ME 6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW
PART A
1. Define Zeroth law of thermodynamics? [April/May - 2015]
It states, When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with the third
system separately, then themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2. Define Thermodynamic Equilibrium? [May/June - 2014]
A system is said to be in thermodynamically equilibrium when there is no
change in any macroscopic property of the system. i.e. the temperature and
pressure at all points should be same, there should be no velocity gradient there
should be no chemical reactions.
3. Define Extensive Property? [Nov/Dec - 2013]
Extensive Property is the thermodynamic properties depend upon the mass of
the system. Example: Mass, Volume, Total energy etc..,
4. What is meant by quasi-static process in thermodynamics? [Nov/Dec
- 2012]
A system passes through an infinite number of continuous equilibrium states
and attains the original state when the process is reversed. This process is called
as quasi-static process. This process follows a successive thermodynamic
equilibrium process, thus it is reversible process. It is very low process.
5. List the limitations of First law of thermodynamics? [Nov/Dec -2012]
First law of thermodynamics does not specify the direction of flow of heat
and mass
The heat and work are mutually convertible.
6. What is PMMI? Why it is impossible? [May/June - 2012]
PMMI is the first temperature delivers work continuously without any input. It
violates first law of thermodynamics. It is impossible to construct an engine
working with this principle.
7. What is microscopic approach in thermodynamics? [Nov/Dec - 2013]
A matter consists of myriads of molecules the properties of matter such as
pressure, velocity, position and energy of individual molecules.
8. Define Flow Energy? [May/June 2013]
It is the energy associated with the flow of mass across the boundaries of a
system

Flow Energy = P x V

(N-m)

9. Distinguish between Macroscopic energy and Microscopic energy?

[Nov/Dec - 2012]
Macroscopic Energy
Instead of studying parameters at
molecular level, the behavior of total
system in terms of properties.

10.
Differentiate
[May/June - 2014]

between

Microscopic Energy
A matter consists of myriads of
molecules, the properties of matter
such as pressure, velocity, position
and energy etc.,

point

function

Point Function
The quantity which is independent on
the process or path followed by the
system.
Example: Pressure, Volume, Temperature
etc.,

and

path

function?

Path Function
The quantity dependent on the process
or path followed by the system.
Example: Heat transfer, work transfer
etc.,

11.
State the first law for a closed system undergoing a process
and a cycle? [April/May - 2015]
The first law of thermodynamics deals with this work and energy transfer and
states that in any cyclic process the net heat supplied from the surroundings in
directly proportional to the net work done by the system on its surroundings.
i.e.

dQ dW
12.

Define the term Enthalpy? [May/June - 2013]

The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy.

H = U x PV

(KJ)

13.
What are the conditions for steady flow process? [May/June 2013]
In a steady flow process, the working fluid enters the system and leaves to
atmosphere after doing work. In this system, both the energy and mass cross the
boundary.
Example: Steady flow process applied to various systems like boilers, turbine,
compressor etc.

14.
Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? [April/May 2015]
A fluid is allowed to expand suddenly into a vacuum chamber through an
orifice of large dimension, it is known as free expansion.
15.
Distinguish between the term State and Process of
thermodynamics?
State
It is condition of the system at an instant
of time
It is a fixed one

Process
It occurs when the system undergoes a
change
It is variable one

PART B
1. A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives steam at
the following state:
3

Pressure 13.8bar; Specific volume 0.143 m /kg ;

Internal energy

2590 KJ/Kg; Velocity 30m/s.

The state of the steam leaving the turbine is:
3

Pressure 0.35bar; Specific Volume 4.37 m /kg ;

Internal energy

2360KJ/Kg; Velocity 90m/s.

Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.25KJ/s. If the rate of
steam flow is 0.38Kg/. What is the power developed by the turbine.
[April/May - 2015]
Given:
At steam Entering,

P1 = 13.8 bar = 13.8 x

V1

= 0.143

U1

= 2590 KJ/Kg

C1

= 30m/s

10

KN/ m

102

KN/ m

m 3 /kg

At steam Leaving,

P2 = 0.35 bar = 0.35 x

V2

= 4.37

U2

= 2360 KJ/Kg

C2

= 90m/s

m /kg

Heat lost, Q = 0.25 KJ/s

Steam rate, m = 0.38 Kg/s
To find:
Power (P) =?
Solution:
The equation of steady state is,

z
g 1 +

C 12
2

U 1 + P1 V 1 ) + Q = g z 2 +
+(

C 22
2

U2 +

+(

P2 V 2 ) + W
Assume

z1 =

30
[9.81+ 2

z2

+ (2590 + (13.8 x 10

(2360 + (0.35 x 10

90
x 0.143))] - 0.25 = [9.81+ 2

x 4.37))] + W

W = KJ
2. Derive the steady flow energy equation and reduce it for a turbine,
pump, nozzle and a heat exchanger. [Nov/Dec - 2013]

P1 = Pressure of working substance entering the system

V1

= Specific volume of working substance

U1

= Specific Internal Energy

C1

= Velocity of working substance

Z1

= Height above the datum level

P2 , V 2
Q

U2

C2

Z 1 = Corresponding values of working substance

= Heat supplied to system

W = Work developed by system

Total energy at Entering = P.E + K.E + U.E + F.E + Heat energy

z
=g 1 +

C 12
2

+(

U 1 + P1 V 1 ) + Q

Total energy at Leaving = P.E + K.E + U.E + F.E + Work done

C 22
2

z
=g 2 +

U 2 + P2 V 2 ) + W

+(

Total energy entering and leaving,

z
g 1 +

C 12
2

U 1 + P1 V 1 ) + Q = g z 2 +
+(

C 22
2

+(

U 2 + P2 V 2 )

+W
We know that,
H = U + PV

z
g 1 +

C 12
2

H 1 + Q = g z2 +

C 22
2

H2 +

W
Multiply m on both sides,

C 12
2

z
m [g 1 +

H 1 + Q] = m [g z 2 +

C 22
2

H 2 + W]
g z1
m [ 1000
C 22
2000

C1
2000

g z2
H 1 + Q] = m [
1000 +

H 2 + W]

C22C 12

h1h2 )

=2(

C2

C2

2 ( h h ) +C
1

2
1

2 ( h h )
1

3. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger up to

750C from ambient temperature of 27C. Hot air then enters into
gas turbine with the velocity of 50m/s and leaves at 600C. Air
leaving turbine enters a nozzle at 60m/s velocity and leaves nozzle
at temperature of 500C. For unit mass flow rate of air, determine
the following assuming adiabatic expansion in turbine and nozzle.
i.
Heat transfer to air in heat exchanger
ii.
Power output from turbine

iii.

Velocity of exit of nozzle. Take

[May/June - 2014]

Given:

T1

= 27C = 300K

T2

= 750C = 1023K

C1

T3

= 600C = 873K

C3

= 60m/s

T4

= 500C = 773K

m=1 kg

C2

= 50m/s

Cp

= 1.005 KJ/Kg K