Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Applied
Electromagnetism
SECOND EDITION
Shen
Huang
solutions
Manual
for
Shen and Kong's
APPLIED
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Second Edition
by
f]~
He
PWS-KENT
Publishing
Company
20Puk Pl~u
Bolton. ~tusa,husms
Copyright <01987
02116
.'
by PWS Publishers.
Company
is a division of Wadsworth,
ISBN 0-534-07621-1
Inc.
CONTENTS
"
Chapter 1
Complex Vectors
Chapter 2
Maxwell's
Equations
Chapter 3
Uniform
Plane Waves
Chapter 4
Reflection
of Waves
and Transmission
Chapter 5
Waveguides
and Resonators
Chapter 6
Transmission
Chapter 7
Antennas
25
Chapter 8
Topics in Waves
30
Chapter 9
Electrostatic
Fields
32
Chapter 10
Electric
36
Chapter 11
Solution
Techniques
40
Chapter 12
Direct Currents
44
Chapter 13
Magnetostatic
49
Chapter 14
Magnetic
Magnetic
12
Lines
20
Fields
Materials
Circuits
16
and
54
Chapter 15
Electroquasistatic
Fields
56
Chapter 16
Magnetoquasistatic
Fields
58
17
lectors
Problems
~Rand
Their
Example 1.20
Consider the two vectors A ~ i+ if and B - it ;y. (They are actually the same
vector.) We find that A x 8 - 0 and that A " B - O. Are the two vectors parallel to
each other or perpendicular
Loeach other?
wI
SoJution:
-z2;
Problems
(1.19)
1.1 Let
0-
8+
the answer
to half
"B. B*.
ter
;2 and h - -3 + j. Calculate
in real and imaginary parts,
the
of a''''. where
-1.4
1.5 Consider
the equation
always
J.
;.
and lellul
(1 + jo/2).
1. Show
7.
~.8
(1.20)
VIt)-6coslwt+
f(tj- -8sinfwt)
of the following
time-harmonic
root of (1
jo) is
root of (1 + jal is
71'/41
AII)=3sin(wt)
2 cos 1",1)
c.:p)=ncos(120J!'I-lf/2)
Oft) ~ 1 - cos (WI)
lI(t) - sin Iwl + '71'/3) sin fwt
J!'/6)
trus?
1.7 Let a be a positive real number. and let a 1. Show that the square
approximately
equal to ;t (1 I ;)(0/2)112.
JoJe have
-z2. and
tare
equal to 1.
z" - 1 T
-domaln
wand
real numbers.
* Re{VU
18
1.11
L~tA - -fl)1 +
B,lb)A
Complex Vectors
n, lclA
B, and
(d) A x B.
-1.12
Find the angle between A and B that are given in Problem 1.11.
iJ V(I) _ jwV
at
0)1 + 9y
5x -
8y
1.17 Show that the definition of the dot product V V given by (1.10a) is equivalent to
that given by (1.10b). To simplify the algebra, you may choose the coordinates so
that the x axis is along V and the z axis is perpendicular to both V and V. In other
words, let V = oX and V = M + cy .
.;1.18 Prove
approach
suggested
in the text.
1.19 Show that the definition of the cross product V x U given by (1.12) is equivaJenttu
that given hy (1.14). To simplify the algebra, do what is suggested in Problem 1.17.
-1.20
Figure Pl.20 shows that a vector V is along the x axis and a vector U is on the xy
plane forming a 1:150 angle with the x axis. The magnitudes of these vectors are v
and u, respectively. Use (1. J 4) to express V x U in terms v and u. Now, we can also
say that the angle between V and U is 225. Use (1.14) and explain why the vector
V x U is the same whether or not we choose the angle between them to he 1350 01'
225'. Iliot: Follow the right-hand rule. In determining tho direction vector a, your
fingers must always point from V to V in the direction you measure the angle between them.
vectors:
From the following complex vectors, find CIt) in terms of wI: (0) C - )1 f - jkz)x I i exp (jkz)Y.
;9, (b) C -
Problems
1.25
19
LetA-~+W+(1
+ i2)2,andletB=-~-(1
(c) A . B, ami (d) A x B.
j2)y
I jz.Find(o)A+B.[b)A-B.
Flgur. Pl.20
1.26 Find A . A am} Re (A x B "j for the values of A and B given in Prohlem 1.25.
1.27 Sketch the trace of the tip of the vector A(t). where (0) A + j3y.
4x
x + j2y
and B -
2x I
x-
jyand
where (b) A-
!.:!.
(4.) ~ ... b a
S''''J3
~-.k
OJ
!J.
f1:.
h!..
c II+j
B:..~. 2~.()8LI7S,'I',
Soil!. c ~.tl L-I4-7.~J
He I ej4IJtJ (DSlNtoJ I,." [ejwt'J SI~W't ,I e,iutJ =1
(4) ye s (b> yes
(c) yes
=:r. TPiI)
= ['+i()'a.)+-ja.1+1
(l+jA)~
/.;1 a,/,
J.:.!
1:1
,g/b. =-2.Z-jl.4
(i)
-3-#-;' =3.1'1161.S7~
!:.!..
g,'.I!..-J~4ojz.
(C)
(I+J(J,.)~
= 6 e .;~
(o.) ~
::;[J(a.)'I,.
~ (Ja.)J(
I j 8
(b)
~C.)
Re{(J-tj)ejwtJ
CC"t)/i't.{4.eJ'Qejwt}
C Cot)
I:
/?t
[3 eJ ~
.d -j 3'" 2
t'f
/4.//
"
= -j"
Cd)
yz
(f; (hll'0lSZ61e.
impC5~i.6/e.
(e)
US(wt~~)
.tf.~l(W~+O.e)
eJwt
aD/
= :t(J+j)(%)~
IVI'ej1n.ejio>t1
eRe
(a.) CC-e)(b)
(c.)
I I+j(%>}
~:t
"11.
1c
:3 ~$( I4Jt
4 C_lJ$(t..Je .~. S)
-# ~)
<tI)
1./1
;<
#.
A1C8= 23X+229~/4Z
- i I : J U6
IA I '" 1- a ~ + q y
A'a-,::
CcSJ.:
-S"S'
JAil 8
, 161::
t3~
Vl-t)::
:. reVtt)C:
L,t
V. C()5(wt
+;)
J.I~
'X;"'IJY
"
= Rc f~
ej~ejl.Jt
I::
.(ii
fit! ~ ejwt
'~
Rt. [j 'lowe
'I
(.. e ~ -1 d) ;
D
2X-S~50
CA.,c,
x=';~
wAert.
Aho IA/::.I
r 14S
1Y T ,
,', -21-8J o
C=:tr.b(9;~BY)
tv\4:/.
r/4S
A'I C =
9., 3 i I :
= -Vow S/~(Wt.,.)
C.J.A
:.
c=~;
Let
4-
e Jl.4Jt
J ~
.!C
It:
;.
/1
A ~
+ (~X - S) )
A x c;:
'"
A=-8lf"'QY-l!
:.
Vo e
~z""\"1
=? (fJ.:
- ..
r,..
wAt.re, A 5 ~ - 8
-I'
* ~.{~~
')(Z.,.~2+ '}l;:/
I
c.:: ~ fti
C 5)(,.. -
V.we
iiJ
" ....
~#-4)
S'l~8"o
8""t IC:I:./
j~
J _;
jwv.tj~;:jW~
C'A--8x-+q~:;'lJ
... ;K::t~-
I 2:-
= -".84-~
'AfiiI
~
d
Wt): -rt[Voco!'(W~"'~)J
!:.!1 ft
/,14
,'1(~',4:+ ,,+);/
8 r + 2 i)
"
....
.f
. ",.~2
_V'ij
~
"
a
ji
JOt
'1:r:.:t.:Js
+ ("1.-2,)J
AB = {-/-I)x+f)-o)J
.: -2X
..n
- 4J
=(-2X'" 3:J~-
L!..1 0. 100...)
~wt'
J,'{tJ
(..OJ
.~ V'U
C.
A.
8-:;
A.J
f,'~t, 1
~~C\.
tA1J9
(a t c ) ~ A-. [(
_.
J(
IJ
.'
x
4.1,
:::
A I B, + c, A,
+ Az B
tAl CL
+ AJ
6)
+ ,A)
CJ );"
CJ
Ii
)II)~J
A iJ + A C
Vk' U .: a.c J'
j,'VlS
V U :::
,s,'h f)
= C IJb'.,.,'"
Thtr~f~""~
(/.{1.)
14+f+lb
...A ---B + Ac
--
bj,
J i/
J, /
==
0. I Y.
4-
V u = It b
ii V = A.. I ba1:~ C.oS 8
,,'vlt
fl. loA)
/. I~
"'
+JJ
(6t
C. ) ::
4t.' 1>1.+(.-
/.20
s....t)
CJ
C.
C', X"
B~c=;(
AX(B~c)
(1
of-
8~CJ
= ~[
9[
-J
J1'\
(8,c2. -r,B~)-A)
AJ (B)
+k, ();kf
7f
r ~Ih''(
(J -
Cz.
/.n..
Cd.)
2::
; .,. B~ 1of' ~
(') g ..
(c)
E"
c f,A'"8 )
...
j;
(3-J4);'" ~(I"'jJ
0.5' e -JAJ-;
3;-j4;
c,J]
S ) ( A .c, + A1,.
/.
-
,,}
) (
c,BlJ
(BJe/-CjB,)]
C, - ~ (,)
A-
..
.'. 73 (A' E )
8'.J J1\ J
-C)8,)1'J(B,(~-
-C&8))+9(B]C,
At
'j'"
.J.,'
T A~ ~
...; [ A I (8J
O)t
A I 8, + A..
C'z. .,.
131. +
A J cJ )
III 6J )
.'
1.:1:1 (~)
,II)
C(t).
c (ot)
!.:.Y.
(0..)
/.27
+~
.,.
I:
+J 3) Y
(./
~.
(c)
A o'B :.
[x
"...
(0)
-I
c HJ 3)
.".
2 ~ ...(1-J)
5;,._(lAIt
+ 1l.J.)
,A
Y + (II
J) i
-1-(j+2)+(i-2).-S'
e ::",.;-(J+j))Y-(/.j3?i
(J)
l.z6
Y cc~",t
((.) C ce)
_
~'',..I.J-t ..
c-'~
A{t)
'Yl
1r
I"~wto
_..:+--~~~--~
~
,~
(6)
=49.j3;
_A(e)c4u>Sw'i.
-3St~~Y
,,~
Ac
,.,
~
)l~J2YJ
f:; ....t
AU);:
:.
#II.'"
'=2.X"JY
coSW/;
,.
_ ...
"Ag#.2-2=O
,,--
".,
..,"
2 ~.swt x - S,"I.""'" Y
p.rp."dicuJ-A.,..
IJ.t 4VlY -i,'me..
ac - '2 S,A.wt y
{3(*)
ta,nd.,
r:r
2.5
18
35
Poynting's Theorem
E(t) - RclxEo e-th c""/-
Solution:
HI II
Rely ~
Eu
p,-Ikl
e""/ - :Y ~
WJ,l
d
te
SIt) - E x H =
(5) - -1 Re IE x H"
2
)-
r-
iE~
Ut - TCOS
t-
Ufl
n
d
k~E'
- ~
2w'J,I
(U)_fE~
f.
4
3.
(till)
WJ.l.
I-
~ - k,
2wJ.l.
(wI -
kz]
coslwl.
kz)
- kz]
Eo
Jc2
E~
4w 101
-2-
)-
Problems
2.1
Let A - 5R + tiyzy +
X3~;
-2.4
2.5
03Z
<1>, \I
h) -
'ii . d
+ 'ii . b.
yz.
= x 0.3
cos(wt
E(y,t)
gtven as fol-
+ kyJ
2.11 Let " B,. H" lind D, satisfy equations (2.1j-(2.4j with given II and
at
~
36
_2.12
2.13
Maxwell's
Equalions
(a) It is known that the vector a is equal to zero at one point. Does that imply that
~ x a ~ 0 at that point? Give a counter-example
if your answer is no.
(b) Does E = 0 on a line always imply ~ x E - 0 on that line? Give a
counter-example
if the answer is no.
(c) It is found that the E field is zero on a surface. Does it foJlow that aBI at - 0 on
that surface?
Show that equations
and the conservation
from equations
(2.22aJ, (2.22bJ,
2.t8
+ jy)
j2
books.
"
and H -
Iy -
ji)
the dimansions
R-".
of the following
quantities:
* Re {E x H ei"'}.
* Re {E e"" x H d"'}.
Compare the energy stored in a cubic; region one meler on a side which has a
uniform E field of 10' V 1m lo the energy stored in a similar region with a uniform B
field of 10' G. (One C = 10 4 Wb/mz]. The medium is air.
the medium
is water
instead
of air, Use
VLF
2.a
1..'1
g=
:=a t;, ., 2
D = V' (2 X';) = 2.
V)(
C%,J
,{v
ej
0 oj
oJ
g :: -~ (0 ,J i -It ej fa, ) :: - j :
'-l
~ = 0.3 ~
e ji.'
iJty,t):
1.
".t H -= J
-
o,~" CM"((.Jt+4tJ);
:t,
./0
it: W'At..
=-;tB"
f:/x
Ez "'_
C:;"
E;
~"'~1f;~H"J
i> = E. E
J := 0...
V)(e,
0.]
V)(.lii
V 'I. (ll,"'N,_):::
V, 8t =:
Q. (
tf D~
Ir
040
~2. ) r:
VII. ii, +- If
!7, K, + r:;'
E=
:;~
,'",fo t/,.'t
V~.
.!k ..l:lltt
-t4t.J)
J,
~/',fl/'"
111'1
Ii it - It 5" - Ie (6, ~~ ) - k ~
= J, + It p, + ~ +-It Pi -(j, ~h) + ~ ( 5,,..li ) = r. + ~
::; -
e;, =: e + 0 = 0
Of.
&1:' fVf-
fr/~
.',
CMJ(lJt
v'D;=/!,
liD,., v,S;.
s;
-i)l
/to,) '11,5,.0"
-Vtli1,cJ,+
~ 81. , v)(!lz"'.Jz
of
wm .
-1(=
I/'f
(wt
CAJ
H:: ;;
.sAt;r{y
G "'"
i11Ax4l1l1;
~!UA/"()'"
t:
.,.hUt,,,,,-.
2.:.!.:
(tl.)
2. If#.
s;....1
A..
NG).
"'.
=> q.j
A('](,'t. ),():
a(r.",})
+jWrJg
=0
y-~/!.,
.,11.
= [I'
al:
or:
( (-
S'OOKJh
'
I MJlJ:
b~'t
CDS~'" f
V"A: ..
:::L)
,-,':
W1'
t.
[,-/'
0
-I
INe.'
=() ~
UJ
""
yCoS}+-r"".s;t:'~o
VXEc;e.c5}~0
I7B=o
-
VQ =- tv
(J.(x.1,J)ej4
A(;a:.j.))
e-i ~
v,g.f..
__
=[-ltllt.",(I."./~-t'J'.
:I':J
J
"lTrl,,"JJf
3 f
(:::;.co'i" /] = - 80.43 E.
E:: t. [/-
I:
c:nt.
(1?I.~.DIt.-..::!P
J) U5(-wt .. t/'J
::: a(~~.
q.""/~-J'
~.('1-1I./~'"
)lJ = ':2IT1f.5'JI,I()1
IYtE.
VICE'"
V'60
Cl>5(I.JI.I-'J
17)(/i.-=J-t'wD
_
21
b"'-t
}=o~lo."e/b.,;t
c. o, OJ
4ft
$0
3+ 2
D)
F= 2:.S,....)Y$,,,,,X
(C,) No,
'E= ~J'"'_J::.o ~~
o~ ~t
p'~e.
V-CfJX..
)1:0 =;.jWVS=O
(0)
2./3
No.
A..t ce,.
'1_
~.o
,7
ell::
II
r:
%,[iij= Aj"",
H'~]::' v-.s~, A.:::
WI
(c)
.M :),
= 10...,,_
...,J
ell
[~1':[ l
[ c
~ e-)17
'J:
t"..tt
",..
w.:tt
,..,3
- .]'-.J._
-~
= 1)JJi..
".,] -
..... ~
s(
"
it,. ""H
:~e. J~'
8] -..t!. v-s.,
[~(.l.
w::.,
v~ ::.
[..1. (.J. ...'H-)' 7:::
~ It1,
r,
Wak- Su.
1'1""
(c lE1 ::._m~
,.!:L
In
[j.i] e _1L,L::.
t>'I
[V'(EKN)j:::
r.
H J = ~ ~ = ':,~
!1 !=(;#Jr;e,jl .......E(O=;(()5(~~~)-;~(wt-J)
B. = (r - j; )~-j J ~ #(~):o& 9Cb.s(c.lt-~)+; s;,.".(u-E - J)
5': Ese;r::
~ [CD$l(e.Jt'J)+
I=l~i"=(;.,j9)~(;oI-j:)
~
t-e
] EI. f j
=;
S'',..,'(4.Ji-IJ1
2Z
-+ <5>c-fli'e{i,J=
t, _....F ~ ~j Hr
e;rit,[ieilAJt]:::
Ji-Rc{!ej..,tJ ,,~(.,bS~-}lr$;A.wt
+( E;xHr )s;,...'4Jt - (E,.'rliir'" ~)( ~) s,~wt GDSUlt
~CDSblt-Ezs;,...,t;
S ~ g Jl i1:.{E,. )ll4.)~SI4Jt
BloAot g eiwt -= (NAUjwt
-ilz ri"II,)~) +- j ( 17; j;~l4t
Ref. g 7C i eiraJtl
2.1 I L~t!.:1
11f.#j fz
uswt - ~ x iI
~J(~
f,-"'ItJ't -
+ilrGljc.Jt)
E;x#A
S,',..wt -
-(4~~)CAS"'wt-
~lC
tJ
--
((;;;-
TJ.l.HH :: T;c.o(3
(~,J(
Ezy. #r)(
UA::
s.s .;,
8t>
2
J[,7f
3,98)(10)
(.1~~,
X/D-9"'(IOf)t..
ii.r
e..os'wt.- s: ........
wt) - ~(rp~ilz. .,.'lz~iI~) s,',w.)tU$w-q
4.42,)f.ID-,I-(JiJAi'/,w.J)
Ue= -L
2.
