
door is removed, it is unlikely that the atmosphere is within the explosive limits

31 pressurized enclosure p
32.1

Term and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050 (42)
and IEC 60079-0 and the following apply

NOTE Unless otherwise specified, the terms voltage and current mean the r.m.s.
values of an alternating direct or composite voltage or current.
32.1.1 Alarm
Piece of apparatus that generates a visual or audible signal that is intended to
attract attention
32.1.2 Containment system
Part of the apparatus containing the flammable substance that may constitute an
internal source of release
32.1.3 Dilution

68

Continuous supply of a protective gas, after purging, at such arate that the
concentration of a flammable substance inside the pressurized enclosure is
maintained at a value outside the explosive limits at any potential ignition source
(that is to say, outside the dilution area)
NOTE Dilution of oxygen by inert gas may result in concentration of flammable gas or
vapour above the upper explosive (UEL).
32.1.4 Dilution area
Area in the vicinity of an internal source of release where the concentration of a
flammable substance is not diluted to a safe concentration.
32.1.5 Enclosure volume
Volume of the empty enclosure without internal apparatus. For retesting electrical
machines, the free internal volume plus the volume displaced by the rotor.
32.1.6 Flammable substance
Gasses, vapours, liquids or mixtures thereof that area capable of being ignited.
32.1.7 Hermetically sealed device
Device which is so constructed that the external atmosphere cannot gain access to
the interior and in which any seal is made by fusion, for example, brazing, welding
or the fusion of glass to metal
32.1.8 Ignition-capable apparatus (ICA)
Apparatus which in normal operation constitutes a source of ignition for a specified
explosive gas atmosphere. This includes electrical apparatus not protected by a
type of protection listed in 7.13.
32.1.9 Indicator
Piece of apparatus that shows whether flow or pressure is adequate and is
monitored periodically, consistent with the requirement of the application
32.1.10 Internal source of release
Point or location from which a flammable substance in the form of a flammable
gas or vapour or liquid may be released into the pressurized enclosure such that
in the presence of air an explosive gas atmosphere could be formed.
69

32.1.11 Leakage compensation

Providing a flow of protective gas sufficient to compensate for any leakage from
the pressurized enclosure and its ducts
32.1.12 Overpressure
Pressure above ambient pressure within a pressurized enclosure
32.1.13 Pressurization
Technique of guarding against the ingress of the external atmosphere into an
enclosure or room by maintaining a protective gas therein at a pressure above that
of the external atmosphere
32.1.14 Pressurization system
Grouping of components used to pressurize and monitor a pressurized enclosure
32.1.15 Pressurized enclosure
Enclosure in which a protective gas is maintained at a pressure greater than that
of the external atmosphere
32.1.16 Protective gas
Air of inert gas used for purging and maintaining an overpressure and if required,
dilution.
NOTE For the purpose of this standard, inert gas means nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon or
any gas which, when mixed with oxygen in the ratio 4 parts inert to 1 part oxygen as
found in air, does not make the ignition and flammability properties such as
explosive limits more
32.1.17 Protective gas supply
Compressor, blower or compressed gas container that provides the protective
gas at a positive pressure. The supply includes inlet (suction) pipes or ducts,
pressure regulators, outlet pipes, ducts and supply valves. Components of the
pressurization system are not included.

70

32.1.18 Purging
In a pressurized enclosure, the operation of passing a quantity of protective gas
through the enclosure and ducts, so that the concentration of the explosive gas
atmosphere is brought to a safe level.
32.1.19 Routine test
Test to which each individual device (equipment) is subjected during or after
manufacture to ascertain whether it complies with certain criteria
[IEV 151-04-16, modified]

32.1.20 Static pressurization

Maintenance of an overpressure within a pressurized enclosure without the
addition of protective gas in a hazardous area.
32.1.21 Type px pressurizing
Pressurization that reduce the classification within the pressurized enclosure from
zone 1 to non-hazardous or group ..to non hazardous.
32.1.22 Type py pressurizing
Pressurization that reduces the classification within the pressurized enclosure
from zone 1 to zone 2
32.1.23 Type pz pressurizing
Pressurization that reduces that classification within the pressurized enclosure
from zone 2 to non-hazardous
32.1.24 Type test
Test of one or more devices made to a certain design to show that the design
meets certain specification
[IEV 151-04-15]

71

72

Title
Theoretical Test

73

TITLE
TEST 1

Questions!

74

TITLE
TEST 1
(Solution)
Answers

75

KEY TO EVALUATION

PER CENT

MARK

88 100

75 87

62 74

50 61

0 49

76