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INTRODUCTION
With the advances in sensing, transmission, and visualization technology, 3D information has
become increasingly incorporated into real-world applications, from architecture, entertainment,
and manufacturing to security. One of the fundamental requirements of these applications is the
estimation of scene depth information, preferably in real time. Fields such as computer vision,
computer graphics, and robotics have studied the extraction of 3D information for more than
three decades, but it remains a challenging problem. Multimedia researchers must take the
imperfectness of depth information and other multisensory information into consideration when
designing their systems, making it a unique research opportunity. This special issue offers an
overview of recent advances in 3D acquisition systems and the many multimedia applications
that can benefit from 3D integration and understanding.
Stereoscopy is the production of the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other
two-dimensional image by presenting a slightly different image to each eye, and thereby adding
the first of these cues (stereopsis) as well. Both of the 2D offset images are then combined in the
brain to give the perception of 3D depth. It is important to note that since all points in the image
focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene, the second cue, focus, is
still not duplicated and therefore the illusion of depth is incomplete. There are also primarily two
effects of stereoscopy that are unnatural for the human vision: first, the mismatch between
convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived
position in front of or behind the display or screen and the real origin of that light and second,
possible crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation by some methods.
Different types of 3D image techniques are Holography, Flash Lidar, Wiggle stereoscopy,
volumetric displays, Anaglyph technique, Chroma depth and Auto stereoscopy. The details of
each technique is discussed below.
2. STEREOSCOPY
Holography
3D liar/ Flash liar
Wiggle stereoscopy
Volumetric displays
Anaglyph Technique
Chroma depth
Auto stereoscopy
3. HOLOGRAPHY
3.1 Invention
The first hologram was made in 1947 by Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-born scientist who
was working at the Imperial College of London. Gabor was attempting to refine the design of an
electron microscope. He devised a new technique, which he decided to test with a filtered light
beam before trying it with an electron beam. Gabor made a transmission hologram by carefully
filtering his light source, but the process did not become practical until technology provided a
way to produce coherent light-light that consists of a single frequency and a single wavelength.
Hologram production took off with the invention of the laser in 1960, as a laser generates light
that is of a single color (frequency) and produces waves that travel in phase with one another. In
1962, using a laser to replicate Gabor's holography experiment, Emmett Leitch and Juris
Upatnieks of the University of Michigan produced a transmission hologram of a toy train and a
bird. The image was clear and three-dimensional, but it could only be viewed by illuminating it
with a laser
While other part of splitted beam (transmitted from beam splitter) strikes on the
photographic plate after suffering reflection from the various points of object. This beam is
called object beam .The object beam reflected from the object interferes with the reference beam
when both the beams reach the photographic plate. The superposition of these two beams
produces an interference pattern (in the form of dark and bright fringes) and this pattern is
recorded on the photographic plate. The photographic plate with recorded interference pattern is
called hologram. Photographic plate is also known as Gabor zone plate in honour of Denis Gabor
who developed the phenomenon of holography. Each and every part of the hologram receives
light from various points of the object. Thus, even if hologram is broken into parts, each part is
capable of reconstructing the whole object.
Fig 3.2.1
Fig 3.2.2
3.3.1 Recording hologram: The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The
beam of light hits the beam splitter, which is a semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two:
an object beam and a reference beam. The object beam is widened by a beam spreader
(expanding lens) and the light is reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic
plate. The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the light reflects off a mirror
and shines on the photographic plate.
The reference and object beams meet at the photographic plate and create the interference
pattern that records the amplitude and phase of the resultant wave
3.3.2 Reconstruction: A reconstruction beam of light is used to reconstruct the object wave
front. The reconstruction beam is positioned at the same angle as the illuminating beam that was
used during the recording phase. The virtual image appears behind the hologram at the same
position as the object.
Advantages of Holography
a) It increased feasibility (Depth) of the object.
b) It enables the achievement of multiple images on single plate and 3D images.
c) It is cost effective and high storage capacity.
Disadvantages of Holography
a) It provides static image and do not produce image of complex movement.
b) It require complicated precise machinery to produce and view image.
advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of
just the surface.
Security
Security holograms are very difficult to forge, because they are replicated from a master
hologram that requires expensive, specialized and technologically advanced equipment. They are
used widely in many currencies, such as the Brazilian 20, 50, and 100-reais notes ; British 5, 10,
and 20-pound notes; South Korean 5000, 10,000, and 50,000-won notes; Japanese 5000 and
10,000 yen notes, India 50,100,500, and 1000 rupee notes; and all the currently-circulating
banknotes of the Canadian dollar, Danish krone, and Euro. They can also be found in credit and
bank cards as well as passports, ID cards, books, DVDs, and sports equipment.
The 3D scanner is used to create a point cloud of geometric samples on the surface of the
subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process
called reconstruction). If color information is collected at each point, then the colors on the
surface of the subject can also be determined.
TABEL 4.1 List of program for point clouds
Manufacturer
Agisoft
Photogrammetry
yes
Scan
data Import
import
formats
no
photo
Processing
Export formats
meshing
Point
data,
Autodesk
yes
no
photo
meshing
DSM/DTM
Autodesk cloud
Pix4D
yes
no
photo
meshing
jpg, meshing
CAD
Point data, DSM,
Drone Mapper
yes
no
Photo,
tif, multispec
KMZ formats
intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the three-dimensional location of the
point. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information about the scene that is
known a priori, for example symmetries, in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3-D
coordinates from only one camera position. Stereo photogrammetry is emerging as a robust noncontacting measurement technique to determine dynamic characteristics and mode shapes of
non- rotating and rotating structures.
4.2 Applications
Benefits for Helicopter Operations Fortunately, the same type of analysis applies to
helicopter navigation. However, with the increased use of commercial helicopters for news and
traffic monitoring, medical evacuation and police rescue, theres an added challenge to clear
obstacles in urban areas, as well as remote areas that arent near an airport. Indeed, several recent
helicopter crashes have shown the need for such obstacle studies. Results are achieved by
collecting stereo imagery in the vicinity of the areas where the helicopter is flying following the
steps for runway analysis, and applying these same principles and additional specifications for
helicopter landing zones to define surfaces and plot obstacles. This allows safer helicopter
operations to hospitals, police stations, news organizations and other nontraditional landing
zones. Once the analysis is complete, 3-D visualization is used to train pilots on the correct
procedure to avoid potentially hazardous obstacles.
For military operations that occur in mountainous areas such as Afghanistan and northern
Iraq, there are numerous helicopter missions in search of elusive enemies. The same technology
used to develop safe arrival and departure routes into friendly areas also can be used to develop
arrival and departure paths into hostile territory. Aerial imagery is scarce in this context, but
satellite imagery can be combined with applications such as ClearFlite to develop more precise
terrain and obstacle models at landing zones and other adhoc forward operating areas. Such
applications provide military aviators with a significantly higher margin of safety from terrain
and man-made obstacles in their paths, particularly when hostile forces preclude the ability to
conduct ground surveys of any kind. Moreover, 3-D visualization of the surface and potentially
hazardous obstacles can be used to provide pilots with permission training.