AJtd.
.n.t
HI
Problems
65
)f mankind lur
wing made beture 3.11). Mod-
Problems
3.1
, vary greatly in
dividual comet
cornet's laiJ?
MHz].
3.2 Consider the sun as an isotropic radiation source. Calculate the total power radiated
by the sun in the television channel-z frequency band (see Problem 3.1). The
distance between the sun and the earth is approximately 1.5 x 108 km,
whether or not
his observation
16
and
3.4 Derive (3.Sb) from (3.Sa), assuming that E = Ex Jl:, and Ex is a function of z only.
pressure of the
m the sun, and
e ionized gases
e plasma forms
flow of protons
t a speed
3.5 The star a Centauri is approximately 4.331ight.years distant from Earth. A light-year
is a unit of length that is the distance a light wave covers in one year. How distant is a
Centauri in kilometers?
3.6 An electromagnetic pulse is sent from an earth station to the moon. and the reflected
pulse is received 2.56 s later, How far is the moon from the Earth? [An electromag-
up La
1.
1964. pp.
waves at different
3.7 Find the 81 units of the following quantities associated with a uniform electromagnetic wave: (a) w. (h) k. (elf. (d) T. and (e) A.
4, April
Estimate the power density of electromagnetic radiation from the sun received on
earth in the same frequency band as that of the VHF television channel 2 (54-60
3.8 A helium-neon
66
r-
>./2 ----t~
I
Figure P3-9
Two-wire
transmission
line
Maxwell's
f-lo
Ikzy
(0
and
Jl-o
3.12 The Federal Communications Commission of the United States requires a minimum
of 25 mV/m field intensity for AM stations covering the commercial area of a city.
What is the power density associated with this minimum field? What is the intensity
of the minimum magnetic field H'i
- 3.13 Study the following E field in a source-free region:
x Eo e-lkx
Does it satisfy Maxwell's equations? If so, find the k and the H field. U not. explain
why.
-3.14
0 -
3.16 Find the polarization (linear, circular, or elliptical and left-hand 01'right-band) of the
following fields:
(a) E = (ix +
y) e-11et
m Plane Waves
~ television sig.al wavelength.
e following: (a)
Problems
3.17
67
E - (ux
+ lJy}~)
left-handed and
waves. one
H'
Jk',
E - [a'x I ia'y)
I'"
complex
(1/x - iL'y)
numbers.
Then, let
polarized
wove
can
be decomposed
into
two
circularly
3.19 A dipole an tenua is in the x-y plane And makes a 45 angle to the x axis. A receiver
attached to the antenna is calibrated
to read directly the component
of the E field
that is parallel to the dipnls. What are the readings when the fields are thoss given ..
in (a)-(d) of Problem 3.151
ric Maxwell's
- 3.20 An electromagnetic
wave in vacuum has frequency rn, WAvelength
kg, and velocity Vn. When it entars a dielectric medium characterized
what are the f, A, k. and v of the wave in this medium?
~3.21
r-
ave? In what
time-overage
sa minimum
rea of a city.
the intensity
3.22
3.23
3.24 Suppose that an airplane uses a radar 10 measure its altitude. l.At the frequency of the
radar be 3 GHz. Suppose further that the ground is covered with a meter of hardpacked snow.
Airplane
nol, explain
<-.
J:2--3I I
id circularly
I I
, I
I I
I I
hand] of the
h
I I
I
I
I
,
Figure P3.24
A
I
I
I
I
Ail'
W'W/'/////ff)71J#////;Mwj~
d. (Refer to
sin a pair of
wt - U, 10,
Snow
Ground
between
thA Apparent
altitudo
measured
uy the
radar Ann
68
(b) How much attenuation in dB does the radar signal suffer because
Consider only the attenuation of the WHVt: ill the snow, anti neglect
snow on the reflection at air-snow and at snow-ground interfaces.
ure P3.24. Use f = 1.51.'0 and tan (j = ~ x 10 4 for hard-packed snow
of the snow?
the effect of
Refer to Figat 3 GHz.
- 3.25 The following data are given for a uniform plane wave in a dissipative medium:
3.26 Consider that a small space vehicle with 100 kg of mass is located in outer space
where the gravitational field is negligible and the fuel has been exhausted. A
searchlight of 1kW is turned on. with hopes that the vehir.1e will gain some speed.
How much speed will it finaJly gain if the searchlight uan last 48 hours? Hint: The
light wave carries radiation pressure, and there is a reaction force on the source of
the light.
3.27 An icA particle of radius
CI/APreR 8
~.I
dtlls/fy
,'. t-..L
'/f., )(
:3"'10
'
(tJ)
v-. :
JI~
=-
,r It.tAJ)'tI
3.J1
IjtS;
3.12.
IHJ:
2S,tJl)-.y
),13
No.
o .
3.11/-
(tt)
r=
= a.
c:
U. a-
tvlL
Er:[(I+j)Y+(I-j)z]
RIJl.,f - f,,,,,d
Vm)
.d:
,I
4,09)(
IOJ' ~A1.
'*
V-A(E"
c -
c;
&f,r
Co
eilt' )
jj co
-
e-rs
Elf
0-
f(_.xJ!.)}:::. -
17.
d~
E/j
o.e3 ;,W/..,z
tlJ'"
~4..)
E(t)
Ie:::
r.
= 1-1 eiAJ~
H -{it-Id tAl"{{:$).
coH"eS~i~
II J + ~ ..
tVt'~
flit
A/'H.I
(?j()
=e-j(kJ-f).,.yeJi}
C., r4l,./a.rt,
j<.
j,I3x/tJ-$
a c~~(wt
= _ J:._
.... EDe jJS:-
Jt '. w~"
-0 ~
T :::.
P:i.;
(Yn.)
3 KID ,/(
eb)
Cir-cu.l./Lrt.:;
CI
~ ) ::: 0 ~
e-jk~
hi
/0
[fJ
(C)
rn ,
2S')cID~:ZOlT
a#: b;
WI""-NS
10/. g MW
xlf)-U
4.o'l~ID"",
;I
-:-L
-r.Vz.g.,.",.,;Itw;tt.t.
JV~~
IJT":::.
".,
.3. gl-)(/D 6m
I/::
:2. "3
- Aa.,-.e{.
4- JC
AL$t:>
:(J';~Y)ejl~
,f('jAt
(b)
E.
({
cI.,r~~I/t:>,.._ i
'IT
to'")
*E=
'j~'/l.ii
Jt
on:
'II 10'
6' "',,) 8
'14/0,6 "'/"'~,
~/D")(D.')//O-I'x4rr)((,I.St!lO")1..
t.s
('1.$'{,/l ) St(:
if (2. x S'7
;'1./0
tI (
S"4-
Ii
c 3111D ~/ ".326110'"
:.
3./S
~b
[wJ =.ra4/su"
(A)
H.
3.9
mAu x
3)(loS
3,(,
sx
=-,s.'
,.. (6D-5"4)(
.f;.guvaey rrusg,t.
Vi.e.
I~
3.3
3.S
ri4At-ho,yJ.
Clrc"u..!ilrl,
p'{A/'U~,!-
e(~)::I-~iljp(w-e-A.J)+;GC5(wt-~J)
pol.Lr'Jed..
~ E(~):::.Ylc()5't-*x"')+;UCtJ.s(u.)'t.-Ax-!)
p"t-iju,
r; tDS(l,oJt-Al1'~.46)
(C)
(d.)
E(t)c ;
32.)
tXt -k J
rP a...
::0
wt
?a.-lIwl
~/a..:.b"
E,k(.t:)::
10"
E",'
a.
.geS"~
Ef
.7o'Ja..
4/ld.
Let
J..
.7./'a.
.6.f.3a..
.SA
.3424.,
.1'144
.906a.. .9"'4.
.9964.-
. 9'16el.
.'i6lJ~
.9,,6a..
. BIt/a.
,r.e",
a.' -r.E_' :.
L;,,~rl,
w)!~
pl>lAriJU)
a..re, : [;
Bj!) - t (j~ - k. >J ( r'9h.t -"~ed.)
wtW,
gc(fA.+Yh)e"'jll}J
1~!J~t1i.rAf/~rm,
fNl.~
"u,..,buS.
alW(
(:'2:'+yje/)~J~~+(j/-Yjl2')ej/q,J,
=* fd:,':
j(IJ:'-_!'):=b
( x f(
.7070...
g-(;&"'YiJe;JJ.J.)
pDIA"'!J~)t(I&~ltt
U,-t;J.(./.4rt'j
i. :=(fa.+Yb)ej~~=
E;~~.! '=a..
Wll.//u
I'DIAlAje4.
(Ire,. rtAi.
Let:
( ,
d~.U>""I'l>Hd..
[ % f(
..~
t;i~t.JA.r1;J
(R ~ of- 9E ) e -.iA} ::::(; e/ + ; j ~ '; e .j~$ + (; i.'..; j,i ') e. "J*}-
::(Le/t-hand..
}/fJct/
5VoU*'A.L ~,..,..,
t:?l>D
1?u.""~erJ .
+ j ~') e oj RJ 4-
~I
eoD
?Oo
.Q4o... .fJ66a..
art. ~",~/,~
:- ( ;
E,-a_CDj{tVt-~J+f/J4-;f)
pDh,.';Je4. wa.ve, ~
EIl,;pti.Ca.llJ
~
cx(t)=d.CCS(fNt-i.J+tP(4),
~~
~(a.-jh)
lt~(4-jb)"';/:(ja..+b)]
1JJt~!/c-f(a~j~)
e-jk;. (j'lt-luJ"eI.~"'-)
_ "/ =ttrr
/gA.
:!
-Mtl.n.
t:u'\d_
a., U1A.'
5.%0
i=f~
T/
~(.UE::'
'""10'
/~-41""
ID7
1
>tJ'1f,(/o
<
7 = Yll-;
J;( ~
4-
L
tI ~
r,
= 4. S'>i/~-
~O/t,
(~4,) c
I .':-
I-Jcr/41t
E, 'l. ~
m- e
~=
= 2.Ap
10"',.2\Y.
.l:
rFj (,1 ( 7.
I
Fe'
Tt;;;; =
:.
j~'()4f)-YL""
2.
-,
".,
,
tit- -,;;-1 ,.1(,..,)
0
-J-_I IF{;
:: bt>""
T.
'5" ,"W/m"
~=)
(fUr- .,~C" t 2. [~';,;:. +ryllm) J = :2 (:. n. -I -#- (/.f = A~ ~ hW - It. m -/ r:: o, '22S ,.., (It_",- 'Y'P4r.,.,/: Jtl./v.k)
(b, E. ::::111/"0 (1.5[.) ( 1- j 9x/o-4)Ys.. - wJpp(I.Sf.) (1-j4.5'xID-f-) ~ {q.l = WI,M,t,JI.5 (4,5'IC/O *)(~)
(a.)
IItfflnt..l,6.I-r:Dn dull
-It> s,,~w
JII
~KID
= ~./)'91l
3.~S'
1. :2 (~)
{~c
.,,../()4~4-"'>( 3,~X/~'./ 2 - :1,''''JiCU>
,', IJJf,I.~"""_f_il,~
"&e..t.~"~4.4.flv.
= ID-~)(3(i1T'c A~94(}(,.)
=-f~/3.D"
= ...!...
a:
.2 IT.
4Jl)
..t. ~ .: ~
1,'5')(J()-S"~
3~Tr"/l>'
Jt
fff -flii.
:. Ai J::
~
-=.:;.,
1. .JI-JlID-S'''''
/w!::
1<1
I)i.:.u.)
~.~-Ix/D7
S~
tr/.
3.;'2.
3.:'3
'IT =
(A)
~ hrl-,t} JhrC-j',,/)
E~;: e'p(-jlo,S--jo,S)J)
,-c)
r
~x
l.).tf
=:JA' ,.. j
IJ,t
~~) H,ll,'f:>=
:I
Q)(f{-'S;
~~r(- O.t')
8. ~8"" o. 6 6/8)
Cool (lJt
J... (o.r-jo.~)tYf(-f).rJ)~tf(-j'.r))
tI.i)
o.7~7~~r(-D ..rJ)c...S(&.Jf;-D
-I
-2
10
..tJ-"/'t
_
f -~S,,'> A
3.17
F, ::
''1~10
F, = r,
= /. 'I f
3 JL
(01'
tl:: _f_
F.~ = /Yl/o
-II
"It
t
q
J
1'l.= T1'(&1.
?n,
__,.....;..IO_l~_
-,0
I
).
Jl
10
t::.
-1..;. ,
I".e
= /.J'
11
J( ,
"
""
J.
l.
I"'e.
~ r
92
- 4.
electromagnetic waves. wire grating.~ rnayreplace metal plates Ior retlector antennas.
4.
Thus.
J. -
~(2~O)cos8e
(4.54)
Nole Ihal Ihe current flows in the y direction and that no current flows in the
~ direction. In fact. if the concluding plHtH is replaced by a grating of parallel
conducting wires arranged in the ~ direction. these wires also serve as a
reflector that is as effective as a solid conducting plate. Experiments
have
found that grates are effective when the spacing of the wire in the grate is
much smaller than the wavelength of the wave. Grates are used instead of
conducting
plates to reflect linearly polarized
electromagnetic
waves
because they reduce weight, save material. and decrease resistance to wind.
Based on these considerations, some reflectors use wires to replace metal
dishes for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic
waves. An example of
such a structure is shown in Figure 4.23.
Problems
-4.1
ThA E field measured ill oil"just above a glass plate is equal to 2 Vim in magnitude
and is direct at 45 away from the boundary, as shown in Figure P4.1. The magnitude
of the E field measured just below the boundary is equal to 3 V1m. Find the angle 8
for the E field in the glass just below the boundary.
3Ves
93
Problems
/
\Vz
Flgur. P4.1
I 42: amperes
per meter
J. on
the following descriptions with the figures shown in Figure 1'4.3. Fields are
near the interface but on opposite sides of the boundary.
4.3 Match
(a)
54)
the
(b)
( c)
(d)
(e)
( t)
lIel
.....
r
sa
lVe
Figur. P4.3
~ is
P z t,.. :>
of
IE
/es
,d.
.tal
, of
Ii)
I
.E, - 0
Iii)
),
~e
[Iv]
~iii!
~~
__
~~
Co
~:1.
de
:Ie
t-<~
,
(v)
I_-...,_~
).~
l>, e..,
I
t;,
94
of Waves
4.4 Calculate the critical angle 9. uf an air-glass interface similar to the interface shown
in Figure 4.8. The dielectric constant of glass at optical frequencies is ~.25 times that
of air.
- 4.5 A pearl is emherlded at the middle of II cubic heavy-load glass [s,
= 3.6). Is it possible
to cover a portion of the surface of the cube so that from outside the pearl will not be
seen at any viewing angle? If so. find the shape and the m.inimum area of the cover
[in terms of the cubic surface area}. Hint: consider conditions of total reflection, and
neglect multiple internal reflections.
4.6 In the three-media configuration shown in Figure P4.fi, the wave numbers are k,. K,-,
and 1>3' Find the transmission angle in medium 3 in terms of III and the wave
numbers. Assume all k's are real.
Fi,ureP4.0
z
k,
k,
1-/ __
---7-
-=-=--_,.....-=--1
Closs rod
'1~
Light beam
:-...
FI,ure P4.7
;7
4.7 Solid-state lasers (ruby or glass) are often fabricated of rods with the ends bevelled at
the Brewster angle. Let ( = 2<0 for the rod. Sketch the propel' arrangement of the
external mirrors and their angles. Indicate the bevelled angle of the glass rod. What
is the polarization of the uutput of the laser beam? (See Figure P4.7.)
4.8 A parallel-polarized
wave is incident from medium 1 on the plane boundary
between medium 1 and medium 2. I:!othmedia are dielectrics with J.LI - !-t2 - !-til and
real permittivilies EI and Ez. We know that. when the incident angle is larger than the
criLical angle 9e- no rime-average power is transferred to medium 2. Also. when the
incident angle is equal to the Brewster angle 0b. the reflected power is zero. Now
imagine a situation in which the Brewster angle is greater than the critical angle. A
wave incident at the Brewster angle will not be reflected, because the incident angle
is equal to Oh. nor will it he transmitted. because the incident angle is greater than 0,.
Is this situation possible? Why?
4.9 Consider an electromagnetic
of Waves
Problems
95
ce shown
irnes that
I E I [volts per meter)
McdiuIII2
I possible
-ill not be
.he cover
lion. and
10
0.5
-3 -2 -J
Figure P4. 10
[meters]
-:--7 z
Flgur. P4. 11
,.
-4.10
A perpendicularly
polarized electromagnetic wave impinges from medium 1 (characterized by !-t, = !-to and l, - 4foJ 10 medium 2 [characterized by J.l: - !-to and
E2. = <=0]' This situation is shown in Figure P4.1U.
v::::;;
I
'I
...~.
fJ, - ~',
.,
."
