Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
V. Ya. Basevich, S. M. Kogarko, and E. I. Dinaburg, Teor. Osnovy Khim. Tekhnol., 10, 155 (1976).
V . A . Basevieh and S. M. Kogarko, Archiwun Termodynamiki Spalania, _7, 421 (1976).
J . M . B u r g e r s , Adv. Appl. Mech., _1, 35 (1948).
l~. N. Fedorov (editor), L i b r a r y of F o r t r a n P r o g r a m s [in Russian], Vol. 2, Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, Dubna (1970).
V. Ya. Basevieh and S. M. g o g a r k o , Archiwun Termodynamiki Spalania, 6, 95 (1975).
V . A . Khramtsov, in: Combustion at High P r e s s u r e s [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Moscow
(1970).
S . N . Kozlov, V. Ya. Basevich, and S. M. g o g a r k o , Teor. Osnovy Khim. Tekhnol., 7, 614 (1973).
STABILITY
SUBSONIC
GAS-FUEL
Yu.
OF
SUBMERGED
DIFFUSION
AND UNDEREXPANDED
FLAMES
IN
SUPERSONIC
STREAMS
M.
Annushkin
and
E.
D.
Sverdlov
The stability of combustion of a fuel jet past the nozzle (after shutoff of the ignition system) is an i m p o r tant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the burning of a diffusion flame. The analysis of flame stability normally precedes the
a e r o d y n a m i c analysis of a gas flame. In the event of flame instability its aerodynamic analysis becomes pointless. The aerodynamic analysis of a stable flame can be c a r r i e d out by means of well-known approximative
methods resting on the assumption of infinite burning rates (or short burning times relative to the residence
time of the f u e l - a i r mixture in the h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e mixing layers) [1-41.
It is inferred f r o m a theoretical analysis [5, 6] based on the concepts of Zel'dovich regarding flame
stability in the boundary l a y e r of unbounded flows I7] that the flame must be stable for any fuel d i s c h a r g e
rates. Experimental studies [8-101 indicate the existence of a limiting discharge rate of fuel (subscript T)
w~r at which blowoff of the flame takes place. The limiting value grows nonlinearly with the nozzle (subscript c) d i a m e t e r d c, and the degree of influence of the nozzle diameter increases as well [10].
It follows f r o m [11, 12], in which a t h e r m o c h e m i e a l model of stability is used, that the standoff distance h f r o m the nozzle to the base of the lifted flame is determined by the homochronicity c r i t e r i o n Ho =
WTTb/dc, where dc/W T is proportional to the residence time of the mixture in the h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e boundary
l a y e r and ~b is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c burning time of the mixture. It is a s s u m e d in [11, 12] that for a constant value
of Tb, which is determined by the composition and t e m p e r a t u r e TT of the fuel as well as the ambient ("outer")
t e m p e r a t u r e T o and p r e s s u r e Po of the medium surrounding the flame, a certain limiting value Ho ~ of the
homochronicity c r i t e r i o n exists, c o r r e s p o n d i n g to blowoff of the flame. In this case the discharge rate at
blowoff must be directly proportional to the nozzle d i a m e t e r (w~- ~ dr).
F o r w T > w~r it is assumed a priori in [11, 12] that existence of a flame is impossible. The experiments
analyzed below show that these conclusions are indeed c o r r e c t , but they are incomplete and depend on the p a r ticular range of nozzle d i a m e t e r s and kind of fuel analyzed by the cited authors.
The present study has disclosed new stability properties and a certain general pattern (Fig. 1), namely
that in working with a constant nozzle diameter,__ if the fuel discharge rate is increased for w T > w~fl by inc r e a s i n g the relative p r e s s u r e difference A p c = (p~ - pn)/po = 7r~ - 1, it is possible to attain a c e r t a i n value
of the p r e s s u r e difference (or WT), above which flame stability is restored. As Ape is increased (in the
domain w T > ~ 0T2) the stability of the flame i n c r e a s e s . Flame stability is r e s t o r e d in the domain of supersonic
p r e s s u r e differences (Apc2 > aXpcr ~ 0.89), and in a certain interval ~Pc = aXPci-APc 2 the flame is unstable
(goes out). The interval between Apc i and LXPc2 can span s e v e r a l o r d e r s of magnitude, depending on the nozzle
diameter. F o r nozzle d i a m e t e r s g r e a t e r than a certain limiting value dr* (for a given fuel and T T, T o, Po =
const) absolute flame stability is realized for any discharge velocities, and the conclusions of [5, 6] become
valid. All the existing experimental studies, conclusions, and generalizations of the above-cited papers have
Moscow. Translated f r o m Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, No. 5, pp. 53-63, September-October, 1978.
