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Title:
Pile Foundation Design for Type A-E Tangent Tower 00- 20
At AM31-AM32 in the river Chitral :
Table of contents:
1. DESIGN LOADS COMPUTATIONS:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Vertical Dead Loads
1.3 Seismic Loads
1.4 E/Wire and Conductors Loads
1.5 Longitudinal Loads
1.6 Wind Loads
1.7 Snow/Ice Loads
1.8 Loads Combinations
1.9 Tower Geometry and Loads
2. GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Transmission Line Route Soil Profile
2.3 Purpose and Scope of Work
2.4 Climate and Metrological Data
2.5 Exploratory Borings and Sampling
2.6 Test-pits and Sampling
2.7 Laboratory Testing
2.8 Geotechnical Evaluations
2.9 Allowable Bearing Capacity
2.10Foundation Design Recommendations
2.11General Comments and Limitations.
Page:
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Page 1
Page 3
And is applied at geometric Centre,1/3 of height above bottom=
1.400/3=0.467m above bottom
Middle Cross-arm-Y: both wings
Legs/bracing L65x65x6 5.96Kgm x 43.375 x2=517 Kg
Add 5 % for attachments such gusset plates, laps etc
Total Dy= 543Kg =5.4KN
And is applied at geometric Centre,1/3 of height above bottom=
1.700/3=0.567m above bottom
Lower Cross-arm-B: both wings
Legs/bracing L65x65x6 5.96Kgm x 45.468 x2=542 Kg
Add 5 % for attachments such gusset plates, laps etc
Total Db= 570Kg =5.7KN
And is applied at geometric Centre,1/3 of height above bottom=
1.700/3=0.567m above bottom
iv ) Tower basic body skirt:
Upper half:
Legs L130x130x11/12
= 991 Kg
Bracing L60x60x5/L65x65x6 = 1123 Kg .
=2114 Kg
Add 5 % for attachments such gusset plates, laps etc
Total D3= 2220Kg =22.2KN
And is applied at centre of mass, which lies at geometric
Centre,1/3 of height above bottom=4.767m
Lower half:
Legs L150x150x11/12
Bracing L75x75x6
= 1234 Kg
= 2207 Kg .
=3441Kg
Add 5 % for attachments such gusset plates, laps etc
Total D4= 3613Kg =36.1KN
And is applied at centre of mass, which lies at geometric
Centre,1/3 of height above bottom=5.09m
v ) Leg Extension of 8.0m:
Legs L150x150x12
Bracing L75x75x6
= 947 Kg
= 3931 Kg .
=4878 Kg
Page 4
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Page 7
V) Leg Extension:
Vertical projected area of legs and bracing = 25.2 m2.
Resultant wind force W4 = 25.2x1.533 = 38.6KN
Acting at geometric centre 5.333 above bottom.
Looking at wind forces and earthquake forces acting at
common points shown on Loads drawing clearly indicate
that wind forces significantly prevail over earthquake forces.
So the design of the tower and its foundation shall be governed
by the wind loads combinations with other loads. Hence in
design load combinations earthquake forces shall not be
considered.
1.7 Snow/Ice Loads:
They are blown off and their dead loads are insignificant in face of
critical speed wind blowing.
1.8 Load Combinations:
Case-I: All conductors and earthwire installed and intact, wind
transverse at normal:
SUMMERY OF FORCES:
Loads/forces transferred to the tower base:
Total Vertical loads :
Cols. A & B Cols. C & D
D wt. of tower and cross arms: + 36.6KN
+ 36.6KN
D wt. of Ewire and conductors: + 20.0KN
+ 20.0KN
+384.4KN
+242.7IN
+683.7IN
Page 8
- 485.3
+485.3
- 384.3
0
+384.3
-813.2KN + 56.6 +926.0
+71.0
+38.2
+109.2
+71.0
+38.2
+109.2
D
+ 36.6
+ 20.0
0
0
+56.6
+71.0
+38.2
+109.2
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
2. GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS;
2.1. Introduction:
The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) has undertaken the
construction of the Golen Gol Hydropower Project in the valley of Chitral (KPK
Province of Pakistan). It is about 30km upstream of Chitral town and 405km from
Islamabad. The project is to provide Procurement, Design, Supply, Construction,
Erection, Testing and Commissioning of the following four components:i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
The main objective of the transmission line project is the dispersal of the generation
of 108 MW electricity to be generated by hydropower project at Golen Gol. This will
bring a bit relief to the increasing demand of electricity in the country.