(b) Let the incident angle be 1$0"; find h.linu k, in terms of ko - w~,
(c) Find kl in terms of ko.
(d) In the second medium. find the distance ~a at which the field strength is l/e of
that at z - 0 I.
(e) Find] R,I and the phase shifllil',I! (Rrl,
(a) What is the critica I angle?
-4.11
uniform plane wave in air impinges nuruially on Ii dielectric wall. The magnitude
of the total E field measured in front of the wall is shown in figure P4.11.
A
(a)
of tha dielectric
of the wave?
wall? Assume
Figure
i2ation
is 300 MH:l.
x
Find fz in terms of f9
(b) Find the reflection coefficient RII
(c) Obtain the mathematica I expressions for
the incident E field, the reflected E field.
and the transmitted E field.
(d) In hoth media, sketch the standing wave
pattern of IEx 101"1 I as a function of z.
(a)
undary
Po and
han the
aen the
o. Now
ngle. A
It angle
than IIr
sphere.
ency of
#2 ~ JI-o.
Figure P4.12
4.13
For two isotropic media wlrh s, :;t: Ji.z and EI :;t: (3. find the Brewster angle for both the
perpendicular polarization and the parallel polarization.
4.14
96
of Waves
- 4.15 It is known that the transmitting antenna of an FM station Is located in the direction
perpendicular
to a metallic plate, as shown in Figure 4.15. The frequency
of the
signa I is 94 MHz.
(a) Where should a receiving antenna be placed to receive maximum signal? The
antenna is II dipole that interacts with the E field.
(b) If the amplitude of the incident E field is 1 V1m, what is the amplitude of the
E field at this optimum position'?
- 4.16
- ".17 What would the r; field be if the receiving system in Prohlem 4.15 were Lo 'detect a
wave coming in at an angle 10" off the normal? Assume that all other parameters
remain thp. same.
- 4,18
Derive (4.53).
- 4.19
For a parallel-polarized
uniform plane wave impinging on a perfect conductor at an
Angle O. find the electric and magnetic fields E and H for the incident and for the
reflected waves.
Use the formula given in Problem 4.20 for the total electric field. Find the optimum
position of a dipole antenna placed in front of the 90" corner reflector. The 0 angle of
the incident wave is 30. The frequency is 100 MHz. Express the position in x - y
coordinates in meters. What is the "gain" of this receiving antenna? Gain is defined
as follows:
Gain - 20108,0
I~:I
(d8)
position
of the
wes
Problems
97
x
tion
the
Medium 1
Medium 2
The
(a)
the
Figure P4.22
7.
the
lent
Ield
still
set a
-ters
!I an
. the
two
with
that
, the
num
:Ieof
-y
med
f the
---~
---
>
>z
0.67
ler re-
'>
z
(b)
Figure P4.22
98
4.22
of Waves
Match the following descriptions to the standing wave patterns shown in Figure
P4.22. The inr.idenL wave in medium 1 has an amplituda equal to 1 Vim. Note:
There are three patterns that do not fit tiny of the following descriptions.
Cross out
these patterns.
(i) Plot (If I E, .ntul I. with medium "1 being air, medium 2 having (2 = 4n aud J.l2 =
I~o' Normal incidence.
[ii] Plot of I t::, .0.n.1 . with medium 1 being chaructertzed
by , - 4Eo and J.I, .. ~(o.
and medium 2 being HiI'. Normal incidence,
(iii) Plot of II';) LOIO' I . with medium 1 being characterized
hy El .. 4(0 and 11..1 - !Joo.
and medium 2 being air. The incidence angle is greater than the crttical angle.
(iv) Plot of I E'loln' I . incidence angle is equal to the Brewster angle.
(v) Plot of I Ez tOlal I . incidence angle is equal to the Brewster angle. {1 is greater
than Ez.
(vi) Plot of I Ey lulal I . Medium "1 is air and medium 2 is perfect conductor,
(vii) Plot of IIIYlo(~1 I ("d. Medium 1 is air and medium 2 is perfect conductor.
4.23
Consider the CC:lSO of normal incidence of a uniform plane wave on a perfect conductor as shown in Figure 4.15. rt can be seen in (4.47) that an oscillating current
is induced on the surface of the conductor. Therefore. the following expression
may be written for the velocity of a charge on the conductor:
v = ~ d q Eo cos(wl - kz)
The above equation is exactly the same as Equatiun (3.39). Continue to work along
this line and prove thai' the lime-average radiation pressure on the perfect conductor is twu limes tbat given in (3.4!i).
5.1
Pa
4-
CIIAprG /(
4.1
,.__
- = Y"'1I,::
/" 1:1 ..1s
4.3 d) C
,,f
(iiJ
:::7
E:tl--
U'
'" ("'''
yx
~~+4-i)lI6
Ciii)
e,. s~~-'/~.1S"=
a.
(ivJ
41. e"
si"..
,."
"1~-~
~
tv
a:" r ~"
~vu-
~I-....L
(V)
(A'/",
/ )
a.r.ea..
,
III
cover por-I,~
tin ~
I~r~e.
'!rIC (.!},.ftJ."Pc)2. _ 3Trtt.%'
6K
"d."
= ~ )t a 2.:::
~ t>f cover a.r~4." _L.~z.
C.6,'c are.tt,
-1-.6
~-II'I'
.. " $
LS'
1'<,
'(A.W'
It
,,.. "',
1'(,
iN'"
11..'
IJ
V
a-
)(/~,,},
A..
are/:
/.812
().1.
30.2 ~
.'
1JIl"
I'(
S:""~1
I-S,,,,~,,
;2..
'S
iI'If!,.)
-,
LJ
.,(k,..,.
~/"I;
T,~u\'fTjLJ)
_.L'
".I -
4.7
II,
t.
71.1
[
.3
.i&
i"'l'tU si./'Ie,;
~&6
4/1
z:
4"tJ1e. (~.)
(Jff,wsler
fI/E,
p.,~J'"
,.[, J Jl.J,.,JI,.
i!, = ~()~
11 ~ :HiDJ"
= e
IE,r/
~zz:
I E'll:
H~(
tlJ /1-
H.(c#t)/It
~n;
-rr
tJ.=o[I-(,Z;;~o9t't1./J r;"~D~.
At: J,S;....bDD;::;
_ (-$DY!+jr;;::;:?
I<Jl- (-Ic>i - jt6D.'f$
c:
~n;
SiI1..G, =,,/11/,
.jzS.3
e j2A1)
I{ liD"
/lJ ~
A,u~ to"-
.J R.,
-j~;'3'
~lej:JJ:S}1 = H.('I,Lf;)/I+
6:
e. -j IS.,
~j
q I u e ..j,S.3"ei
...l/
I::HI wl.oHo)
(1 IITaI e -('o,'1~Ii,,.
H (110.'15 n;; ) J ~.jd:"1 -(8""$ i.} - {~7~ J I ejJS:So, _/~,'1jA.~
_
c
1o (1:.
/+(;.
e
-'0 +
e
[Elli = H [/t~ JJr; le-(f#'76~}
= H " (IT7'fi' fT.
tZ.)Jt + e-JJ5"/ e-11O-7S4J... a;
15'/ tre .jU"t e -/~'1..sJ.}
6
W'l '0) :.i
2):
lEI
(J
4.10 (a,)
(I
(c)
(e)
12
~:r = )llh-.M.Jc"J:.
~J."~-r/,,)I'J
*l"
IC
l[.-ff.
11'+ ~rejl~J)1 I
lIT :::;~ , * .f{, 't::{i.+f[1.
/E'hI.J
rr..,.I'i,.,'.
.: :l.A,=-rr
(J~
m ~
AI:
:3.;',.
= ?fa.
n, S:".fsD
4.12. (a)
k,&A",
(I
"
'Er_D,tJ'2.(
_ - "/':r
'i' e
I E,t/+,r.,l =- rf(
< D)
Hj
lie
~-tJ"J~l_*1f,J.
r:.A
Ii,
"
I.D72.
,)rt{J:r-A.J)
.ez
oj ~(p,~+ ~,))
'XJl.IJ)
I!
-;c-i'
(s'''c.e
-Ie -/
~'7S'''ID~
Rzz::{i.A",
~:;
2~(.3
,', l 9.
..- 2 Eo
~~lCff~#1 ~Jr=A:k.;
t.';:ff cs - ~ )(11.7,)e
(C.)
f=f)(/D'=
::::>
=>
30tJ
~;"
2-fS
""ZIC
)~-,
x:/
-Jif("'_'Xl-fj/l.JJ
e j (l'J.} (
J"
16a'
,,.~
H,1,
(11010)
Wlif)
f).'1s8
c.
4.1) Rr
:, ,P12
.'.
,.uJ."""D)I.,~tJ
=0 ~
CoS1~b::'
:Ai-A,I. t
A
o ~
e, -k,:::;. 2,1t1>
Z J4
, C/'r.
4./4
1= IO/'
HI'
,, ;-\
* II ..
2E~'>I~(llIi.)
Eo bei"J +fie. field
f::.!!... (a)
(b)
'()l1:-6'>
II
j,
)',
5DO It'!
E~ ~
'(/1/' -/it')
'
"
e. A, - E,
-,PI)
2.
3~ %
.'. CtJS'Ob=
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,"'V1!'-A~)
I?r::
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I
'5"
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e ,.~s-,
'b
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= e"l,'"
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~ ~". 53 )(/C'" A
e"
94~)JJ
1\,= './91Y1
,'. retelIJ'1J (lnieMa.. >Ia~uld be, ~ttA.
IE /1v1J. os 2 I CD J
'1""
f=
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.z
:lIEo/s;....,(A~)
=e-s
~::
I
/h/2~5'Z8b
At J=-}rs-80''''
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s:
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') )
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J(
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=1.99Q,/t()/
13
,.
Per/,,,i
R $,;"'&1
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r- Y
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fir
-_
Ie;
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~ .J.}::r
I ; T;Jr. 0
~IJ
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ill
1:
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E
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t:"e
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~,...,.
;:III
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.: . :: l (#4-E,,)sl-
(-
'J("')
2eQ
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~( ..4E,,)S;""(k:X.lDS9)J,;"'(4J'~4)
~/~1f:
..jlz'lsi,,8
8~3"~=7
.5
-J~Z1/~-I-.J~
(-,I)
g :::t>l.~"'lcJ+f r = i E ejAXU$~(
= ~t,,(zj)S,',.,.(1J!5/~e.)(2j)Si"_'(AAC()S@)::
i= /POI-fJl,.
f -If'
S. E.D ej/(X.US8+Jk~Si""~)
=(-t)r
~=-;~cos8+yASirl,1}
9.~s~"'Yl<.siJJ
:::'d
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.dL
a"d~
bc.J.,D-" J"
} Z-, 17""
~ = I.S,.,
(9-~!r-~~~-~--
c,?
(; ) IZr = -il.,-ft, + ~
~l
1-
/Eytot., I ,.,t
I Gyt.,...., I
I
t.'
:X('">
.J.4b
4:~/::;12.o'l-d8
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+'1.1.
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....
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It /lz/::
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14
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lij)
R1::;
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+.+.. 1 Tr&Al,.,SS"""
~,,)
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....,f
rf.-Jk,hfM, ~ 'Ei/-f,'tlll
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is
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(vii)
tI, H
'14~""
,...,J
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;n
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c..f
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l""
roV-;
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17
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15
,."
Ify.fu I :
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iJ
A.
-It})
to
,.,.,,/ ,, 1..
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l3 : '1 -
FtJ1
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~""I-",,..,c)~SC-4Mt
f,'t'tI
c.o
0,.#
oJ,.J.4;"1
r8
Problems
:18
:al
VxA_;poAp_~
127
-ike
OZ
jk.
:b)
Example 5.8
ltl
Id
.at
Solution:
ra]
(8)
= -1 Re[E
x H*)
Ib)
Therefore P
{V
Re _! e-'
p x
.V
cf> _! elk.
} = z_oV"
TIP
21)/
Ia
rve
:he
Ice
Problems
-5.1 Show that the complete fields of the TE wave in a parallel-plate waveguide are given
as follows:
he
::ut
Ice
ice
-k Eo
H. = --'sin lI.x e-I~.,
ith
H,
ors
.ild
.ild
the
WIJ.
=
ik.Eo
--cos
k,x e /'k
,I
WJ.I
E. - 0; E, - 0; H) - 0
waveguide.
-5.3 What is the lowest frequency of an electromagnetic wave that can be propagated in
the TE mode in the earth-ionosphere waveguide? Model the latter as two perfectly
conducting parallel plates separated by RO krn.
- 5.4 Find the surface-charge density P. on the upper and the lower plates of
plate waveguide for (a) the TEIll mode. and (u) the TMm rnoda,
me
parallel-
- 5.5 Find the mathematical expressions for a TEM wave in a parallel-plate waveguide
that propagates in the
z direr.tion (see Figure 5.11. Sketch the parallel-plate
waveguide, and indicate the directions of E, H, and T.
-5.6 A rnicrostrip line has the dimensions
128
'5.7 The breakdown voltage of the dielectric substrate used in the stripline described in
Problem 5.6 is 2 x 10' V1m. Use tI safety factor of 10 so that E is less than 2 x 10
I I
5.8 With the fields in a rectangular waveguide. find the surface current 1., on the top
f y - b) of the waveguide.
we want to cut a slot along z, where should the slot be cut
in order to minimize the disturbance it will r.ause? Assume that only the TE,,, mode
rr
4 HI meter
Figure P5.10
5.10 An AM radio in an automobile cannot receive any signal when the car is inside a
tunnel. Why'( I.Atus assume that the tunnel is the Lincoln Tunnel. which was buill in
Hl3911nder the Hudson River in NAW York. Figure P5.10 shows a cross secticn of the
Lincoln Tunnel. *
5.11
find the frequency ranges for TE,n mUUI:!operation for those rectangular waveguides
listed in Table l.
waveguide to be used for transmission of electromagnetic power a12.45 CHz. This frequency should be at the middle of the operating
frequency band. The design should also allow maximum power transfer without
sacrificing the operating Irequency bandwidth. Find the maximum power the
waveguide can transmit. Use a safety factor of 10. Neglect ohmic loss, The
breakdown E in air is assumed to be 2 x 106 Vim.
5.13 Repeat
Problem 5.12. but assume thai a dielectric material is used to fill the
waveguide. The material is characterized by f - 2.50lo. Il = J.Lo. and u = O. The
breakdown E fisld in the dielectric is J07 Vim.
5.14 Consider the size of a,rectangular waveguide to explain why it is not used to transmit
electromagnetic waves in the VHF range. (Take
100 MHz.)
r-
*G. E. Sandstrom. Tunnels, New York: Holt. Rinehart & Winston. 1963, p. 242.
Dnators
129
Problems
riueuin
2
l(
106
hat the
the top
Jt be cut
,. moue
Figur. P5.16
Air
o
nedium
e in the
~ wave-
fields associated with the TElo mode propagating in the z direction are given by (5.23). Find the electromagnetic fields associated with the
TRIO rnude propagating in the - z direction, with maximum electric field equal to
E1
a rectangular waveguide shuwn in Figure P5.1S. For the region z < 0, the
medium is air and for z > 0 the medium is characterized by ~2 and 1'-2' A TEw
mode with maximum Efield equal to En impinges on tha boundary from lhfl left.
The result is that some power is reflected and some is transmitted. Assume that
the retlected wave is also TE,o. with maximum E-field equal to E I' and the transmitted wave is TElo mode with maximum E-field equal to E2. Find the ratio EllEn
in terms of Q. w, 1;0' /lU' E2' and 1'02'
5.17 The corner refter.tor studied in Problem 4.20 requires the solution
5.16 Consider
E - -z4Eo
inside a
s built in
)n of the
/cguides
electroperating
without
-wer the
JSS. The
fill the
- O. The
Show that although the coordinates art! different thts solution is in fact the resonator
mode that we studied in Section 5.2. Placing conducting plates at x - a and y - b to
form a cavity resonator as shown in Problem 4.20. what (Ire the restrictions on the
incident angle 8?
5.18 (a) Find the real-time expression of the fields of the TElOl mode in the rectangular
cavity shown in Figure 5.9.
(b) Find the total stored electric snergy in the cavity as a function of time. Find the
(c)
5.19 Find the lowest resonant frequency of the TE,u, mode in an air-filled rectangular
cavity measuring 2 x 3 x 5 ern". Note thai there are three different choices for
designating the z axis and that these result in three different TElol modes.
5.20 Electromagnetic waves in air with wavelengths ranging from 1 to 10 mm are called
transmil
130
5.22
coordinates
volume
Waveguides
coordinates
in the cylindrical
and Resonators
coordinates
to prove
that
coordinates
are
coordinates
are
is pup
dcp dz.
5.26 To convert a vector expressed in cylindrical components into the same in rectangular
components,
or vice versa, it is convenient
to prepare R table fur dot products
between unit vectors in these coordinate systems. For example .
p - cos f/J. as
shown in the fullowing table. Complete Lhe table.
.x .
p
it
c/J
cos r/>
E
5.27
5.28
8p +
components
of the following
vector
44> - 3 i
-5.29 Consider the coaxial line shown in Figure P5.29. Half uf the line (z < 0) is filled
with air, ann half of it (z > 0) is filled with tI material characterized
by EI and 1-11'
The electromagnetic
wave incident Irum the left bas thfl following fields:
E'
Vo
=p-
e-'''-''
VII
i~
H -</>-e
floP
E' _ p~ei~
p
H' _ t/J __- V:, eik.,.
u
floP
as follows:
131
ators
Problems
~ that
!S are
!S are
gular
ducts
t/!. as
---+-;
------~
air
E,.