Original a r t i c l e submitted June 15, 1977.
597
UJ
( pol
'
'
9 '
.LO o
..._Flllltl
II.lllll
l|lllll
~[[ I [ [ 1 1
IIIlA
[ [ 11 t I I
bo
c
T
'
I
t
I i/i
I I~3
a~
de
F i g . 1. Q u a l i t a t i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of f l a m e i n s t a b i l i t y d o m a i n
(blowoff in d o m a i n A) and f l a m e b a s e s f o r A T > 1 and ~tT < 1;
To, Po, T~-, L 0 a r e c o n s t a n t : 1) d i s c h a r g e r a t e a t f l a m e blowoff
with i n c r e a s e in WT; 2) r a t e at r e s t o r a t i o n of f l a m e s t a b i l i t y in
s u p e r s o n i c d o m a i n of A--pc (AT > 1); d c > d~) d o m a i n of a b s o l u t e
f l a m e s t a b i l i t y f o r any A T (A T ~ 1); B) c u r v e e n v e l o p i n g i n s t a bility domain.
b e e n o b t a i n e d in the r e g i o n of the l o w e r p a r t of the s t a b i l i t y c u r v e (see F i g . 1B) (for w ~ = w~rl, d c < dc).
The
and
Data-Processing
Procedures
598
TABLE
I
T~r=
Gas
uf max,
** /
0,34 [9}
0,39
Municipal gas
0,64
L75 [JSl
1[5, 9]
[9, 201
lF
ls
wT , m s
m/see
Hydrogen
Methane
Propane
TO
(exper.)
(calc.)
~600
~6
~5
I 5 0 ~ t70
180+210
250-- 320
5t,2
74
II3
~10
150-- 160
63
Note. 1) Volumetric composition of municipal gas: 88.6~ CH4, 8.8%Hz, 1% CO, 0.3%CO 2,
0.2~ z, 0.8%Na. 0.2%othel~;2)The flame
"
,~
1
2,0
1,0
[
-----4-v(~T)
,v(Xai
'%,
0,a
0,2
r"
- 20
-a
o,s
F i g . 2. R e l a t i v e d i a m e t e r and r e d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s in i s o b a r i c a n d
n o m i n a l (Pa = Po) c r o s s s e c t i o n s of
nozzle versus available relative
p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s : 1) c o n v e r g e n t
n o z z l e ; 2) n o m i n a l flow (Pc = Po)"
f0
0,4
-3
-2
-!
3 1,{t apt
599
Experimental
Results
and
Analysis
**
~T Re*-
% 0 . 6 - - ~ c (.1 + 0.5 l g D o ) ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
w(x, y)NwTd~/h.F(yD),
I100
w;,
m/sec
900
700
-~
""
I
2
(
500
0,4
0,8
t,f
1//tic, ITIIT1-1
1,6
2. 0
F i g . 3. Influence of n o z z l e d i m e n s i o n s on w T
f o r h y d r o g e n flow at D o = 3 . 5 m m ,
T~__=T o =
300~
Pc = 100 k P a ; 1) D o = c o n s t , 2) D o = l .
600
h~
~Tmox
60
H2
40
f]
20
~.r=1
0
400
800
1200
CH 4
160
I600
o 2
0
,r
;8C
2000'
J
/
120
>-
~ T~ I~
5
+,,
A
80
7
6
9
~o
40
to T, m / s
0
40
>1
h
60
80
f20
f60
I,
J
4-0
20
+ ....r
~T,
m/~ec
10
20
50
40
50
F i g . 4. D i s t a n c e f r o m n o z z l e to b a s e of lifted f l a m e
v e r s u s d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y for v a r i o u s v a l u e s of de,
ram: d c = 0.55; 2) 0.8; 3) 1; 4) 1.5; 5) 2; 6) 4; 7) 8;
9) 1 . 3 - 2 4 [18]; 10) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (10).
in which F(YD) is d e t e r m i n e d for y = YD f r o m the r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n a c r o s s the jet [13, 141"
F (~) = w l w . , =
(1 - - g - a / s ) 2.