Page 13
This project has been awarded to NETRACON-NEIE/HOLLEY Consortium. The
consultants for this project are Golen Gol Hydropower Project Consultants a joint
venture of FICHTNER, PES, DMC and BAK. This report specifically deals with the
recommendations of the Soil Characteristics essentially required for the design of
foundations for various types of towers of the transmission line between Golen Gol
Hydropower Plant and Chitral Grid Station.
iii.
analysis of the data gathered in the field and laboratory including preparation
of geotechnical report.
This report contains brief description of various phases of the exploration and of the
subsurface soil strata encountered during the investigation. Boreholes , test pits logs
and laboratory test results are presented under Appendices following the text.
instead CPT- Cone Penetration TestASTM D3441, were performed replacing split
spoon sampler with dummy solid cone, at every one meter interval.
Detailed description of the subsurface soils encountered and the depths at which
samples were taken are given on the borehole logs presented under Appendix-A.
Atterberg Limits
Bulk Density
Page 16
SOIL ROFILE
PROFILE
NAME/GENERIC
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Velocity, VS
Penetration Test, N
strength, NU psf
feet /second
[ or NCH for
(kPa)
(m/s)
cohesionless soil
layers}
(blows/foot )
SA
Hard Rock
>5000
SB
Rock
(1500)
2500 to 5000
SC
SD
__
___
(760 to 1500)
1200 to 2500
> 50
>2000
Rock
Stiff Soil Profile
(360 to 760)
600 to 1200
15 to 50
(100)
1000 to 2000
SE
(180 to 360)
< 600
<15
(50 to 100)
<1000
SF
(180 )
Soil Requiring Site specific Evaluation
(50 )
Exception: When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine
the soil profile type, Type SD should be used.
The classified soil- poorly graded sand subgroup SP ; and from bore logs average
number of blows of SPT/CPT are 15 to 50. This data enables us to find the right type
of foundation profile by referring to Table 16-j of soil profile types. We are able to
select stiff soil profile SD. And the corresponding seismic coefficient can be worked
out as per UBC Code 1997.
SECTION 1809- FOUNDATION CONSTRUSTION- IN THE SEISMIC ZONES
3 AND 4:Page 17
In seismic Zones 3 and 4 the further requirements of this section shall apply to the
design and construction of foundations, foundation components, and the connection
of supper structure elements to the foundation.
District Chitral is located in the highest seismic activity area i.e. Zone 4 on the basis
of Revised Seismic Provisions of Building Code of Pakistan (2007). This corresponds
to peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.32g.
Page 18
Since with wind or earthquake load combinations an increase of 33.33% is
permissible therefore the net allowable working bearing capacity is
qa = 1.5 x 1.333 = 2 Tons per ft2.
Bulk density tests given in the Appendix-B give:
Bulk Density = 2.6 gm/cm3 = 26 kN/m3
Ground Water Table (GWT): Submerged conditions..
Shear Strength:
A number of direct shear tests on disturbed samples extracted from 5m and 30m
depth have been performed in the laboratory. The sum-up of all the direct shear tests
is:Cohesion c = 0.0 KPa.
Angle of shear resistance = 300. .
Since with wind or earthquake load combinations an increase of 33.33% is
permissible.
2.10 Foundation Design Recommendations:This tower foundation has been decided to pile foundation because it would be
lying in the running river Chitral. Additional loads due to river water flow and
submerged conditions have to be considered. Pile Foundation Design Calculations
are presented in detail in the next section 3.hereaftfer.
The analysis and recommendations submitted in this report are based on the
site information, results gathered from borings and test pits at the location of
tower as shown on the Route Plan Appendix-C. There may be slight variation
of these locations. Hence, all construction operations of earthwork and
foundations be carried out by the qualified and experienced personnel.
If there is substantial changes of conditions due to natural causes or
construction activities at or around the site, this report essentially be got
reviewed to determine the applicability of the conclusions and
recommendations already reported.
This report has been specifically prepared for the design of pile foundation of
220kV Type A-E Tangent Tower 00 -20 angle located, as stated earlier, at M31
AM32. of 132kV Transmission Line from Golen Gol Hydropower Plant to
Juti Lusht of this Project (Lot-4) Pakaage-1 only. The geological data, test
results and elaboration statements should not be used for any other structure
and site.