$"
....
.....:'
l=O
zector
ithout
ireak.wn E
line is
filled
nd J.ll'
/11
.,.....,.~:I
>z
Figure P 5.29
V)lgwjWEg
9
f11tc-j"';Jl.B
wi#..
'ah,,O
h 51 --J""p.t:J%
rJ
;c
fI", -
AssW"'~
:.
= A{7t)e"j,r
'J
~'Atr)
., (Fil-+
f,
J.J.. :: j4AJ!
},.
itx
=0"
1:: c,Cb~l1C;t~-j~l!+
Er l:tao =0 r:> c, ~O
., g,.:
-
-H.fJ\
A l;x)=
C,~~%l::: +
H.
S''\oKXX
wI.U(.
Cl S/~~l:ejS,i-
~/X&4.::
, "'.', '/3"
tt.,
lit -
Eo
s;,._I!3t'Xe-JJI'i ;
1-1 {~)~"J
H(x)w:.AC/)S!J}<~+8sl~/t)l.X.
lIJ~art
:'1s. :t
f~/)t.=o-= 0
~ll
a::
l-I.s;"k.,.:K:
I:!.~ 1 ==
IS
5.4
(a.) IE,..:
,::o
,..:
e -jltli
H.(.D$R"X
"filM.
(il:.r+
Iltl.",~l-k;'
tv.tL
E-
tl1 ::0
= g.;J~r:/+(1J1;t- ~;).O
g,,~ gl
'i~,
+uJ"/J.t)tJ~
:;;1
c ~ (-tt)(Au~~.,.x+~S';'II,,:t)
S.3
f~/)(.D.
e jR.~
Z (1!t.)(-AS';"r+8W',:,,)~ .jf~~
(dc."of.J. It h~ M.)
"jilT:
}-/oCb5Ixxe-Jitat
!:J.J lj~
~
l'e:)'1
ll:
,.
if
~ 8 si~l",:re-jlJif
CCl ....
-> 45 =0
=-
fl
J!.i" j
._
tJot
ASStl",~ --/3'J = 0 ~
-0
I..
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(I,
VK
(u'
414r;1+ W~!-It:
1.
0
IC
/.S'lS
Kil,
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E.~i""(.!!JE)t)ejlt,!
1h.4.= [)
A.
g" - 401
* Is ~o
D";''''''' p,.,.fe,,,,
Ho ces (fft"
Ci:'x ) e .jk.i
X.OJ
Li::~E.~J".(I
at
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e-.
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---:1
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tyJ.
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ira
0-
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~
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o
16
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S.9
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b < 0..
..t. >..t,.f4.
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hr'
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lr.
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trll8u."cy Y"4nSt.
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fNS) .fD
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to.r,llO"'
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'2~/O'X/O. 2~/~S' \l'/",
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.
..
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J,,'D'
(Ic){~= ~;
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-IN-J.{'.,..~
(~)'II-(ic )01~
S~e.'r
+(~+f)I.
~.
b-,.
311.10' - :/AX/DB
wI!.
'l
,,1(
(.'/*
3.,0'
5.14
e:
'(
lJ-lJ/ ....)'
l'
I/:
-(
e.
.~
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=jw~
W.,IA.
e j 'ltll ~)
t ~. 0
H.~$" +wo
S'/Ilre
.::
Eo
LJJ..U(
I "."~
J!..!:
:5i>t
..4(~
~l
(E. -
---)
E, )
~u
1c.11.::
.JL!.
.... ~ i
.5'
#t .... ~i"..,
- Mo
=EL1
--itt
lJAo
J.( __z..
~:;.oe
e:
"'-
4x 3:'0
>(1"/0
__.IE.I-,
\4 0
(;1ft
lJ"d
hC~ = 2,9(J
(/a~)'><6:SI)t/f;%XZ.91(ID-Z
-(1:)'"
A..
i:D
cS()(,A
1?)1
,..~
T.
=Ey~.-t
6 TII:4.59 c,..,
""GM
11~~(
.', p- 4
a.6).
X -
".,.,.
t _ II-C/Z.'f/,C.
-.,.Jj ~/'I()'... A_ S. 81
H - __..L.
I'(~.._
E
I
II.nd
i ..32C.n.
= (E e -j~lI. i + E
{YI
9/sll't4lC-/o
t: e : Tf '/
f t " ",>'fI"A:'"
IJAtrt
3?~
~II-(?'l#/".U)
de J:::"
(" ),. = z~
; Ac r.::t.U~~/'i''l.7T'
~ ..Iy ~,.IO
~.
.3"/0'
"">0' 4/1.i
fcJ,o- ,fi:J',
l.4S~"J
2TE
31/0'
8~ 3 ",o.'
a.c 9,11&",
f,-(~J ..
;",_,,,,/,.)1
"."
J wA.~.. fo - ~Jl.
17
4; _
e 1.~I i
J.32 HW
pJIIJSiW,
-1.0 ~t,!
GIft
.;!:1
* Aa.cuS-
X.:::~~
Sj".(/t.a.GDStJ)-O
1=()lJt
".b::>
S;I\.(~hS'~8).()"
.:O
:.
f.,,. (} c
E~ =
:;',~
Ell ~/" ~
Ell tr
H)t" W1i:7
~i
: "".', z. 3,
$;",7/
"'
WIlT',
4bS;"9.""'~
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"'.'#2,3, ...
COSUl#:
.,,;c
7ri'
..I.
S""-a: CIJSZ Sm,l4Ir;.
.!fri- CoS ~
Si".~
S;",~
tL
~2"Z
(C)
;~~
E.
1'-
VE
:::
"FE"
S;,..le.J-t. (a.M)(
l
(a.b
d)
Ii}'"
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VII
7f')
rrJ.
::. ''''~
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c:
(i _J_
Cil+.,,)
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+-;/r)
(-it.,. t/' ) ,
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At r~so"QJI,e.J 41t:.
-Ihere~l"e
1LQ
(I)
b
ChtJ"Se.
A.-Scw.
cta-vi.-Iy
riJ6" '2)1J.$
(Ir. )'01 =
:zk !ir+ir
(ii)
~IMJ
cl.oOSr. 4= lc.""
18
E,,'l(4/H:1)
= CDnse."t
.5'. :22.
5,13
x.=- ces
52.4
f:::{)r.J~'J'
30"-:::
Ph;
rp-+"",-'(IJ/x);
ill
!.l;
:f>d.fd~di
A
,0"
CO$4>
-S"'tP
3"'4>
C05
,.
ll Al:" BP+4$'3i;
A,,-X'A" 'd'06;-4$;"~,
2'1. lOS -
.:p ..
ft"ffe-jlt,i
\I
11,,,
V.
~_.J
YA=
'VT-(I.".f)/:
Vo4-v.'.v,
V. _,I
v, -;r,;;:f;Yo
F~,., c~/'r~J
Vo'/Vo:: ~::
V. II:
AI-
;'A=-3
i3
,.,.931'Y'!.4,,-i3
2'XID~1( (tJ.t>44-II/1.)
2~a
8~i";+4'Ojtil
/VIa. B~=$'l~f
At iCO, r-r-r
A,-
A= x(4!J-l)'-Y(4Iz/S>-13-
t/J:J{)0.1
IlIMlAJ(-
2- .2
411
= 7T{9Z~(b/tL)
r:I
'7fY.(7~:1;(t/~:J/4411)_1.4+KW
ejll,i:, wil/.;
',::W/Ii,I,
t
WId. Bi+Br=8 +
1.,-'1
v.a: 1,""1.
v.
~;:t~
19
v,/vo T.
'1.1;;"
180
Transmission
Lines
We can find the reflected wave by carrying out an analysis similar to the one
for a transmission line with a capacitor. The result is as follows:
(6.58)
Figure 6.39b shows the voltage V(z) on the line during the time period
T < t < 2T.
6.1
.6.1
&.1
Problems
&.1. What is the voltage in the stripline discussed in Example 6.1 when the time-average
power being transmitted is 10 kW?
&.2.
Consider ths coaxial line discussed in Example 6.3. Calculate the maximum
time-average power that may be transmitted in the line, I Jss the hrea kdown E - 2 x
10' Vim and a safety factor ofl0.
&.3. Two coaxial lines have equal characteristic impedances: 50 n. Both art: air-filled,
ThA first line has a power capacity of 1 MW. and the second line's capacity is 1 kW.
Find the ratios %z
and bl/bz. Consider only the breakdown voltage.
-&.4.
&.1
Use (6. tb] and Lheboundary condition (4.3) to obtain the surface-current density J.
on the lower plate of the parallel-plate waveguide. Then calculate the total current
on the lower plate. Compare the current wilh the definition of I [z] given by (6.3bl
~.5. Find the surface-current density J. on the inner conductor of a coaxial line. Then
calculate the total current on it. Compare the total currant with I [z] defined for the
coaxial line.
8.2
...8.2:
&.2:
-6.7.
(a) Find tha expressions for] V(z) I and I liz) I as a function of kz, Zo, and V.
(b) SketchIV(z)landll(z)1
(c) Find VSW R on the line.
&.2
Repeat Problem 6.6 for a transmission line with an open circuit at the load (ZL = <10).
&.21
&.s. Repeal Problem 6.6 for a transmission line wilh a matched loaoll,. - 2.,J.
&.8. A transmission line is terminated with a normaltzed load of O.R + j1.0. Calculate (aJ
the VSWR. (bl the position of the voltage minimum, anti (e) the percentage of the
incident power that is reflected by the load. Sketch I Viz) I as a function of z/):
6.10. Solve the problem discussed in Example 6.6 by using the Smith chart. Find the
position of a shunt susceptance that can tune the line to have a perfect match.
Determine the value (in mhos) of the shunt susceptance.
&.11. For an open-circutted 5011 transmission lin a of length P,the input impedance at the
other end is j33 n. Find the length Q (in X).
8.12.
6.13.
For the first waveguide in Tahle t of Section 5.2. design an iris that will give a j1.57
admittance ilt f - 8 GHz.
8.21
-n Lines
he one
Problems
181
rL for
the following
ZLII:(a) 1
- jO.38.
(6.58)
el
(bJ -0.3.
and
and
- 8.15. Use the Smith chart 10 find ZLn from the following
(a) 0.6
<;'.
(c) O.
period
impedances:
[a] Z,
line is terminated
with a normalized
impedance
ZI,n - 2 + i2. as
shown in Figure 6.19a. The incident V. - 1.0. and ths characteristic
impedance
of
the line is 1.0. Show that V ma> - 1mu - 1.62.1 VIOl 1- 1.55.1 V( - O.219A11- 0.78, V min Imln - 0.31:1,11(0)1 = 0.55, and If -0.219X)
1.45.
8.18. A transmission
,verage
8.1V. A shunt
admittance
of Y Ln - - i1.57 is added to the transmission
line that is
terminated by a load ZLn~ 2 + i2, as shown in Figure 6.19b. The position of the shunt
is 0.219Xg from the load, so that the line is perfectly matched. Let V ~ 1.0 and Zo - 1.0
and show that V max - 2.08,1 VIOl
2.00, 1m - 1.B6,1l(0) 1- 0.71, and 1mln - 0.49.
ximum
~- 2
1-
8.20. In Example
"-filled.
51 kW.
,nsity J.
::urrent
5.3b).
1-
set of solutions
-8.22.
'. Then
for the
8.23. Calculate
8.24.
=.:<:>1
For a four-digit code system. design a D-A converter similar to that discussed in
Section 6.5 using the transmission line shown in Figure 6.27a. Specify the value of R.
the location of the sampler. and the time that a sample should be taken.
Draw the voltage and the current reflection diagrams for the transmission line which
is shcrt-circuited
as shown in Figure P6.26. Plot V and I as functions of time at
z - 11/2.
match.
a jl.57
of
that is absorbed
ind the
e at the
v_
-6.25. In plotting Figure 6.32. it is implicitly assumed that R,.> z.., And that H8> Zo. so that
both rL and rs are positive numbers. Sketch a similar diagram for the case in which
ilate [a]
, of the
]
1
'Igur. N.26
182
Transmission Lines
I-n
_r-i
V'l
z, Jz.
-,
Figur. P8.27
11--2--1
-6.27. Draw the voltage and the current reflection diagrams for the transmission line that is
perfectly matched. as shown in Figure P6.27. Plot V and I as functions of time at
? - 11/2.
6.28. Refer to Figure 6.31. and let Rg = 220 and RL - O.57~" Draw the voltage reflection
diagram for 0 <. t < 6T. and plot V at z = 3V4 Ior 0 <. t <.6T.
e.2e.
Refer to Figure 6.31. and let Rg - 2 Zo and RI - 0.5Zo. Draw the current reflection
diagram for 0 <. t <. 6T. and plot 1 al z - 3R/4 Iur 0 <. r <.6T.
6.30. Refer to Figure 6.38a, and obtain an expression for 1 . Sketch L(t) and I(z) versus?
for the time period T < t < 2T. The sketch should be similar to Figure 6.38u ami
Figure 6.38c.
6.31.
Derive (6.56).
7.1
Vector,
Pt =
z~:~
=12~'i..= 1~}tI()~ZDO
2DOO V
",t
r,.,,
-J
+/E./"",w= '2Jf./o"jJo.Zt(/o(,
v./A, ... V.-/EI,_.a,- 2X/O-Jt(4.IIX/() .~/I
'2{i:S
Z
2
.t...(i>Ia.) = 17iI(~:,:~:,.3tt.l"d/.l4J/O.411)': /';{,.U
f..dr>r /0
S~e.~
P-t =
E f,~
'f,
#J
Ai,.. i.$
etA.,~"'"
*W
ew._-
~."*"
,
:. (-i~/c(*tIOOO
=;> 4,/41-b,/h-{IDOb
a3/.'Z
~,
B:::Y(E./'Z)e-Jiti_
"
4.1-----
0" -H.~
,.
.', J.
y~tl,- pt,.l~,
c:
Is
fa.
hI( U til
= w( -/1> e-:iAi)
4$
(',3')
---L~--~~~_'~o~--J
-s;
V5WR.==
(c)
".7
lot/Cd
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=>.r, I
t1:
c.
(D)
11:
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Ik:(/
21~'
211(+1/1.
--Ya.
m,),
---------4:I".I/~.
o -}
(C)
VSwl!=
1+1['&.1=1
I-/fd
20
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',. =[(o.eTjl.O)-I)/[(().S+jI.O)+IJ
(4.)
vswR::
zkdhJ;"
cb)
1.""SOD=
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lc) Pr,;/
= (/+().4-'S)/(J-D.4'1S)
(I+I!U)/(I-Il',.I)
- ().O.~)/{j+'.6)
'=
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=>/("1= O.4QS-
z.a
::;i,!A
c ().3S'A.
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(~.4qS')'1
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=>
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50
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= ~./68.4
I &0
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21
(e)
(C)
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J
sAUJtt
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(=-JO.0311'11to)
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(b)
b;u,
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(d)
0.31
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em
lsi
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t s
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input
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/.().I. em
ilt,11
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and.
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-(l#'1A
sr(A.b
22
br,a.*40Wr)
hr
:. p"'u
v+::
= I Y+I'l2i
p -
SO~SD+S().
T = .lIt!
V-c
It:
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r... V" -
I.- - -II t: -
6.2.&'
a.~S4-'Y.1
'Y.+'/'~""Jtl =1 Y(.8.4~7J..)1/2IY_'
6.22-
use
..)J
.li"e.., E~:sJY~I/{Q..k(,/
C<:lt(,'ot
0".
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11f? b
Y2.}
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i:
V+/~O
$tG
r.... ('10-so)/('J't>t'SO)
= I).Of,
(l .I/~)
0::1/2)
f(.u.J_
ItIO
t-D
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nL
o./~71t.(i):O.D8JS
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:__
x().6S'4/2e.lt;96
= ze. 1J. w
lilt)
-O.I'''1f.(O.DI)--O.CVJ/,r
= "-5'7&
t
:-"
T.l/v
).,t
r:. :-1
v;
v; c v. T.:l.. zIt
v-ls,
2'1:
(H
l~
-l' --L-..-I- __
23
"l)l
(AtJ"'4',)
J;. --------
.J,-__
'Yt :rr
P;
=0
.y
('.2'1
~~----t
v.
V.,.C RS+i ! T
't
$T
V.
li.
v.
-li.
24
T/1
o~--:T.~lO:-~T:----t
Problems
annas
221
to Puerto Rico. This radio telescope system is called the Very Long Baseline Array. The angular resolution will be of the order of 10 9 radian,
which is smaller than the angle spanned by a dime located in New York
City when it is viewed from Los Angeles.
In ordinary arrays, individual antenna elements are connected by
transmission lines. For the very long baseline array, such physical interconnection of antennas is not practical. Instead, the signal received by
each antenna in the array is recorded on magnetic tapes which arc later
transported to a central facility where the tapes are replayed simultaneously. The key to such processing is a very accurate time standard for all
recorded data. At present. time synchronization
of the recordings is
provided by hydrogen masers which are accurate within 20 nanoseconds*.
Problems
- 7.1 Find the rectangular coordinates of a point P where the spherical coordinates are
(r - 1.0 = 600 = 30).
- 7.2 The rectangular
coordinates.
coordinates
r2 sin H do dr/l.
LJ-1_
that
find
.49)
:l=
:.It
vaii
OK. r. Kellermann
and A. R. Thompson. "The very long baseline array;' Science, Vol. 22f1.
No. 4709. July 1985. pp. 123-130.
