EE078 Eletrial+Measuring+Techniques3 PR Inst PDF

INDUSTRIETECHNIK
SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Instructor Manual
Training Unit
Electrical Measuring
Techniques 3
Practice
No: EE 078
Training Unit
Electrical Measuring Techniques 3
Practical Part
No.: EE 078
Edition:
2008
All Rights Reserved
Editor:
MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

Education and Training Systems, DM-1
Lunzerstrasse 64 P.O.Box 36, A 4031 Linz / Austria
Tel. (+ 43 / 732) 6987 3475
Fax (+ 43 / 732) 6980 4271
Website: www.mcelinz.com
ELECTRICAL MEASURING OBJECTIVES 3
Contents
Page
Learning Objectives
...........................................................................
PRACTICAL EXERCISES 1
Effect of the internal power consumption of measuring
instruments on the measurement circuit
.................................................
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 2
Indirect measurement of resistance using voltage-error
circuit
...................................................................................................
Indirect measurement of resistance using current-error
circuit
...................................................................................................
13
Measurement of resistance by the current comparison
method
...................................................................................................
17
Measurement of resistance by the voltage comparison
method
...................................................................................................
20
Measurement of resistance using measuring bridges
...............................
23
...................................................................................................
24
Measurement of the internal resistance of electric
cells
PRACTICAL TEST
.................................................................................
47

Learning Objectives
The trainee should

determine resistance using the current-voltage method.
sketch voltage and current error circuits.
calculate the measurement error using these circuits.
understand bridge circuits.
carry out a resistance measurement using a resistance bridge.
calculate the internal resistance of an electric battery.
Effect of the internal power consumption of measuring instruments on the measurement
circuit.
1. TASK
Demonstration of the internal power consumption of measuring instruments on the
measurement circuit.
2. Equipment
P1 = various voltmeter
P2 = voltmeter
P3 = voltmeters
R1 = 48 k
R2 = 15 k
3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

-
connect up according to the circuit diagram.
Measurement of voltage
Four measurements are carried out, in which four different measuring instruments with
different internal resistances are used as P1.
P2 and P3 remain the same for all the measurements.
-
1st measurement: P1 = switch board instrument
2nd measurement: P1 = moving iron multimeter
3rd measurement: P1 = moving coil multimeter
4th measurement: P1 = digital multimeter
- The result of the measurements are entered in table 1 below.
Table 1
nominal
results of measurements
voltage
P3
P2
U[v]
U[v]
U2[v]
P1
U1[v]
Ri[]
1
2
3
4
-
Calculation of voltages.
For comparison purposes, the voltages U1, U2, and U are calculated taking into account the
internal resistance of voltmeters P1, P2 and P3.
1st measurement
2nd Measurement
3rd Measurement
4th measurement
These results are entered in table 2.

Table 2
nominal
voltage
results of calculations
U[V]
U1[V]
U2[V]
Ri[]
U[V[
1
2
3
4
ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3
Indirect measurement of resistance using voltage-error circuit.
1. TASK
2. EQUIPMENT
P1 = moving-iron multimeter
P2 = moving coil multimeter
Rx = resistance
- Connect up according to the circuit diagram.
NOTE:
In the voltage-error circuit, it is important that the resistance
Rx is large compared to the internal resistance R; of the ammeter.
Measurement of current and voltage.

P1
Ux [V]
P2
I[mA]
Ri[]
Rx[]
Rx[] error in
calc
1
2
3
Calculate the resistance of Rx and the possible error in percent.
Enter the measurement and caiculation resuits in the measuring

report.
Repeat the exercise with a new value of R x .
Calculation:
In order to know, whether we can neglect the Ri value in the circuit we calculate the
approximate value of Rx according to Ohm's Law.
Rx =
Ux
I
The true resistance of Rx is calculated from subtracting the voltage drop across Ri from
Ux(cal).
10
Ui = I x Ri
Ux(cal.) = Ux - Ui
Rx(cal.) =
Ux(cal.)
I
The measurement error = Ux - Ux(cal.)

The percentage error =
Ux - Ux(cal.)
Ux(cal.)
x 100
Ux x 100
or by the other formula for percentage error =
Ux(cal)
- 100
1st measurement
Rx =
Ui =
Ux(cal.) =
Rx(cal) =
error =
error [%]
11
2nd measurement
3rd measurement
12
Indirect measurement of resistance using current-error circuit.
1. TASK
Determination of resistance by indirect resistance measurement using current-error circuit
method.
2. EQUIPMENT
P2 = moving coil multimeter Rx = resistance

13
NOTE:
In the current-error circuit it is important that the resistance Rx is small compared to the
internal resistance Ri of the ammeter.
- Measure the current and voltage.