(5)
H e r e y = Y/Rbo, Rbo is the radius of the jet boundary at x = h, and w m is the v e l o c i t y on the jet a x i s (w m ~
w T 9d T / h ) .
at
X=h.
rddmax~ZC3TTk OY ]max
(6)
The b o u n d a r i e s of the burning jet f o r w T > w ~ a c q u i r e a kink f a i r l y c l o s e to the c r o s s s e c t i o n of the s t a b i l i z a t i o n ring (for x ~ 0.dh), and the b o u n d a r i e s of the burning jet with liftoff of the f l a m e b a s e a r e c o n s i d e r ably b r o a d e r than the b o u n d a r i e s of the unlit jet, c l e a r l y as a r e s u l t of the s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in the d e g r e e of
t u r b u l e n c e due to ignition of the jet.
601
-_Y
i-15
h'
(~bo) ~6---
x4
9 2
65[
9 3
~el
8
[
//11-"
.~'~ I
,"
/
/
Rbo
(x:
h '
YF
10
9~
b,
e e ~ A .
10
I(~=,Y~.L,I- B ~
/ . _ _ _ s
J_.
20
50
"a
....
, I
<tO
50
,~ = ~_
~YT
F i g . 5. P a t h of the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g of a l i f t e d f l a m e in t h e
b o u n d a r y l a y e r and of the j e t b o u n d a r y with v a r i a t i o n of WT f o r
h y d r o g e n fuel, Pc = 100 k P a , T ~ = T o = 300~K. E x p e r i m e n t a l ,
YD:_ 1) d c = 0 . 5 5 m m ;
2) 1 m m ; 3) 1 . 5 m m . , YF, t~o-', R~o,
Rbo: I) w T = 800 m / s e e ;
II) 1080 m / s e e ;
III) 1400 m / s e c ;
IV) 1650 m / s e e ; 4) b o u n d a r i e s without b u r n i n g , R I = f(x); A ) c a l DO
c u l a t e d v a l u e of YD a c c o r d i n g to t h e o r y of G. 1~. A b r a m o v i c h
l
(w' = Wma x, YD = 0.4); I3) c a l c u l a t i o n of s u r f a c e a = 1 (without
b u r n i n g , x < h); 5, 6) v a r i a t i o n of l e n g t h 7S in i n t e r v a l of w T =
800-1500 m / s e e .
In a c c o r d a n c e with c o m b u s t i o n t h e o r y [15], f o r s t r o n g t u r b u l e n c e of the j e t in the d o m a i n Re > Re* the
t u r b u l e n t b u r n i n g r a t e is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r : u T ~ Re. T h e n f r o m the r e l a t i o n
u r / u f N Re/Re*
at
Re/Re* i> 1
(7)
Urmax N //f ~
tJf w*r*dc
=
Re*
vr
(8)
'
We o b t a i n a s
h ~ v, Re* %
u f w~*"
(9)
h= 0185-v.r Re*
- / wT l),
w h i c h is v a l i d f o r a l l the i n v e s t i g a t e d f u e l s (see F i g . 4).
s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 1.
The characteristics
(10)
of the i n v e s t i g a t e d f u e l s a r e
602
160 ] h,
TIlm
120
./
F i g . 6. D i s t a n c e f r o m n o z z l e to b a s e of
lifted hydrogen flame versus discharge
v e l o c i t y , T O = T~- = 300~
Experiment a l : 1)Po = 1 0 0 k P a , d c = 1 . 5 m m ; 2)Po =
7 7 k P a , dc = l . 5 m m ;
3) Po = 3 0 k p a ,
dc = 3 m m ; 4) Po = 30 k P a , dc = 1.5 m m ;
5) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (10) f o r w~-*= c o n s t ,
uf = c o n s t , T~. = T O = 300~
+2
=30 kPa
80
600
tO00
14oo
1800 w ,
m/sec
(11)
c a n b e t a k e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y a s the l i m i t i n g r e l a t i v e s t a n d o f f d i s t a n c e ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g to c r i t i c a l m i s m a t c h ) ; t h i s
r e l a t i o n is v a l i d f o r both s u b s o n i c a n d s u p e r s o n i c f u e l flow.