222
Antennas
coordinate systems. For example, X f' - sin 0 cos t/J. as indicated in the fullowing
tahle. Complete this table.
sin 8 cos</>
-7.6
the table prepared in the preceding problem to express the following vector
located at (I' - 1.0 = _00. </>= 45) in rectangular coordinates:
USA
+ 88 -
A = 12i'
_
sJ
Ir - r' I
1'2
+ r"
(J'
.p')
<1
and (1".
(f,
4>') are
----__---
_---
_----
~""",""-T
I
I
I
Figur. P 7.8
-~ --------------p~
7.0 The power lost on a cylindrical conductor that is ~z long and that carries I amperes
of current is given by
Pnhm
%12 R. ~z
where Polun is the loss due to finite cond.uctivity of the wire. R. is the surface
resistance given by 1/(ud.2?ro}, and d. is the skin depth. The efficiency of the antenna
is given by
'10 -
Power radiated
Power radiated. + Polun
Assume that a short antenna of length ~7. has an efficiency of ten percent. Is the
efficiency improved. by increasing the length to 2 ~z while maintaining the same
current and, if so, by how much? Assume that the antenna is still a short antenna
after its length is increased to 2 ~z.
Antennas
223
Problems
y
e following
Ig vector A
..Igur. P 7.10
'.8) can
be
7.10.
Consider the antenna system consisting of two short dipoles arranged perpendicularly to each other in space, as shown in Figure P7.10. These dipoles are driven by the
same amount of power from a common source. However,
the current on the
x-oritmted dipole has a -90 phase with respect to that on the }I-oriented dipole
because of a phase shifter inserted in the transmission line that leads to the former.
Find the total radiated electric field on the z axis. Verify that this antenna system
radiates a circularly
polarized wave in the
direction. Is the wave left-hand or
right-hand circularly polarized?
0
7.11.
Find the expression of the total radiated electric field on the x axis that is due to the
antenna system discussed in the preceding problem. What is its polarization on the x
axis?
7.12.
A certain application
1 km from an antenna
directions.
7.13.
Tho current at the center of an antenna is 100A; what is the E field 1 km away from it
on the horizontal 10 - 90 plane at 10 MHz if the antenna is (0) a dipole with hI hl - 0.5 m, [b] a capacitor-plate
antenna with D.z - 1 m, and [c] a half-wave dipole?
Q
[ amperes
ne surface
ia antenna
cent, Is the
Ithe same
rt antenna
7.14.
Show that if the radiation field pattern shown in Figure 7.4 for the infinitesimal
dipole or the capacitor-plate
antenna
is plotted in x-z plans in linear scale the
pattern is exactly formed by two circles.
7.15.
7.16.
7.17.
Consider a uniform linear array of two half-wave dipoles that are 1.5 wavelengths
apart. The currents on these two dipoles are in phase. Sketch the radiation pattern in
the horizontal (8 = 90") plane. Show clearly the number of lohas in this pattern. Also,
estimate the beam width of each of the major lobes. The beam width is the angle
between two directions
in which the radiation intensity is one-half (-3 dB) the
maximum value of tho boom.
(b) a capacitor-plata
antenna,
r~
and [c] a
3 m] and that
Chapter 7
224
7.18.
Antennas
IQgure 7.23(bJ shows the array factor of a two-element array separated by 20>-.Find
the beam width (in terms of the angle between two adjacent nulls) of this array
factor near rP" 90 and 0 .. 30.
(a) Use the approximate formula given by (7.49).
(b) Find the exact value starting from (7.45).
7.19.
Find the directivity of the two-wire transmission line shown in Figure 7.27 with
radiation fields given by (7.42J.
7.20. Find the field pattern of a two-element array with d - >./4and", - O. Sketch the field
pattern on the x-y plane.
7.21.
Find the field pattern of a four-element array with d - >.!4 and ",-0. Sketch the field
pattern on the x-y plane. (a) Use (7.37) to obtain the field-pattern formula. and [b] use
the result obtained in the preceding problem and in Figure 7.16 and the patternmultiplication technique.
7.22. Write a computer program to plot field patterns of a ten-element phased array with
d - >-/4 and varying phases.
7.23. A uniform linear array consists of 6 short dipoles. The spacing between adjacent
Alements is ),,/4, as shown in Figure P7.23.
(a) What should the phase shift", be, in order to point the maximum radiation in
the 4> = 90 (that is,.9')direction?
(b) Supposo that the E-field due to the first element (the dipole at far loft) is given
as follows:
E
Bo
1000 -jJ.:r 0
e
sm
r
= --
lc:) Sketch the field pattern of the array in the x-y plane.
(d) Sketch the field pattern of the array ill the x-z plane.
-I
1-),,/4
y
Figure P7.23
x
8.1
Raleig
CHAPTER. '7
r"
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: .4=
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(r;e,I')
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= r. r.':: (;
S,;'8,osd>
= !.,;"9(.oscl S/~f)'l..Dul
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7.14 (S >
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9=%,
II~ 1=
loti"
/DO."
)(.
Ii I ~IJ/
29
~'"
vi"",
S"lI[f1T(~."i-1J J /
s....( frr( s,...t;-OJ
.t'
If""
252
Topics in Waves
Problems
8.1 The derivation
of 18.5) only considers the electric field. Why is the magnetic field
neglected? Hint: Cumpare the magnitude of E. with 1)H" near the sphere. or the
stored electric-energy
density (1/21~ IE I~with the stored magnetic-energy
density
(1/2jlll HI
01'
background
Why?
sky.
II -
f:
e'~ dx - ,fi
8.8 A
If;
Hint:
I~-
f.'
e'
Then. transform
integration.
dx .
X-)'
d,
t:
re
e-I'" dy
coordinates
into cylindrical
coordinates
,.,
exp( - tr:
.J.fir4X) ux
p exp (t/)
4 z
p
e,g 0
hi
fe
th
cl
te
8.10 A
Hint:
22
-p x +
qx
= -
(qpx - -
2p
s~
Sf
q~
)2 +-.
4J)"
in problem
the integration
that on earth a microwave beam of 10 GHz is radiated by a zo-mctcrdiamp.tAr disk antenna aimed Citthe moon. Estimate the size of the microwave heam
on the moon.
8.7 Assume
"See R. W. Curtler and C. Maze. "I.iquld Crystal Displays." Il::t:(; Spectrum, November
1972. p. 25.
Problems
::s in Waves
253
Iisplay. * It
AP mode.
I. The light
:he crystal
J the light.
ranges the
he second
gnetic field
ere, or the
rgy density
ins! a dark
oks yellow .
vered sky.
8.8 A person leaving his home by train mails a letter home every day. Suppose that the
train travels 200 miles per day and that the mail moves at a speed of 200 miles per
day. How frequently do his letters arrive home? Try to solve this problem by simple
reasoning, not by substituting numhers in some formula.
1
Ihe exact
8.8 On a foggy day, the driver of an automobile stepped at a railway crossing hecause he
heard a whistle from a moving train. The sound of the whistle came from his left. A
few seconds later he heard the echo, and the pitch of the first sound was lower than
that of the echo. Assume that the echo was due to reflection from a nearby mountain
close to the track. If you were the driver, would you cross the track-that is. could you
tell whether the train was approaching or leaving you? (See Figure PS.9.)
8.10
A Doppler radar sends a signal at 8.8UOGHz, and the receiver displays a frequency
spectrum of returned signals as shown in Figure P8.l0. What CClIl you say about the
speed of the targetls]?
I' Amplitude
ntcgratlon
20-mcler..ave haam
~ovember
10 kHz
15 kHz
a.aoo
r.Hz
Flgur. P8.10
rrequenC"y
Topics in Waves
254
Absorption
axis
I
I
Randornlv
Passing
axis
pnlllri7.pcl
IIgltt
~~/A
,\Jl
~~/.;)-Ctobserver]
Figur. P8.15
to.
8.13 II d - >'n/2
AS shown In Figure 8.16a. what is the polarization of the exiting wave if the
incident wave from the IAft is circularly polarized?
8.15
thickness
of
II
In FigurA PB.15 the Polaroid film at A is oriented such that it passes light polarized in
the ic direction and absorbs light pulnrizcd in the 5' direction. The film at B passes
y-polarizerl light and absorbs x-polnrized light. A randomly polarized light source.
such as a flashlight. sheds light from the left along z, Can an observer at C sec the
light? Explain.
8.16 Consider
the orrnngemant shown ill Figure P8.'lo. This figure differs from Figure
P8.15 only in the placement of a third Polaroid film at D between A and B. The
absorption axis of the third film is 45n Irum either the x or the y axis. Nuw, can the
observer at C sap. thp. light? (If you do not believA in your answer, do an experiment
with three pairs uf polarized sunglasses and see for yourself.]
Figure PS.16
l1fjO
I ;
I
I
I
I
7.
(;Iouservcr)
9.1
Ele
e.
z,
8.'3
(i,(w.e.)
Wllt..I\, bc.J::jr"",..d_
Ol)e. Sees
St"Ge.
;!. dark,l
-o. s,der.."j of
s~ard
AJai-u-
1-r: (,.,.~')
dxtli/J
:. I;: 1"e eJx.:& Iff
_.
t"
flx'.tJC)
flit>
I, = 1 e
~x. =
(-(2"
Jo e:
c:; )"
-;r.'1
e.~
8.'1
410
--
-til>
f =IO(iIlJ
Zf
3'"
_', W,OIofI....:
WZ/2j
:=
7iiiJ x
(10)
eo
W= -
= /.0
-10
-
Z
~
"''!J4/0
IOX.3.SXIOS;/'()I.'7tc.lo4-:
~u- ~lt4.r
r- pe-f ~d..f
AX
ptlSS
=<
z,7T"Z)"
..!.1 . e -u ell"
(7i
_!!...
P
1"L
'" 7? . P
I,.
I'::
-t:JI()
e)(dk. =
I'
e ?PT
,..,
.z ==- J.8x 10
r ;
(lD
/u.d ~tIe""I>J'
I (#II
Z")o
j"
,3.,0&
:::
A2
r:fd.ftl.;::
pa.rt.:.de.J,
~kt.
fjeJlf'J
lnolt.u..It.S
-(Px-"l #1
e
.e '
= --Z
dtlst
et/JcI...
I; ""'4>'-<0 e: x
rd
4.I1d
rU
tees ti..!JI.f;
(;V)e..
kw
tJ tAe .rh)olt~
.s~e,e.A.,
~an.
.lDs~ ~
ScJl/.r'i"'.J
~"e;'"
M,l..t
s-h-eJ"Jb:J
,"()r~
sro",,,a. ~
6~
ru.I.f~rs
3.(PJ)(/O~
co;
8
,..,
.1"3
= d/J.J4"'e,.
"elv~~#1
It",
--
I "
I I I I I I I
.f,
fa.
.'. 1f'6':"" ,-S n.el/,,,) ~....,ord.
g.IO
rhu<.. c.r~
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oJ
I:
SC.WH'''A-I.
-tJ~
1.-.1~.".Y of
fUlu~l1C)'
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4'"
~,r-sc
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-l4"'J~lJ :
-=-
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I
-E.. Z
-1(/"
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i.i"'IJ'''Z
_ ../7A. ~
30
v. ~
,.,/~
/1.
l10WAJ
.,.,..",...
-Htc
rece! er
III.
7T
8.11
AI ..:ToL (:U.J/,)
ar
Ie -
,',
.!..!J_
u,
2)t
.. 8.8)(10-'111. J( q93
le'/
3)( IcB::
04.....Lt.J.a_-IJ....=
11,phcQ..((,
5~ 1:11)
ptJfA"iJ~
"c.-%. ~..
8,1S'
NO.
BJft,
YES.
c"
r;-,."
7 ;4($
".u~futf._ ; /,tM
~.7,.uS .
wt:U/t!.
hu.t
;;)02$"w"J
.t""O
31<Ic'
opPOJde.
1,4"
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'
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31
._.'
'SDoA
. +(/iH-
{Lii)
''','1(,
P""
286
Electrostatic
Fields
Problems
g.1 Consider the dipole arrangement shown in Figure 9.20. Let q = '1.11 X 1O-1Y C. Find
at:
<I.>
(a) x-O.l,y=O.l,Z-O.1
(b) x-l,y=l,z-l
Use the exact formula (9.14) first. Then use the approximate formula (\1.17),and find
the accuracy of the latter, The medium Is air.
Q at x - 0, th - 2q at x = 1. and
q, - -3q at x - 2. Find the position(s) on the x axis where ~ is equal to zero.
e.3
Four point charges are located on the corners of a rectangle, as shown in Figure P9.3.
Find the planes on which the potential is equal to zero, Sketch these planes.
y
..
..I
----+TI
2m
sm
I
I
-Q
+11
-2q
>
Figure P9.4
-Q
1
<I>,.,------~
4'11'Eo
(XZ + y2 + r)1I2
10
C). Sketr.h a
9.6 For the charge distribution given in Problem 9.2, calculate E. at (aJ x - -1, [b] x [c] x - 2.5, and (d) x - 3.
0.5,
9.7 Apply E
= - 'V<I>
to [9.14Jto find the E field located at the origin and prod need by two
charges + Q and -Q located at ro, 0, l1Jand (0, O. h], respectively. as shown in Figure
9.2a. where h = 1 em. Show that E - -!(q/2'11'Eh%j.
g.9 Skelch the direction of the E field located at the center of a square shown in Figure
P9.9. The E field is produced by four charges at four corners of the square OABG.
tbese four charges carry Q. q. -Q, and Q coulombs, respectively.
Ic Fields
Problems
287
:. rind <I>
Flgur.pe.e
and find
-1. and
He P9.3.
8.10 A line charge 2h meters long is located along Inc z axis as shown in Figure 9.6a. The
charge density is Pr coulombs per meter.
r~.21J.
(b) Calculate the electric field at the same point using the assumption that the line is
infinitely long.
(c) Find the percentage error of the value obtained in [b] as compared with the exact
value.
D.11 For the same line-charge described in Prohlem 9.10.
(a) Calculate the electric field at P - 20h. cp - 0, z - U using the exact formula.
(b) 1)0 the same using the assumption that the line is a point charge at the origin.
(c) Find the percentage error of value obtained in (b).
8.12 A plane charge of p, coulombs per square meter is located on the x = 0 plane, and
another plane of -p, coulombs per square meter is located on Ihe x - 1plane. Find
the total electric-field in the region (al x '> 1.(b) 1> x 0, and (e) x < o.
8.13 Consider the problem discussed in Example 9.11. Assuming that everything is the
same except for the Iact that ths total charge on the conducting shell is now equal to
:es.lhe
10
9.14 A charge distribution of the following Iorm is set up in air [spherical coordinates):
0
o;
), 1000.
O<.:r<.:o
R
10-
< r<h
b< r
ketch a
(a) Find the 1J field for 0
(b) Find D Ior a < r < 0.
(c) Find 1J for b < r
x= 0.5.
by two
9.15
Figure
charge distribution
<.
c.
Use Gauss' law to find the E field everywhere. Hint: To find IhA total charge in a
Gaussian surface. yuu must rio the integration because the charge is not uniformly
distrihuted f lowever. symmetry still exists with respect to t/> and O.
Figure
DARC,
<
9.16
Electric charges are distributed uniformly in the region 0.1 < x < +0.1 with density
3
6 C/m
Elsewhere. the density is equal 10 zero. Ftnd the E field everywhere.
P, - 10
288
Plot E. versus x. Find the potential
the origin.
9.17
difference
Electrostatic
E - {;
jkI
)2]
cos 0 +
Hertzian
8 [1 +
dipole
at r = 0
and
with angular
;~ + (j:rIZ] sin
oJ
Derive the solution (9.20) for a static dipole by selling w - O. Notice that k
and I ~z = apia! - jwp.
9.19
Fields
w(lJtfZ
9.22 Consider the coaxial line shown in Figure 1-'9.22. The inner conductor
is a solid
conducting
cylinder with a radius equal to 0.1 m. The outer conductor
has an innet' radius equal to 0.4 m and an outer radius equal to 0.5 m. The medium between
tha inner and the outer conductor is air. The inner conductor carries a net charge
of - 3Eo Clm and the outer conductor carries a net charge of -lSEo elm. The symbol '0 used here represents 8 constant equal to 8.854 x 10-12
(a)
(b)
(e)
(d)
(e)
Figure P.9.22
-ostatlc Fields
vith respect to
at r - 0 and
with angular
1.2) and B is at
rtential <1>( r] at
inity Plot <I>(r)
harge on the
changed. YOIJ
:tor is a solid
tor has an inlium between
; a net chargo
1m. The sym-
lp.
Problems
289
9.23 Model the dome of a Van de Graaff generator as a conducting sphere. The dome is
charged to hold the maximum amount of electric charge Qm before the air surrounding the dome breaks down. Use the following data:
radius of tho dome - 0.11 m.
breakdown E of air = 3 x 106 Vim.
(a) Calculate the maximum Qm accumulated on the dome just before the breakdown.
(h) Calculate the voltage of the dome ill reference to the potential at infinity just
before breakdown occurs.
[c] When the dome is charged with the maximum charge Qm. a person uses a conducting rod to discharge the electricity. Assume that the discharge takes 0.01
seconds to complete. how Iltrong is the discharging current (on the average)?
~
-1
,'.0
-+--""1
,f
I
'.1-0
.-t-., ,
! :
32
- , ~------;~-,
'/.9
"'~I
,
o .'
"
,,
"
I
I
, I
,
q.1.Q
(11)
-I
;)
q.1I
f ..204
(el
(h>
f z"EP4('oJ.,)
po;"t
..
(C)
E;:
84.S
&
f zre
J
2.7rIII).,h)
o. 5"03
( 11.115)
~.,
'(
8'-) ~ P,
S'" 1.