P1
U [v]
P2
Ri[]
I[mA]
Rx []
Rx[]
error in
(cal.)
1
2
3
- Calculate the resistance of Rx and the possible error in percent.

- Enter measurements and calculation results in the table.
- Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx
Calculation:
At first, we determine the resistance of Rx
Ri
= rc x selected range
rc = voltmeter resistance constant

According to Ohm's Law, the approximate value of Rx is calculated from
Rx =
U
I
14
For exact calculation of Rx , we need the current flowing through the voltmeter Ii.
Ii =
U
Ri
Rx(cal.) =
U
I - Ii
The measurement error = Rx - Rx(cal.)

The percentage measurement error =
Rx - Rx(cal.)
Rx(cal)
x 100
or by the other formula for the percentage measurement

Error =
Rx x 100
Rx (cal.)
- 100 =
1st measurement
Ri =
Rx =
Ii =
Rx(cal.) =
error =
error [%] =
2nd measurement
15
3rd measurement
16
Measurement of resistance by the current comparison method.
1. TASK
Determination of resistance using the current comparison method (this method is suitable
for resistance in the range 102 to 106 ohms).
2. EQUIPMENT
Q1 = change over switch
P1 = moving-coil multimeter
Rs = sliding resistance
Rx = rotary potentiometer

-
Connect up according to the circuit diagram.
17
NOTE:
If Ri is very small compared with Rs or Rx , Ri can be neglected. The resistance Rx is
determined using the comparison method by the formula.
Measure the current.
supply
P1
U [v]
Is[MA]
10
15
20
Ix[mA]
Rs []
Rx[]
Calculate the resistance of Rx .
Enter measurements and calculation results in the table.
Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx .
Calculation:
1st measurement
Rx(10) =
Is
Ix
x Rs =
18
2nd measurement
Rx(15) =
3rd measurement
Rx(20) =
19
Measurement of resistance by the voltage comparison method.
1. TASK
Determination of resistance using the voltage comparison method.
2. EQUIPMENT
Q1 = change over switch
Q2 = single-pole switch
Rs = standard resistance
Rx= rotary potentiometer

20
NOTE:
If the internal resistance Ri is very large compared to Rs or Rx then the error is small and
can be neglected in practice.
From this one obtains:
Measure the voltage

supply
U [v]
1
10
20
30
P1
Us[v]
Ux[v]
Rs []
Rx[]
Calculate the resistance of Rx.
Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx.
21
Calculation:
1st measurement
Rx (10)
Ux
Us
x Rs =
2nd measurement
Rx(20) =
3rd measurement
Rx(30) =
22
Measurement of resistance using measuring bridges.
1. TASK
Determination of resistance using a Wheatstone and a Thomson bridge.
2. EQUIPMENT
Wheatstone bridge Thomson bridge Various resistors

- Measure the resistance.
- Enter measurements in the table.
- Compare the measured values.
resistance
class %
nominal
valve
by
by
Wheatstone
Thompson
bridge
bridge
23
Measurement of the internal resistance of electric cells.
1. TASK
Determination of the internal resistance of an electric cell (battery).
2. EQUIPMENT
Q1 = single-pole switch
= potentiometer

Construct the circuit according to circuit diagram.
24
Ra - is selected so that approximately the rated battery current flows.
Measure the voltage Uo without external resistance.
Measure the current I and voltage Ut with external resistance.

P1
U[v]
Uo [V]
Ut [V]
P2
Ui [v]
Ri []
Ra []
I[mA]
batt
1.5
3
4.5
6
- Calculate the internal voltage drop Ui and internal resistance Ri

- Enter measurement and calculation results in the table
- Repeat the exercise with different battery voltages.
1st measurement
25
2nd measurement
3rd measurement
4th measurement
26
EE 078
Instructions for Practical Exercises
27
INSTRUCTION for practical exercise 1

Effect of the internal power consumption of measuring instruments an the measurement
circuit.

- Measurement of voltage
Four measurements are carried out, where four different measuring instruments with different
internal resistances are used as P1.
P2 and P3 remain the same for all the measurements.
28
- 1st measurement: P1 = switch board instrument

- 2nd measurement: P1 = moving iron multimeter
- 3rd measurement: P1 = moving coil multimeter
- 4th measurement: P1 = digital multimeter
- The results of the measurements are entered in table 1 below.

Table 1
nominal
voltage
U [v]
results of measurements
P3
P2
U [v]
U2[v]
P1
U1[v]
Ri []
1
2
3
4
- Calculation of voltages.
For comparison purposes, the voltages U1 , U2 and U are calculated taking into account the
internal resistances of voltmeters P1 , P2 and P3.
1st to 4th measurement
29
These results are entered in table 2.