It is m o s t n o t i c e a b l e t h a t the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g d o e s not f o l l o w the s u r f a c e a = 1 f o r h / l s > 0.5; its r a d i a l
c o o r d i n a t e i n c r e a s e s s t e a d i l y with w T and h, and the c o o r d i n a t e of the s t o i c h i o m e t r i c s u r f a c e in the s e c o n d half
of i s d e c r e a s e s .
F o l l o w i n g the s u r f a c e of m a x i m u m f l u c t u a t i o n s (w' = Wmax),' the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g d e s c e n d s
with the o p t i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e l a t i o n s (C~min to a m a x ) , and t h i s s t a n d o f f d i s t a n c e c a u s e s u T m a x to d e c r e a s e
in the d o m a i n of l e a n m i x t u r e s (a = 1.5 to 2) and u l t i m a t e l y r e s u l t s in e x t i n c t i o n of the f l a m e (blowoff).
T h e l e n g t h l s of the s t o i c h i o m e t r i c s u r f a c e of the i s o b a r i c p a r t of the j e t is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the i n t e g r a l
r e l a t i o n s of t h e t h e o r y of t u r b u l e n t j e t s . In a c c o r d a n c e with the d e c r e a s e in c o n c e n t r a t i o n on the j e t a x i s f o r
(Cm)a= 1 = 1/(1 + L 0) = Cs the l e n g t h
.5c, +Lo/.d
= 5,5
(12
Po _ RTTv
PT
Ro%
~ (~T) =
-o*~'~ (~.~).
uf ~1-' ~L
dc<doc=O.051 ,,TRy*
~,
] / C~,.
( , . ~ )9( w
I,,1
(13)
603
2000 ~-
~-~
oo )Ii
o
,o
20
4o
6o
~oo
8o
(T~
= T O = 300~
o r d i r e c t l y in the e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m e a s u r e d c o o r d i n a t e s ,
A-P~
for
p)=const,
T~=const,
,. "
.__~-_ ~ . . . .
,
,--@,4----fi
; .I
.~o ~ , - - j L ~ K = :
,o-q
.~
i3.'-:,~.t__-~
I i]!
I#-I
~1;
jd
,o-,l 2 Te
~.~]
o
he?
I~,l
ij
~ i
t
"
~
to-.~
I
.I
0)2 0,5 'I 2
5 10 '20 ,50
lO-~'dc" Po ' ram" kPa
F i g . 8. B o u n d a r i e s of i n s t a b i l i t y d o m a i n s f o r
f l a m e s of v a r i o u s f u e l s a t T~- = T o = 300~
Po = v a t ; 1) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (13), c o n v e r g e n t
n o z z l e ; 2) c a l c u l a t e d f o r k c = v a r , Pc = Po
(" n o m i n a l " flow).
604
CONCLUSIONS
1. The standoff distance of the stabilization ring of the b a s e of a lifted f l a m e i n c r e a s e s along the s u r f a c e
of m a x i m u m v e l o c i t y fluctuations, c a u s i n g it to stand off f r o m the s u r f a c e of s t o i c h i o m e t r i c composition in the
direction of lean fuel m i x t u r e s and finally resulting in extinction.
2. T h e r e is a limiting value of the injection nozzle d i a m e t e r (determined by the fuel composition, a m bient p r e s s u r e , fuel t e m p e r a t u r e , and ambient t e m p e r a t u r e ) , above which absolute stability of the lifted f l a m e
is e n s u r e d f o r any v e l o c i t i e s .
3. A stability model has been proposed, along with analytical relations, making it possible to d e t e r m i n e
the domain of f l a m e instability f o r subsonic and supersonic fuel s t r e a m s discharging into a s t a t i o n a r y s u r rounding a i r space.
The authors a r e indebted to V. R. Kuznetsov f o r suggestions in the c o u r s e of a discussion.
LITERATURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
CITED
605