C t" """Hi
S..~
f..p"J,
r f.7T(201t)
'I
(c)
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eI
t,. .
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r (l.
IS.
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9.14
App~xi.,"A~t't>"}
Cllo,.St.
(.. ) ~ eO
(b>
-= 'ku\'(
tf..o
,..
(C) ~,,...,.
~
b"J l.i.nl.
= IDq.::.s- ~ IOC"_
En-or
) );:"t: =
tflJ4l4
Z11Uf;.Jlt)
.)_'"
S",(84.3 -
i",h"j.f./y
(b> FDr
(C)
+M-'( "'/().II-.)
PL
e p
f = D.I h .I-()
-.
&
C.I
p"
-,
r::1:fl[2.e-,.(,.I,nr+Z)
11';,'I.(fJ.l.)
;-9;(0.,) ,whue
f,,:lIO-'
f" 7f"I(fJ.'l)
9 ~. -x,.
r. (D.I);
(*"
I.A_~
-.JIJU"~
33
I V
A-"
1.,
>J
fo,..
-x e=o.t
VZO-
r:te)l~x
_.
(1f.
(z
I'
1).1
fir
'k:
c-
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--T.T
f:/~xtl't- fit:.!;;(4I)tI~
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D-T.~f O.ODS'+O.'X-(J.DI 1 --r.(o.""r-(J./z)
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e
A
s,;',c.
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r
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s"":JtAlkvi.~ J, f"&D I ~
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+ (j'r)&.
-L] 5;"81of
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= ft
4"'"
lJRr
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(., j"r
(j~r)"
sinS
B[(jkr/+j*rt'lj Silt, J
= ::;~: [F(j.r.'JZ<As8 .i[(jltr)I+JJtr+IJ $/,,'1 "'-0
4-0
2
VA - Va
s.a, - J s.a, -J~:.,,1 where E. 3~+4 ;-~i
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f:
v '
ZeDs8
E 0 ~ VA
oIlirJ [;2'OJ9+is/~8j
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=-SI-(S)2
:3 V
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oj 'VI' po.~
"f
-Me. ""f~.Jf'tLUI}",
4JTficr)
a/.$D"
Q.21
"I
= ft 4~:~1.~~2
ejll,. [; (j~r-+ 'J 2cos8 ...[(jRr)t ...jkr+'J
f/.,q
,tu...~
JJ..!.
~w .. r-
icc I.
Le't
J: 1:l:,I1.,.
g,(r>e)
=-
2'&0
P,..JICAIt 'P.ID
4~~~
fJ!il')
-L.J. ..J. ..... _
..
...
to
34
~. 2Z.
(,,)
-.3
=
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f,
l~ )
(C)
(d )
tf
./ <r<
J.lff
0./1.
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-l-/~
~( . l)=_
-,
)'If
0.
hY
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> .s:
fl'tJ./
-f
-_ f,r Tf
,
=-
J_ J. (I.~
7T
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tlf
+ .L.J..
~17
tAr
-I
-J
Af
~trf
(. S' )
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l~ )
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t
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-,
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-,)
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r.:~3
-
t( )
l ~)
f~=
V=
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&W\
47Tl
E.=
(t.~
:: ]30
3 ~ 10
-h V
&II
--r
35
,,
D II )
..n.
1./.1'1 ~ I ()
10
332
Electric
This electrostatic
adhesive surface is widely used in desk-top calculator-driven curve tracers. A typical voltage used to charge the embedded
conductors is 300 volts. and typical spacings between them are approximately 2 mm.
Problems
10.1 A point charge of Q coulombs is located at the origin (0. O. 0). and a second point
charge of Q' coulombs is at (1. O. 0). A small test-charge is placed at [3. 0, 0). and it is
found that the total force on the test charge is equal to zero. Find q' in terms of Q.
10.2 Two identical small balls are attached to weightless strings 15 COl long. Each hall
carries 10 9 C of charge. and eoch has a mass of 1 ~. They achieve an equilibrium
state under the influence of electrostalic force and gravitational force. as shown in
Figure Pl0.2. Find the angle a. Hint: a is sma 11.
Flgur. P10.2
+Q
acting on a dust
10.4 A line charge with p, ~ 10 fi C/m is located in air at x - 1. Y - O. A plane charge with
9
P. = 10-6 C/m1 is located at x - O. A positive point charge of 10- C is at (112, 0, 0) in
rectangular coordinates.
What is the total force acting on this point charge?
10.5 Charge
and PI'
is uniformly distributed
- 0 for r > u.
in the spherical
volume
r oS a with
PI' - 2 X 10-
extends
C/m
to
r=
d Energy
Problems
p calcuihedded
approxi-
V (volts)
III
nd point
and it is
uf 1.1,
.ach ball
ilibrinm
hown
333
100
y
0
I
I
+
Figur. P10.e
[ruilllseccnds]
-lOU
Figur. P10.0
in
10.7 At room temperatura
(ZOC) and standard atmosphere. what should be the size of the
corona wire if b ~ :l cm. V, - 10 kV. and the roughness factor of the wire is equal to
0,8? (Refer to Figure 10.4,)
10.8 What should the lowest voltage on a Van de Craaff generator be in order to have it
produce corona on its surface? Assume that F:c - 4 x lOij V1m and that the radius of
IhA metal sphere is equal to 0,6 m.
10.0 Refer to Figure 10.1. If the voltage applied to the parallel
shown in Figure P10.9. find the locus of tht: electron
located at x - 20 cm.
10.10
a dust
gewith
0,0) in
; 10 rostatic
r The
-oltage
10 the
be V,
region
Figure
plate.
For the cathode-ray tnhe shown in Figure 10,8. what should the voltages V. and V, bs
in order to make the electron beam trace a circular path on the screen at 60
revolutions per second? Assume that the vertical and the horizonta I deflection plates
are identical.
--3I:m_1
,1
. 41110V
---t-"""",=::;;;::
--Js.
~22Z2ZZZZ:zz:z::!:Z:::ZZZZ3
m.-9.11)(
0 V
10 J1kg
Q, - -1.60 x 10
Ie
Pigur. P10.11
of I.
10
334
10.12
Xd- --.,-2
mrluvd
10.13
Zp -
1)2
-~dp
Find the capacitance of the spherical capacitor shown in Figure 10.13 by using (10.42)
and (10.50). Start from
E - ~
411'Ef
r for b > t
Find the capacitance of the cylindrical capacitor shown in Figure 10.14 by using
(10.42) and (10.50). Start from
E_~
p for h e- o
211'fP
Consider the parallel-plate capacitor shown in Figure 10.12. What is the maximum
capacitance one can obtain hy using mica as the insulator? Let the area of the plate be
10 ern" and the voltage rating of the capacitor be 2 kV, with a safety factor of 10. Use
Table 10.1 for the value of ( for mica.
Consider the cylindrical capacitor shown in Figure 10.14. What is the maximum
capacitance one can obtain by using oil as the insulator? Ta ke a - 1 em, h - 2 em and
the voltage rating - 2 kV. with a safety factor of 5. Use Table 10.1 for the value of e for
oil.
10.17 A parallel-plate capacitor is filled with two dielectric materials in a configuration
shown in Figure Pl0.17. The total area of the plate is A. (a] Find the capacitance C in
terms of A, d, f,. and f2' (b] Suppose that the positive plate carries Q coulombs of
charge. and find Q, and Q2 in terms of Q. where Ql and Q2 are charges on the 1eftand on the right-hand sides of the plate, respectively. Neglect fringing fields.
10.18
10.18
Consider the capacitor shown in Figure Pl0.17. Let fl - 3to. Cz - 5f.n, J - 0.6 mrn, and
A _ 20 ern", The potential between the plates is 300 V. Plnd the total stored electric
energy In this capacitor.
I"lgur.P10.17
wi;!
w/2
Problems
335
Find the capacitance per unit length of II coaxial capacitor with two layers of
insulating materials, as shown in Figura to 15c. Express CI I, in terms of 0, b, C, {I' and
Ez
10.20
'igur. P10.20
13 hy using 110.42)
10.21
Refer to the capacitor shown in Figure PI0.20. Lel E] - 3Eo, ~z = 5Eu, d, - 0.3 mm, d2 ~
= 20 cm '. The voltage across the capacitor iii 300 V. Find the total
stored electric energy in this capacitor.
0.3 rnrn, and 1\
10.22
Derive (10.t!2j.
10.23 A parallel-plats
re 10.14 hy using
(a) Find the total stored energy V t,; in this capacitor in terms of Q. A, S and '0'
(bJ What is the clcctrostatlc force Acting on the plates? Is it attractive or repulsive'?
Hint: find the change in UE with respect to S,
is the maximum
'ea of the plate be
factor of 10. Use
is the maximum
h - 2 cm and
. the value of E for
em,
1a
configuration
capacitance C in
5 Q coulombs of
arges on the lefting fields.
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11
368
Conductor
Solution Techniques
Conductor
Conductor
Figur. P1t.1
4>, - II
CaS!' ,
rj>l -
Case II
<1>3 = 0
Case III
Problems
11.1 Consider the three boundary-value
11.2 Consider the three boundary-value problems shown in Figure Pl1.2. The solution of
Case T is <1>,. lind the solution of Case II is <1>2' In Case III. the charges (/, lind qz are the
slime charges that appear in cases [ and Il, and they appear in exactly corresponding
positions. Note the differences in the boundary conditions for the three cases. Can <1>3
he expressed in terms of <1>, and <l>2? If so, obtain the expression. If not. explain why.
11.3 The radius of the inner conductor of a coaxial line is a and that of the outer conductor
is b. The potential of the inner conductor is V and that of the outer conductor is zero.
There is no volume charge density between band u. Start from the Laplace equation
to obtain the potential in the coaxial line.
11.4 Two concentric conducting spheres have radii u and b, respectively [h > 01.The uuter
sphere is at zero potential, ann the inner sphere is maintained at V volts. There is no
space charge he tween the conductors. Start from the Laplace equation to obtain the
potential <I>{rl for b > r o.
Couductnr
Conduclnr
Conductor
Figur. P11.2
~~
4>~ - 0
C':ilse I
Casp. II
Case 111
rechniques
Problems
369
1.1
In Figure Pl1.S a conducting cone is at a potential Yo. and a small gap separates its
vertex from a conducting plane. The axis of the cone is perpendicular to the
conducting plane. which is maintained at zero potential. The angle of the cone is (J,.
BecaUSAof the symmetry of this problem and the fact that the boundary conditions
on the potential <fJ involve fI only. <I> is independent of rand q; when spherical
coordinates are used. Find the potential "'(0) in the region OJ s. IJ s. 90. Hint: J (l/sin
0) dO = In [tan 0/2). Find the surface charge density on the cone.
The upper plate of the parallel-plate capacitor discussed in Example 11.1 is
maintained at 100 V. and the lower plate hi at 80 V. All other conditions remain
unchanged. Find <1>.
Model a de vacuum-tuba
rectifier as two parallel plates with a space charge in
between. as shown in Figure 11.3. Let the separation be 1 cm. Find the voltage
needed tu produce I A/m2 current.
Find the surface charge distribution on the vertical and the horizontal conducting
walls for the case discussed in Example 11.8. Plot p. for 7. :> 0 and x = y _ O. Let q =
10-6 C. and a - b = 1.
Find the images of a point charge near a corner of a conductor similar to the one
shown in Figure n.ll except that rPo = 45.
Find the electrostatic force that acts on the point charge q at (0, 0, d) and is due to
induced surface charges at z - O.as shown in Figure 11.5.
Calculate the capacitance per meter of a 12-inch (0.3048 ml-diametsr
located 6 ft [1.R!! m I above and parallel to the ground.
steel pipe
Example 11.10 states that the maximum electric field on the surface of the conducting cylinder is located at the point nearest the ground. Show the validity of this
statement by plotting out E, on the surface as a function of (p. Use the following data:
V, - 100 V. h - 2 m, and a - 1 m.
11.13 For the point charge q located d meters from a grounded conducting sphere shown in
Figure 11.14. find the surface charge distribution as a function of 8.
11.14 Repeat the preceding problem for an isolated conducting sphere carrying no net
charge.
11
370
Conductor
Flgur.
P".'6
~igur.
Solution Techniques
1<1>
- 0)
P".i.
11.15 Equation (11.42) ).!ivl::sthe potential dus to a point charge in the presence
of II
grounded conducting sphere. Equation (11.44)gives the potential due tu a point charge
in the presence of an isolated sphere carrying no net charge. From these results. finel
the potential due to a point charge Q. cl meters from an isolated conducting sphere
carrying a net charge of 1111'
11.16 A llna charge PI is inside a conducting tunnel of radius a, as shown in Figure P J Ll6.
Notice that the linA charge is b motors off CAnter. Find the potential function in tht!
tunnel. lIint: This is a complementary problem of the one shown in Figure 11.12.
11.17 Calculate the force per meter acting on the line charge in the tunnel shown in Figure
PI1.16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11.19 Calculate the aleetrostatic force acting on the point charge in thA cavity shown in
Figure Pl1.1S.
11.20 Sketch the E lines due to a point charge near the interface of two dielectric media.
The situation is similar to the one shown in Figure 11.17, except that (2 - 0.5f1
Flgur. P11.21
200 sin [2 ..
Vi
xlul
t
~
? ,
"-.l.-----7
l-u -I
Problems
371 .
'1
100 V
IWA
0-0
'uc?"
;;{I
"'hl~"IIIV
(u.O)
Figure P11.23
of
args
find
1ere
i.is.
the
~ure
~re
in
dia.
x
"gure P11.24
of a rectangular
conducting
pipe are shown in Figure
in the pipe. There is no vulume charge in the pipe.
11.24 Consider the boundary value problem shown in Figure Pll.24. The upper and the
lower conducting plates are maintained
at :Gt!I'U potential. The plats tit the left is
maintainecl at 100 V. Two gaps insulate the side plate from the ground. There is no
volume charge in the region and cI> approaches
zero <18 x approaches
infinity.
(a) IJse the method of separation of variables tu obtain two ordinary differential
equations.
(b) Solve the differential
equations.
(The function involving y must be a sine
function.)
(c) Match the boundary conditions, and find the final solution.
11.25
(a) Find the potential function <l>(r) in the region a <r< b. The potential at r = a is
Vo and it is zero at r = h. Hint: The potential satisfies the Laplace equation
(J 1.2) and it may be assumed that it is a functiou of r only.
(b) Find the electric field in the region a < r < h.
(c) Find the D field in the region c c r-c b. Hint: The D Fiald in medium 1 is differAnt from that in medium 2. Note: the boundary conditions
on the tangential E
and on the normal D fields are sarisftsd using the suggested approach.
(d) Find the total charge on the inner conductor
and the capacitance
of this capacitor.
era
the
the
e is
eI'e
Figure P11.26
CNAPrR
M!.
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C,= Vo/,I..t.(.J.M~)
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V~
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(a..)=V
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"'.'Jl,'.
C. 0
.0.
fA,... S;",(~~)S~(~I)
111.,
~;"'(,":k.)S;""h (b) + Mc2 ~J.. A2
..
ld,A,..
f!s+~
h-o ..
~~%JD).O
-0 ..
t>"M()'D~
S~~
* C ::aD
J.IOOr,i'L(7!IJ~1
J.
",",::(..,
..
4./.) ,
:.
c
..,,.
6/
IJ~,.,.
C4.Se.l.
t(-IJIlI -
~(A;~)"
"
~j
... rrs.~~{~rr4;')
....
~
I~
s,;"J,(A1"X/~)s#t..(Ih"'I/J)
CAsu.
t~~"~~/,,,
_.
-+-
C&,,)
c..s. ~
'oi,..,d
H..~
I;
M,. 1',.,6. ~.
-(% ti). ~
.:t',;
.,
_.-.
CA-I\
4DD
Po/~I, ...l If'S,!);'L. tIol. pipf sl.OW'l. ,',." ~/;""'t. PII.:l3 1:S ~t.#,."~
+Nt
A...: si...JdT4.)
'lite (.11'fMi"l ~
CUI L
~I
..,
~(~'I)!A..,.S;,.J(~%)SiI\,(T""I)
(... )
C~, J. It..,
5,',../t I.~
1W"I,~, ~...
(~"":':!I!I::
.s:Js/~
J()()/s;,.i,(.1b)
~;..~!
E{1t.1J -
:.
Gl)s-r) _ [ D ; m. Il,.,.,
.Iooy,...". I ", .',
",,,.
f1
.ICO~i""(Tt)dl. ~(I-
FiJurt.. plI.2~
~(K.~)
~('fC.1)-(Ac.oSI.AX+8S;"';"Xxcw~/+'D~I)
(4,'1)"100.;1 A,,_
..
(ACDS~%"'Bs;"'l.x)(ct..1..1t.3+Ds:,..AIt;)
r: ~(;c..''). E s;.._ltx si...lt,lLj
Si~(~')$1A.(.t)WC"l')
+ A cC
j(%.b)&{)'"
.'. Am
-0 .., /(",'/)-
I (:1C. ~J. f.
~ ( ~~(~'X/'Js''''''('''''I/.)
...,.~ In'"
1I"-Acmrd/.)
42
..',,.J/~J\ ~
c"se~ Arid.
r,;."J.(1h1Tl/...)s:r..( .. rx/ .. )
$.I',.J.
(1t",.'/4.}
a".jt1,
::
--
Q..
v.
(1- t)
43
rrrsnts
Problems
Solution:
387
t: _ 1 (0.1
0.1
0.01) _ 0.8181
+ 0.01
[1
1
-471' x 0.1 0.406
Substituting
+ 0.818]
-0.813
=-
1 (34.7)
471'
Pr - 471' x 16
2.54
x -
Ino
x -
41T
Problems
12.1
12.11.