Table 2
nominal
voltage
U[v]
results of calculations
U[v]
U2 [v]
U1 [v]
Ri []
1
2
3
4
30


-
NOTE:
In the voltage-error circuit, it is important that the resistance Rx is large compared to the
internal resistance Ri of the ammeter.
31
Measure the current and voltage.

P1
P2
Ux[v]
I[mA]
Ri[]
Rx[]
Rx[] error in
(cal.)
1
2
3
Enter the measurements and calculation results in the measuring report.
Calculation:
In order to know, whether we can neglect the Ri value in the circuit we calculate the
approximate value of Rx according to Ohm's Law.
Rx =
Ux
I
The real value of Rx is calculated from subtracting the voltage drop an Ri from Ux(cal.).
Ui = I x Ri
Ux(cal.) = Ux - Ui
Rx(cal.) =
Ux(cal.)
I
32
The measurement error = Ux - Ux(cal.)

The percentage error =
Ux - Ux(cal.)
Ux(cal.)
x 100
Ux x 100
or by the other formula for percentage error =
Ux(cal.)
- 100
1st to 3rd measurement

Rx =
Ui =
Ux(cal.) =
Rx(cal.) =
error =
error [%] =
33

Indirect measurement of resistance using current-error circuit.

-
NOTE:
In the current-error circuit, it is important that the resistance
Rx is small compared to the internal resistance Ri of the voltmeter.
34
Measure the current and voltage.

P2
P1
U[v]
Ri[]
I[mA)
Rx[]
Rx[]
error in
(cal.)
1
2
3
Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx
Calculation:
At first, we determine the resistance of:
Ri =rc x selected range
rc = voltmeter resistance constant
According to Ohm's Law, the approximate value of Rx is calculated from
Rx =
U
I
For exact calculation of Rx , we need the current flowing through the voltmeter I.
35
The measurement error = Rx - Rx(cal.)

The percentage measurement error =
Rx - Rx(cal.)
Rx(cal.)
x 100 =
or by the other formula for the percentage measurement

Rx x 100
error =
Rx (cal.)
- 100 =

Ri =
Rx =
Ii =
Rx(cal.) =
error =
error [%] =
36

Measurement of resistance by the current comparison method.

-
NOTE:
If Ri is very small compared with Rs or Rx , Ri can be neglected. The resistance Rx is
determined using the comparison method by the formula.
37
Measure the current.
supply
U[v]
1
10
15
20
P1
Is[mA]
Ix[mA]
Rs[]
Rx[]
Calculation:
Rx(10) =
Is
Ix
x Rs =
38

Measurement of resistance by the voltage comparison method.

-
NOTE:
If the internal resistance Ri is very large compared to Rs or Rx , then the error is small and
can be neglected in practice.
From this one obtains:
39
Measure the voltage.
supply
U [v]
1
10
20
30
P1
Us [v]
Ux[v]
Rs []
Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx
Rx[]
Calculation:
Rx(10) =
Ux
Us
x Rs =
40

Measurement of resistance using measuring bridges.

-
Measure the resistance.
Enter measurements in the table.
Compare the measured values.

resistance
class %
nominal
by
by
valve
Wheatstone
Thompson
bridge
bridge
41
ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES

Measurement of the internal resistance of electric cells.

Construct the circuit according to circuit diagram.
Ra is selected so that approximately the rated battery current flows.
Measure the voltage Uo without external resistance.

Measure the current I and voltage Ut with external resistance.
42
P1
Ubatt[v]
Uo[v]
Ut[v]
P2
Ui[v]
Ri []
Ra []
I[mA]
1.5
3
4.5
6
-
Calculate the internal voltage drop Ui and internal resistance R1 .
Enter measurement and calculation results in the table.
Repeat the exercise with different battery voltages.
1st to 4th measurement
43
EE 078
Evaluation Sheet for Practical Exercises
44
EVALUATION SHEET
Name
Control No.
Group
10
10
10
10
18
32
20
70
Total:
lntermediate Mark :
Date :
10
4
10
10
Points:
45
Actual points
Possible A
points
in table
Actual points
Entries
Possible points
measurements
Actual points
Carrying out
Possible points
exercise
Actual points
Sheet No.
Construction of
Possible points
Total
EE 078

Practical Test
46

PRACTICAL TEST
Determining resistance by current and voltage error method.