Page 19
for many unknown factors not catered for and extreme perpetual
aggressive environment.
River bed level at site -7.000m.
Pile embedment into the below river bed = 40m.
Soil characteristics determined /ascertained in the Section-2:
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS; are:Bulk density = 2.6gm/cm3 = 26KN/m3.
Cohesion: C = 0.0 kPa Angle of Internal Friction = 25
Submerged = 2.6/2 = 1.3gm/cm3 = 13KN/m3.
3.3 Pile effective Dead Wt. and Skin Friction Capacity
for uplift stability.
Pile cross section area A=1.2202/4 = 1.169m2..
Pile submerged mass.: 1.169x50x23/2 = 672KN
Skin friction capacity of embedded length of the Pile:
is given by:
Qult =2RL(z+q)ktan
Where: Qult =Ultimate capacity.
R = radius =0.610m
L= Total embedded length =40.0m
Z= depth of embedded length c.g.=20.0m
= unit mass of soil .
dryness of soil around pile shaft in flood is doubtful.
To be on the safer side consider submerged unit mass
of the soil= 26/2 =13KN/m3
q= permanent surcharge load = 0.0
k= lateral earth pressure coefficient = 1
= angle of internal friction 250.
Qult = 18575KN
For allowable skin friction capacity activated for uplift
Stability cannot be much relied upon and the failure could be
Disastrous, Hence, much higher reliable factor of safety is
Warranted. Safely consider FOS as 5. Therefore:Qa = 18575/5 = 3715KN
Total uplift resisting force available = 3715+ 672 KN
= 4387N
FOS for uplift stability is 4387/813 = 5.4 > 3
O.K .
Page 21
= 0.5x28x1.169x106 + 0.67x12867x414
103
=11456
+ 3569
=15025KN
With reduction factor Pu=0.85x15025= 12771KN
Pa= 12771/3KN
= 4257KN>> 1171KN
3.7
O.K .
Z0 = 0.91
960 KN
1.2N/mm2
600 x 1350
Page 24
With 5- 25
P =
2455 x 100
600x 1350
= 1.5 %
Vc = 0.9 N/ mm2
Use pairs of 2 10 stirrups
@ = 78.5x4x0.87x276 = 209 mm
600( 1.5 - 0.9 )
Use pairs of 2 10 stirrups 10 stirrups @ 200 throughout
2. Beam B2:
bxd =500x1000 mm .
Dead load D=0.5x1.0x24
=12KN/m
For bracing beam B2 to be extra strong
Consider additional live load L=50KN/m
Factored load U= 1.4x12+1.6x50=100KN/m
M= 100x52/8 = 313KNm
Mu= 0.9x0.2f cbd2 = 1821> > 188KNm O.K .
M/Mu= 313 = 0.2
1821
Z0 = 0.91
250 KN
0.6N/mm2
Page 25
With 4- 25
P =
1964 x 100
= 0.5 %
500x 850
Vc = 0.9 N/ mm2 >0.6N/mm2O.K .
no shear stirrups required
Use pairs of 2 10 stirrups @300 throughout
3.8
Tower leg stub anchorage:
Tower leg stub anchor base plate 300x300 down into the concrete
2000mm. Tower leg stub and its base plate strong enough (by
steel tower designer ) needs to be checked for its pullout from the
concrete . Concrete pullout cone is 600mm radius and 2000 mm
vertical height;
Therefore shear rupture surface =rs = 600x2088= 4x106 mm2.
Ultimate shear strength vc= 0.9N/mm2.
Pullout resisting force Pult = 0.9x4x106 =3600KN.
Pa = 3600/3 =1200KN >813KN O.K .
3.9
Scour consideration:
Page 26
REFERENCES:
1. Bowles, Joseph E. Foundation Analysis and
Design ed.5th, New York: McGraw.
2. Uniform Building Code-12997: Volume 2.
3. Dunham, Clarence W. Foundations of
Structures. New York: McGraw
4. Gaylord, Edwin H. Jr., and Charles N, Gaylord,
Structural Engineering Handbook. New York:
McGraw.
5. Foundation Design by Wayne C. Teng,.
6. Reinforced Concrete Design by Noel J. Everard
and John L. Tanner New York: McGraw
7. Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook..
10th Ed by Charles E. Reynolds and James
C, Steedman.
Report prepared by:
Engr.Dr Iqbal M. Sahotra
Director Engineering POIS Consultants