't and
12.2 A parallel
plate is 1'i11I~d
with two materials in 0 configuration shown in figure P12.2.
Find its equivalent circuit, and express IhA circuit parameters in terms of A, the area
of the plate. and U1 U1 f" tz. (1" anti. (1z, which are defined in the figure.
ldalV
ly. a~
exact
arAnt
12.3
Flgur. P 12.3
Figure P 12. 1
tool
dif-
boun1 re-
alive
[:::::r:~::
]1
1"-W/2-~W/2_1
r
p
~igu,.
P12.2
[: ,: ::::~n,
lid'
I
I
L/1
I.....
I
I
I
I
I
........
__ ---.-I
_-./
I
I
,
I
1-
I ''\
I
12
388
'lgur. P12.4
Direct Currents
-- 1'1
Xn~
Flgur. P12.6
Perfect conductor
"uur. P12.7
if -,',20
/.
,~~ ,10 cm //'
',./
,/
em
"
;;;
//'8
I
l10cm
~I-I0A
I
120cm
I
Two materials are used to fill the space between these conductors. The dielectric
constants and the conductivities of these materials are EI 0'1' Ez, 0'2. respectively.
Figure P12.4 shows the configuration. Find the equivalent circuit of this system, and
express the circuit parameters in terms of a. b, c. ,. Ez. 0'" and 0'2'
12.5 Two oil wells are 1 km apart. The resistance between two steel pipes in these wells is
measured at 3.4111. What is the conductivity of the )(round near these wells? Use the
following data: the length of both pipes - 1 km. and the diameter of hath pipes - 10
cm.
12.6 A current electrode is near a perfectly conducting plate that is bent to form a 90
corner, AS shown in Figure P12.6. The output from the electrode is I amperes, and the
material filling the space has a conductivity equal to 0'. Find the potential function
4>( X'. y,
7.1.
12.7 A current electrode is near a perfectly conducting plate that is bent to form a 60
corner. as shown in Figure P12.7. The electrode produces 10 A of current, and the
material filling the region defined by 0 < t/> < 60 is water with conductivity equal to
(b) Find the current density] ,Ix. yJ at the surface of the conductor.
(c) Sketch the paths of the current flow.
-rents
389
Problems
T
!!
3m
r
I
00.
15/111
12.9 For the case shown in Figure 12.9, find the pArr.AntagAof tha currant emitted from
the electrode crosses the boundary and ental'S in medium :.1.
12.10 A source 4 meters below an interface of two conducting
current. as shown in Figure P12.10.
media emits
2 A
of direct
ius c.
ectric
ively.
I. and
ells is
;6 the
=
10
12.11 A well-logging resistivity tool similar to the one shown in Figure 12.12 is near a
boundary between two beds, as shown in Figure P12.11. The boundary is making
a 60 angle with the well. Find the apparent resistivity measured by tins tool at the
position shown.
12.12 Refer to Example 12.6. Obtain Po (the apparent resistivity measured by the tool) as
a function of tool position for Zo - ~ 160 in. to Zo 160 in . where Zo is the position of the center of the tool (the midpoint between electrodes A and B) relative to
the boundary. Calculate Po for at least 21 points, lind pial Po versus ~o.
12.13 Repeat Problem 12.12 for the situation shown in Figure P12.1l.
a 90
d the
.ction
H
60
d the
ual to
lawn
Figure P12.11
12
390
12.14
Direct CUrrents
A point electrode is located at (0. Yt' 0), and a perfectly conducting sphere of radius a is located at (-i, 0,0) as shown in Figure P12.14. The electrode gives I am-
peres of current. The conductivity of the medium is (1. Find the potential ~ on the
y axis. Hint: usc (11.44).
12.15
Consider a well-logging resistivity tool similar to the one shown in Figure 12.10.
Let the spacing between the current electrode A and the potential electrode B be 6
rn. The tool measures the conductivity of the earth formation as it travels in a well.
Assume that the well passes near a mineral deposit modeled by a perfectly conducting sphere, as shown in Figure P12.15. Find the apparent resistivity measured
by the tool as a function of y. Use the. following data: (1 a 0.01 mho/m for the
ground; the radius of the mineral deposit '" 50 m; and the distance between the
center of the sphere and the weU = 70 m. Plot O'epparenr versus Y for -70 < Y < 70.
Hint: use the result obtained in the preceding problem.
FIgure P12.14
B
A
IT =
0.01mhn/m
-70m-
FIgure P12.15
13.1
Magn
12
CHIi PT~R
hAs t.
we
V=
-;:;r
VT
6i~
G, d =
,f
cOhs:cler'"
CAn
1:1&
E,
cur,
qt.
/:1,
f2,er.
.... "'/1
~A.
AJ
T
I, r' l~
-I
+.".,0 iJ#lr~Lt
( _ At.
1-
t, = E~ .
ep,t,)tt.40V.1 ~
COrtSj" IKtly,
~~
E. - f,'~ Ie(
+ch;t"f,',J_
Btc~st.
.as
Q,
C1 :::
Al~
Acr;
:r,=-r;r
(7
I
lod
17.=
An
lot(
.E.:.1
;to
+0 ~t
U"+ihk.61.4'.1
LoJ(.
0.",",
c.~
'-.l.
.r.,.
it-
~rro; J f
bf
- ;: &,ti!
(C) ~(D.)-l(')
1:
(7,
I
c
-1-_
b
i-1I" f1-
a.
AM
= ~At
l.,~
J
tI.,
4,
(1
C;1
,''/( ..
I
1C
q I::' _t111i
2.&4,
-..l-
(at,), ()..~
f s~
-=
tur~i.L{"4)-+
&
0-
.. ~l
,
,$
G-, ::
~, =
, :-It ..
~I1'
.Jc..
O'i.
..l._..L
A.
~
44
6,fflt;
L(c)
C4)J
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-l.
,,!'ZL.t%>.1
A.(a/I)'" 4~1
("r&t~+'"
Jr1fi.
t'tA. .,
(,
~.J..J-
= I(A)-l()
r
(, =
'/~
c,
I C.
~:J(f)=-I,.I'Ej.Jf-~',tlf
-for .qc,.,'"
l~
a..~ f ~b
~ - .t."~ .I f
.; R
l If
(b)
['I..
(l(.r(,~Jf ..
E. _
~(f).
I, =
=r+: ;~
E.,,~
(A.)
CUt Ji
+W# i"'fuf~"t
'5
h,u
t:M..rr'C tJ t
fAt
{3~CA.""'t
J.
n .a.,
C,
4,
C,
r"
l!:J: G
".,..t.
~Sf:'(J./A.)
to
;.(.
==
1# '"~
7roL
I;. (,
c r-"II
1T',o(/0'
I~'
A.,
R~
R, [t'Z-%.{+(
W~vc,
/I~
"'"..
At,
a.. 5".".1._,
#If J
'~~-'(~/4.).(f-.
o:
"J.JT
(i.
_J_
~41
K:
'1.2+~/## "'~./""
[(,,+~.)1...('1_.).l'
R, [(h%.l .. {~.V.)I
..
J~
vs ~
~ [CX-x.)'1"'('~'1.)",'J Ji
.E.:.1
use
meH.D4, :
i"",~t.
1~ t J)- -L(....!...-1
4-fTtr
Il,
,..,
t.J~"t. I<,
t:;
IJ
'4-
...L_...L)
'
Rz.=[)tl.(~'D
at
+....!..-....I..
...J'+~2JJi)
R,
12,. (~-A34'!.,.('1~~.ll+~'JJJ.
I
45
For
I)'s~rt"r
looks
S:j"'Arion
.so14fre
J:
;'ft "
li
(A)
/0(4"..14
.,,,...
J" J.
_t
- --->~
<T'~
uf OJ.
+~-L
..,,.,1 c.r_,SS
I,
In
a-
,..~J.'..""
"i .f
)(-().)f,'S
IJ.,O
lik
JaOMO)I"~'WJ
Th~rff~Y~
flu.
",,,J;,,," 1.,
;"
hAlf
tr/ fJ.e
Sf
A"".
IDwl". ..,.,J.'fAf1I\ J
I'
1:
41irTj.ra.
+1i~r;
,;::
!~t C$
-J..
::.
In KIper
M~"I'''fM,
I":
't
C1;.+0j,
i ...
tc -
I~
f11 ~ .... r~
l~ ...
'I"
1=
1/
- J
4-/3
471'" I 7
4-
iI"
-=
46
r.
2.
---
1.212
(i)
I~r Jo>l/2
;:c -Lr:.Z
~6= 4"'1iL-r+
s:
s; ,"_":1./,..
tMtJil.
Z '.. :;::
II
'
(, .. J
4:;'). =
h J. ('-.t;,;
i6 c
~:z(r,!,.) * t. -41f.l/r
A ~
c:
:r '.
~[1 ISj].->
f4.'~1f.tFIJ/z
~~r~
~:~.r
~li+('-;~)/24ffi
'i ~;
I'
"
i--.J
"
~'
I~
48
...
AI
",
12.15
-
FfTJ,..
Pro' ~
t./~,)=4n/V-'M ~')/r
= L!;l:.I I(/~~'i.,-
___ .______
..
..
I
I
......,~.---
..;;;;~~[:===:=,=-~);=+ i;j''''.~{J~~')~
I,"J,(~"'J."AI) +~
'#r,...l:rA'~
,..
LBI
47
~,
13
422
Magnetostatic
Fields
Hoi, ~
{
Substituting
2 Jl
elsewhere
UH
b>p>a
27rp
12. d I'
n
in (1~i.~i4).
we obtain
]2
pdp
47r2pl
Jl12
-
(b)
47r In ~
This result is the stored magnetic energy per unit length or the coaxial line.
Consequently.
we can calculate the inductance per unit length or the line
from 113.41):
= __t:_
27r
In (~)
(13.49)
11
This inductance
per unit length also appears in the transmission-line
representation
of the coaxial line in (6.19) of Chapter 6.
Problems
13.1 Find the magnetic field " at tha CAnter uf a square
of the square loop is b meters long.
loop carrying
13.2 A circular loop that has radius a and that curries a current I produces the same
magnetic-field strength at its center as thai at the center uf a square loop thai has side
b and that carries the some current I. Find the ratio of b to o.
13.3
all regions.
13.4 The earth's magnetic field at the north magnetic pole is approximately
0.62 G (1
C .. 10 Wb/m2). Assume that this magnetic field is produced by a loop of currant
flowing along the equator. Estimate the magnitude of this current. The radius of the
earth is approximately 6,50U km.
y
FIgure P13.3
Ids
Problems
423
lat
Figure P 13.6
Figure P13.5
ie.
ne
Pigur. P 13.7
,91
le
13.5 An infinitely long tubular conductor of inner radius 0 and outer radius b carries a
direct current of I amperes. as shown in Figure P13.5. Find Ihe H fiald at o; where (a)
p s o. (b) 0 S p s b. and (e) IJ s: p.
Ie
1e
-Ie
-n
III
11
11
Ie
13.6 All infinitely long tubular conductor has outer radius b and inner radius 0 offset by a
distance
c from the axis of the outer cylinder, as sbown in' Figure P13.6. This
Accentric tubular conductor carries 0 direct curren I of 1 amperes, Find the H field at
point A shown in the figure. Hint: Consider the tube 10 be 0 superposition
of two solid
cylinders that have radii b and a and thai carry uniform current density 1 in opposite
directions,
13.7 An infinitely long wire is bent to form a 90 corner, as shown in Figure P13.7. A
direct current I flows in the wire. At point A find the H field due 10 this current.
Follow the steps given below.
(a) Use the Biot-Savart law to express the H field at A due to a typical segment of
wire dyon the wire axis. Express the field in rectangular
coordinates.
(b) Jntegrate the result obtained in [a] to find the H field due to the semi-infinite
wire
Note: to facilitate integration, let y - a tan II, so that dy - a sec" 0 dO.
(c) Find the H field at A due 10 the semi-infinite
wire BO.
(d) Add the results obtained in [h] and (c) to yield the total field at A due to the
current in the wire BOC.
oe,
in Problem
I 1<
13
424
Magnetostatic Fields
13.10
13.11
To improve the uniformity of the magnetic field along the axis of a circular loop {see
Problem 13.91,one may use two identical loops separated by a distance equal to their
radii. as shown in Figure P13.10. Such a pair of current-carrying loops is called
Helmholtz coils. Find Hz as a function of z on the axis of the Helmholtz coils. Plot H,
for a < z < o. Find, in terms of 0, the value Zo such that. within the range I z I < Zo. H,
is uniform within 10% of the magnetic field at the middle of ths two coils. Compare
your result with that obtained in Prohlem 13.9 for a single loop.
A square conductor
2u
[b. u.
UJ
Figure P13.11
_"-
Fields
"2
Problems
13.13
13.14
Aecause natural uranium contains a slight amount of Uranium 234, the electromagnetic isotope separator can also yield 2l4U.If the radius of the circular path for
2JUU particles
(see Figure 13.14) is equal to 10 rn, where should one place collectors for 235Uand 234U particles? Express spacings in meters.
13.15
Refer to Figure 13.17. The magnetic field is changed from 5 x 10-4 to 10-3 Wb/m2
All other parameters remain unchanged. Find the following:
coils.
::>(see
their
allad
ot Hz
z; H,
ipare
.t J
425
=
(a) the position of the electron at the exit siele of the magnetic-field region
(b) the exit angle (the angle between tho trajectory and the x axis after the electron
Consider an electron having initial kinetic energy IIIe v~/2 and entering a region of
uniform magnetic field, as depicted in Figure P13.16. This situation Is similar to
that shown in Figure 13.17, except that the electron in the present case is inclined
at an Q angle with respect to the x axis.
(a) Show that v, and v, of lite electron "'fter it enters the magnetic field are given
by
AS
V. ~ VII
of
each
inte-
rns
vz -
cos(w,t ~ (Xl
Vo
sin[wcL+ o]
where We = 1./J3.lm. And t - 0 corresponds Lothe moment the electron enters tbe
magnetic field.
(b) Find the coordinates x and z of the electron Attime t. Note that x - 0 and z - 0 at
-roxi-
t - O.
(c) Find the point where the electron leaves the magnetic field. Assume Vo = 2 X 107
m/s, a-50 Wi' - 8.77 X 107 rad/s. and d - 4 em.
(d) Find the angle between the x Axis and the trajectory of the electron after it has
left the magnetic field. Sketch the entire trajectory, and compare it with the one
shown in Figure 13.17.
z
-d-j
------,
Electron
)(
)(
FIgure P13.16
~_:~i---__
~x
x .:_x_x_l
ner
at a
etic
are
13.17
1'wo parallel wires are carrying 100 A of current in opposite directions. On each
wire find the force per unit length due to the magnetic field produced by the other
wire. Is the force repulsive or attractive? Assume that the lines are 1.5 m apart.
13
426
Magneloslatic Fields
13.18 Two identical circular loops of radii 0 ara separated by a distance d, where d Q.
One of the coils carries I amperes of current clockwise, and the other carries I
amperes counterclockwise.
Find the force between these coils. Hint: Because
these coils are close together, you can approximate the magnetic field that is at one
coil and is produced hy the current on the other as HI = 1~/l2?1"d), the field due La
an infinitely long wire. Let 0 - 1 m and d = 0.05 m. How much current is needed
to produce a force of 9.8 N?
13.19 A circular
13.20
The square conducting loop ABCD shown in Figure P13.20 carries 2 A of direct
current. Each side of the loop is 0.1 m long. The loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Find the force on eacb side of the loop and Lhe torque on the entire
loop if:
lal B = k 0.2 Wb/m2
(b) B = - Z 0.2 Wb/m2
y
D
~T
U.1 m
1=2 A
x
Figure P13.20
-'--
13.21
of radius
Three infinitely long parallel wires each carry 10 A of current in the 1 direction, as
shown in Figure P13.22, Find the force per unit length acting on the 113wire due to
the magnetic fields produced by the other twu wires. Give the numerical value of
the force. its direction, and its unit.
static Fields
Problems
427
aers d o.
ier carries I
nt: Because
hat is at one
field due to
rt is needed
T
1m
ect current.
sly equal to
Ice a maxithe loop in
#2
~--lm--...j
!\ of direct
Figure P13.22
Flgur. P13.21
13.23
= (Ol/P
~
The medium is air. What is the total stored magnetic energy per unit length in the
line? Give the numerical value and indicate its unit.
13.24
(a) Calculate the stored magnetic energy por unit length of the parallel-plate conductors shown in Figure 13.5.
(1: Ifthe parallel plate is used as a capacitor to store electric energy, find the voltage Va for which the stored electrtc energy is oqual to the stored magnetic energy found in (a). Let l = lA. w '" 10 em, and a - 1 em. Express Va in volts.
The medium is air.
13.25
13.26
-hown in
<a.
he mag:tion, as
edueto
zalue of
shown in
c~_.
" I
/3./
+IT
costl.lil
1]+(1112)&
'"
/3.2
-,.,
S"'ppDJ&
"I ~ d/:J.
FI}~ J ~
:.2
Jlx -
.fp
theA
E!L_.
..
" II
:2 a...
181::a
(4) f'
OJ_HIli
4.;
(C)
13.~O)
f
/.4JiH..,,}
cA..
" $~o
K,.,. ,. $"10'
~./8
7T'
;OS
.:r =
b $f ~ :2nfJ/~
2(4'-r4.1)'ia
(~(",,~,e"t
z:
"{hi_Ai]
Ilia..