1. TASK
-
Different resistances should be measured by voltage and current error methods.
Complete both circuit diagrams.
Measure the resistances by the correct measuring Instruments.
Enter the measurement results in the table.
Calculate the possible errors.
2. EQUIPMENT
P1 = moving-coil multimeter or panel instrument
P2 = moving-iron multimeter or digital multimeter.
Rx = 10 different resistances.
47
Voltage error method:
P1
P2
No
Rx []
Ux[v]
I[mA]
Ri[]
100
200
2400
2700
5000
10000
16000
22000
10
47000
Rx[] error in
(cal)
%
48
Current-error method:
P1
P2
Rx []
U[v]
Ri []
I[mA]
100
200
2400
2700
5000
10000
16000
22000
10
47000
Rx[] error in
(cal.)
%
Calculation
Rx =
Ui =
Ux(cal.) =
Rx(cal.) =
measurement error =
percentage error =
49
Current error method:

Ri =
Rx =
Ii =
Rx(cal.) =
measurement error =
percentage error =
Calculation:
50

PRACTICAL TEST
(Solution)
Determining resistance by current and voltage error method.

-
Different resistances are to be measured by voltage and current error methods.
Complete both circuit diagrams.
Measure the resistances by the correct measuring instruments (moving iron and
moving coil instrument).
Enter the measurement results in the table.
Calculate the possible errors.
51
P1
P2
No
Rx[]
Ux[v]
I[mA]
Ri[]
100
200
2400
2700
5000
10 000
16 000
22000
10
47000
R[]
(cal.)
error
in
%
52
Current-error method:
P1
P2
Rx []
u[v]
Ri[]
I[mA]
100
200
2400
2700
5000
10000
16 000
22000
10
47000
Rx[] error in
(cal.)
%
Calculation
R=
Ux
I
Ui = I x Ri
Ux(cal.) = Ux - Ui
Rx(cal.) =
Ux(cal.)
I
Measurement error = Ux - Ux(cal.)

Percentage error =
53
Current error method:

Ri = rc x selected range
U
Rx =
Ii =
I
U
Ri
Rx(cal.) =
U
I - Ii
measurement error = Rx - Rx(cal.)

percentage error =
54

EVALUATION SHEET FOR
PRACTICAL TEST
Circuit diagrams
Correctness
Tidiness
15
5
20
Measuring circuits
Understanding
20
20
Selection of measuring instrument

Correctness
20
20
Measurement table
Understanding
Tidiness
15
5
20
Calculation
Knowledge of formulae
Correct results
14
6
20
TOTAL POINTS 100
55
KEY TO EVALUATION
PER CENT
MARK
88 100
75 87
62 74
50 61
0 49
56

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INDUSTRIETECHNIK

SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC

MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

ELECTRICAL MEASURING OBJECTIVES 3

ELECTRICAL MEASURING OBJECTIVES 3

The trainee should

ELECTRICAL MEASURING OBJECTIVES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

connect up according to the circuit diagram.

1st measurement: P1 = switch board instrument

2nd measurement: P1 = moving iron multimeter

3rd measurement: P1 = moving coil multimeter

4th measurement: P1 = digital multimeter

- The result of the measurements are entered in table 1 below.

These results are entered in table 2.

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

Measurement of current and voltage.

Calculate the resistance of Rx and the possible error in percent.

Enter the measurement and caiculation resuits in the measuring

Repeat the exercise with a new value of R x .

The measurement error = Ux - Ux(cal.)

ELECTRICAL MEASURING OBJECTIVES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

- Measure the current and voltage.

- Calculate the resistance of Rx and the possible error in percent.

rc = voltmeter resistance constant

The measurement error = Rx - Rx(cal.)

or by the other formula for the percentage measurement

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Connect up according to the circuit diagram.

Measure the current.

Calculate the resistance of Rx .

Enter measurements and calculation results in the table.

Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx .

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Measure the voltage

Calculate the resistance of Rx.

Enter measurements and calculation results in the table.

Repeat the exercise with a new value of Rx.

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

3. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Ra - is selected so that approximately the rated battery current flows.

Measure the voltage Uo without external resistance.

Measure the current I and voltage Ut with external resistance.

- Calculate the internal voltage drop Ui and internal resistance Ri

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

INSTRUCTION for practical exercise 1

1. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

- 1st measurement: P1 = switch board instrument

- The results of the measurements are entered in table 1 below.

These results are entered in table 2.

ELECTRICAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES 3

INSTRUCTION for practical exercise 2

1. CARRY OUT THE EXERCISE

Connect up according to the circuit diagram.

Measure the current and voltage.

Calculate the resistance of Rx and the possible error in percent.

Enter the measurements and calculation results in the measuring report.