I-(O.'~':I';
_~,
...,,.. !1"fJH~
r:::
)11I.-I-lIxtJ./p.:::
:J. tr (f'-a.' )
~;f .'f
I
A-l; A ,
(a.)
(Ii.>
49
".~ZJ(II} )(t#/i)l
4-11'J(10."
.,..doSe4)
r => f{c $
1M I
~I
a:L
i'~
in P,.-J/.- 13.1
in -M'",J prill/I."";
~ 1-1". 1( d./~)
A,.ra. 2-.l.L%
H::"
,bJ a.,! f s b;
hI.
AS
.L,~p a$
2~j
For I ~I ~ dh;
2 Jlx = 2 (tllz ir
:. H. f(:;)](d/J) I 'J i ~/t
X 1
(dh ') ;
, ~- ~
4,~J;~""
C4ruJ..-r
e/.J,(t. .,." ~
1'J/fd/z.
:. ;:;.(-';)j'i,
use
-!Me
ljt.LA..l.
R"
,..
~"f
c !"xil
)'~_4.2
/)1_ ()..i
tt.(
f! b
9
=1.8/xIDt
/3.ID
H~. ~'
Su.fupD~".fi"".
[(a~(Z-~lY~"'[4'+(z.~lJ-~J
-fa.. f[
4.t
~'i..J
~:
H.
!l.:.!.!.
c:
-~.f'lJ~'"[1+ c!+Asl:r*J
c...,,~~)-;;:I
J/i : :z~f(t+(-I).S)'rlh+
[I.,.(-rt"'D.~)'TJJl.l
- .2.{~!IS$) rC/"'(~-D''''J-~+CI.,.(.fs:+''''l
J-+'2 J
I
I>
Hi;'
a't; i~oJ
IT(
~':l.(I+".t~)
-~
_J__[(f~(~-~.SlrJ4.,.
1.411
II:
[I+({;.,.O.s:fr'la
:. /(;..).:' ('+
...
.>~r..,1
~ X"
is
t-.g.,.
c:
-1.2gB
l~)
= J~
50
-1.0
D.q
ItlO I
w'e"e
-Mo", pre.,/DI.l$
Z~-i'
p,...61c-)
-.'
-.% () .~
4' == ~ (-i)
1'3.(2
(,dle/f)
I'"
-:(-rf+J;J/Jf'''t
;,~
['"
t.J""feJ.r;c-Ox ~
= ~
dH
fW(-f)
'" 71
-ff} ~)
(f'" + J '')
)/'&.
dH'J ::
L..
Ij/3
~ -Is~
2.
1 __
~.7,
IB
..
1'"ID"'I"O-+
II:
..."..."
~1I"lIf.J/./O-jl
PS/Ils:,
(mr/IH,)~
2.8 HN~
II:
:: (IJS"/Z'8)~
~/~8
s(ITJ4/",,)V."(U.f/H8)~
,.., v:
".11./6-". 2.,0 If
.,. 180 - I.(,~/O".
urJ I).II~ '"
R.
IS. It'
V;
(4)
c ~
.
} J/' Vi
.r
tit - ~
=.
'~hJt
~It.)
c:
.I:
t
Co
().99J7
f),flf/S''''
wJ,,,,,1.
Rs-
..
14)-
9.9037'"
A'4=9.9/61r1
Vi/R.
J:!i.
s,~w4:
~
If
(c.jlA~ -I)
':
* ~t~
IJ.&J,I=-ff!,JJ;"wt.
U - ~ ({
= ': _
().JS-
lI;(i.) = V. Go,s~.
~ loot.)
c-
II:
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r4,i~1\,1
~'.Jr
<b,
I" tIIf.
:.
~{ ..) -
.
~/~u..
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X(D)
i( I:J)
Ir
Ai:"";' ..
~1I.jS~ .. ~ r~.
:.
.
SI"(W,~T.J.)C
:.
eo$ (ulct.+.()
:
(d> ~
a".'"
"".J' +
1i;""
SI","
I:
.y 1-s;".'(IlJ,t.o#.,.)
LJC.'se~ ~(+.)~
ey.isl: ~/t.
B.
""...
Jlof).1.4
....
ClJSCIJ~T;
0I0r/. .> + 'l
C~.
,t).t:
~J...
*[CDJ{.tJ"t+-.>-
'.~.(J
d. --rt[S/~(",,~.",A.)-Si""'J
i.'1'1llID'IX4=)/'P-Z')
:lIC/I,'i
"'$N\,(S
={'-(D.'J''J(,)t
D.II'$'
tUtt:l
'Vi CD$("'~~.-I;"')
fM-I(SljI~~1S(4.)J
- ~v;
1.5
ANI. 1oJ(~.~$',"'(t..tt+4
1i(')=-VoSi,,(~t+,.()
e() a.-ut
tt;r(~)J-t
3(1;)" ~
%(~.).
.. ~CDJ(Wct+6)
-v.(.t-)c:""c.-s'~t.,.
J ."..c. ~(~).
::>
--~
C,:: - ....!i.
W, 'IA..(_ __
= - Z().S
~J(i)~ v.
* y~t)
9.17)
"(l.>~
(),2,Z.,~_
~"'D",,[I 'S"-U,(st;J
1.'711/fJ
P.q,S"fT.
--'
" ~-I(_~.2'-z"/
51
~(.j.)
..
--O.CQ~/4-m
-11,2.,2.' ~
~.9'~)_ -1$. u
/3.11
d.
-{~
i-{t.'e.
Lt><>f sl..f4Itt,
f1U"-i.LuJ~
TITIA)A= mB-=
No +orfllt...
!3.J. 0
{C\)
lb)
.!l.2:J.
(A)
lP
Fa,,:
z,ilJCjj
f.PA --
O. D Y' N
F.~B=
O./~2.'X1I(-o.2)=
1.71'
I I (
D.O\j,rJ:
t Ii + =- r
UI(
J;
")
1\
=
'=
JJJ t
i, p/~'fA..
wise". b.p
~Jlf""'i""'C"
FIt8,:()
FM
f,SS"I(IO-3
11'(D.fi)2.xICOX.2.'K!jX./orlC
; .
= (0.' )~
A
1J.2.~
B, =
UH ::
'\
IO~
~ +)'
.) v Jt.
lOA(
11.:_\1
Jo7l"
(-j)
FO,O:::
A.ri)O'>-laJI,
14, ..
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r-:f;\ ) _..
'Fe.:
I a.
1t-1i4 II-
L=
L till
r-
::
[1.
for
~1r~\.
1..
111
"
f. t
4
c>
.es:
_ .A
1~1r --
Vi
A
52
In
1.
u<f
(f tiel )
r:.t
JI
+0 obh../,..
AI-,.. ('j ., )
-O.I)'I-/.1:j
rf
~f ::
Dr
N- $ dl',.,,,,J.,/M ..
Fe,=
T .: 0 .
I
t L I \.
II
= It 11 '0
,.
I.1)i
-w
'A rJ.~
1Iu+lc..JI,
1J X
tJ
(C )
tI-m
1I0.fJ'f
I.Df.l.IJ);
Ht dv ''i''AA
_.4A
11
I;'" -Hoc.
~.z;
./IrO./J(,1X
pla.,uJ,
"II
c~
-= .AI.nnr
\.
HI....
.o.o~)./'f
'"
ft
53
452
14
Magnetic
From
f1101(Figure
11
101 ~
Materials
and Magnetic
Circuits
14.17b):
2400 Aim
The iterative method calls for substituting the above value into (14.23) to obtain the
"first-order"
approximation
of B, which is denoted as BP':
nPI = (1000
The corresponding
HilI _
2100 Aim
'14.17b:
approximation
of B by substituling
This procedure can be repeated to find the n-th iterative result of BInI. When a digital
computer is available, the magnetization
curve can be approximated
by a standard
polynomial-curve
filling and stored in the computer memory, A simple program may
be written to carry out the iterative procedure,
which requires very little computer
time [see Problem 14.7).
The problem at hand can also be solved by a graphical method. Note that (14.22)
or, equivalently,
(14.23) is an equation of a straight line on the B-H plane. As shown
in Figure 14.17b this line intersects
the B axis at 0.251 Wb/m2 and the H axis at
0264 AIm. It also intersects the nonlinoar
magnetization
curve at B ~ 0.'19 Wb/m2
This result agrees fairly well with the result ubtained by the iterative method.
Problems
14.1
values
of the retentivity
vs.
of the ferrite
:ic Circuits
Problems
453
14.4 Consider the carbon steel. alnico V. and eunico materials listed in Table 14.2. Which
has the highest permanent
magnetic-field
strength? Which has the most difficulty
in losing its permanent
magnetism once it is magnetized'?
ohtain the
14.5 A permanent
magnet of radius 1.5 cm and thickness 0.3 em is put in a magnetic field
that is parallel tn the disk, as in the situation depicted in Figure 14.7. The torque on
the disk is equal to 1.2 x 10-3 N-m. and the magnetic field is equal to 10-' Wb/mz.
What is the remanence
of the permanent
magnet?
14.6 To write "one" in the memory core X2YJ shown in Figure 14.11, how should
current pulses he sent along the wires? Specify the polarity of these pulses.
the
above Hili
n a digital
standard
gram may
computer
hat (14.22)
ancss?
As shown
H axis at
.9 Wb/m2
14.9 Consider the magnetic circuit shown in Figure P14.9. The material is steel, and
Figure 14.17 shows its magnetization
curvs. The flux density in the air gap is 0.5
Wb/m". Find the current I needed to produce this flux.
ad.
with ~ - 600~).
B
ill
(
on linear
slds, p. is
on the
. Now. if
ent Crom
j, where
armonic
lity of a
etch the
vlth the
ases are
112
_l
t
H
j
Figur P14.8
ferrite s.
Flgur. P14.8
tstic vs.
vity.
!
0.5 em
lengths.
eross-seetiona I areas:
PIP, - gem
p,p. - P,P, - 10 em
P2P,p. - 26 em
P,Pu - gem
PzP, - tz cm'
all other branches - 9 em'
ferrite
P,
Figure P14.10
14
454
r-8CIlI
6cm-1
Pigure P14.11
tz cm
14.11 To produce a magnetic flux of 0.5 Wh/rn" ill the air gap of the magnetic circuit shown
in Figure P14.11. what should be the magnitude of the current in the coil? Take
200~. The cross-sectional area of all branches is equal to 4 ern",
IJ.-
14.12 Write a computer program 10 carry out the iteration procedure outlined in Example
15.
Qu,
CHAPTER 14-
o
JL
I~. 2.
o
.w,
t:/.A.d,h1~,.,t.f'G : ",~"
.t..J~ p~t.d.
COllfpl"{f/;
pa.r4.hlAj"H-,'c,
'f,4t. relt14llt.",e
icrce:
14.4
rel-bl.J.ivr!y
1+."
-
D.22.
nA,f/Al.!,e PCN"fJJ1t.ne
/'hOSe
IlIn",.,
...t
s~11'ofll..
of
/;'/1,,, (,
C'oerCiv;~,:
1+.5
CAlIu/. r';'.,~J"d.1y
a/.//f,'u.c..d
we/l"1a. ; e.M.rciv/+y.
m4,rle.It,
+0 .L.sL
.t.'~
100
s,JrcnfH-...
J{r::"Z
.._ e w:,JIDH-
"-'A/p,A.l
is "",,'CO
=/17)(,,/0'
..
9 NI-c
C
41f')lID")f.
-lite,
m-,.2.
= a'r'j ."9'/.'~ _ s.
IY,/<4.
PI-
,.,a.,~",,It/' ;~ tt.L,ic.o V
=",8
m:::NrC"a )
1f'f"1"t:I"JA"'~""
AI,.,
..,.,r:- C,IJ,.,d
C4..1tuL ~".a.n""ce.
i-M e.nJ.s. ~I -Me I'IAJn~t'J4.J,O"
B.cS
"ltfl'~
4I'~
.joe
is
spi"","'_' ~'f,cA-ro'" b
-h 'e.. O,.~,".H.t""4
Cu,r,,~
coercive:
oy'
3"10.'
:KIt:>
iii.
""'/IPlJ.
14.'
"'0" St.-It.:
trl4Jne,I"
ul'P~
.~ x,~
PP'''-/:''J -Iokl4rw:{_
I.;JI.,r
X. Y,c I
}(.J
>t ::: 0;
I ;
XJ)I." D
'1
Y.I
a I
')(.J Y, -
... c,.,e"f.
.I'le .,.
X..
Yl.
~'i )(,
Y..
,,0
/4-,9 #/
r~Jwre. 4"$
#% ~
.!!:.!
A.
cu.,.,.."I:,
s,.,i-lulI"J
a./J.'/i(..y ""0
kHer-
~
:. I
;;9~re P14.9
IOOCZ.
= 4Z'33.4/1{)()(J = 4.25 A
I\.~'.o
AI,..,
!;.K(S)(JD-J)+
....
t.
~c. .I...
I~
H,rt(~~/fr'-S'~llr')
c.Se s~,c-I
4''''/0''''
.J
-I-ZI,,>U(M"ID"-S,,'D)
~.2"
-= ~
+ ~.
~141/.(9lt:Jo-#)
1I~3"+-
..
-.
101,.
14-./1
,...
Fro-
~fJ
.: 300I"
Z,
,I
~"M
~;JCS)(/,,-J+
40
60
70
80
90
100
B" .251
B= :-179
B== .188
B= .187
B= .187
H~S"'lti_'+ lIor4./2-S'~D')"I-f,.(D.#8+I./1+".~B)
~~!.Xi?"S'+ ";;,!!JtD.26
~X3.'37SJ(/D-3""'--------"'"
8.32. A
c:
(Wb/mf.f.2)
(Wb/mf.*2)
(Wb/m**2)
(l-Jb/m**2)
(Wb/m**2)
s"
8(')=
I~()O
1tC
f"" 10'''/
-/5'DO
a> B _
~1I:J=(lS'CC-~./2/1(
f.B)f.B>
f.B)*B
H=",H,"
(AIm)"
(AIm)
2375.6
2090.4
H= 2127.8
H= 2123.0
H= 2123.6
H=
H=
(AIm)
(AIm)
(AIm)
(Aim)
(ISDC.
().J;"
Nd )(Jl."
o.O()
(;I.
~(,.O)1(4NIO-"/
H -0
..
Sr1t.
D.2.98 ...
DDS'.
B - D.~7?'
D.'
-9' Htll);'
== 0.28'
(lSO()-I).I"/~3000)xl"IlID,,/".()OS
r;r--.pAic...L "'L~:
!'~- 33/
,u.-zo~,,/l.
H=O
IMAGE 7A.DD,7A~D.DDD,17A~DDDDD.D,6A
FOR 1;1 TO 5
J=I-1
B=(1000-.121*H)/3978.9
H=(25815.47-(129360.27-(354706.29-(447912.425-214034.26f.B)
PRINT USING 20;" ORDER=",J,"
B=",B,"
(L>Jb/m**2)
NEXT I
END
ORDER'" (I
ORDER:: 1
ORDER:: 2
ORDER""'.:;.
ORDER= 4
-4.'H7HI.-~
14,- o.ZS,:I.L
r. I - ~.I3"trJt/Olj(3(>()~.,..".I!I.~-")
20
30
/1,-')
H.-
'J
1. ..
;J()CI ..
.@
(,oo)(.f.7T_ltix 860.5" -
8,- T - T c. 1~
~
10
-> HI..
,'It J,
z., 1-11.
4~
SCO- (~.26"'4.4'7+"./t(I.")Hl
H, s. t, H, - :I.
I 96c. S"
:. 8, ::~I-I,
- - - - - _. (])
.J.lH,X(ISWID-'4)+Mllzx(fX
(8';"4;,.. s. frttl~
HM_
2/JfJD
""fl),
~'()C
B - ().2 J H. (ISOD-
wYnia
55
~!l(o.()()~)/".J2/.
14./17)
5"820
Electrequasistatlc
15
468
Fields
p - -):[
~
do (E
= -
- -.#do
<1>
#. do
HI -
H] -
. [(\7<1
fffv
H) - -
H]
dV \7 . [Y'
f1 da . <1>\7
(<1>Hl
4.>\7 X H]
(1 + ~~)
.#do
<1>1-
Vn(-
fl.
do
J) -
t.
V"1"
where In represents the currant flowing into the volume through the surface
Am whose surface normal is pointing outward. Thus, we have established
that the circuit theory's concept of power input is valid only when the
displacement current is negligible.
Problems
parallel plate shown in Figure P1S.l, with width w,
length II.and separation n. Finn Ihp, zaroth-, Iirst-, second-. and third-order electric
and magnetic fields. Show that the sum of the quasistatic solution is Aqual to the full
wave solution as presented in Chapter 6 for a short-circuit transmission line. Assume
that the current at z - 0 is 1(1)- 10 COS(wl) and that all fields are functions of t and z
only.
15.2 Calculate the total zeroth-order stored electric energy in the parallel-plate region
shown in Figure 15.1. What is the zeroth-order stored magnetic energy in the same
region'?
15.3 Calculate
ic Fields
Problems
quasi-
469
.~---.--/1
_l_=========~~
l----/-~I/
circuit current T -
region and U~~ the maximnm total zeroth-order stored electric energy in the slime
volume. Show that
Umn
urur
u~
(k2J"
F.m
:rface
ished
:1 the
15.4
Calculate the total second-order stored electric energy in the parallel-plate region
shown in Figure 15.1. Compare it with the zeroth-order stored electric energy. If 2 is
0.1'>' long. what can you say about the relative magnitudes of the zeroth-order stored
electric energy, thc first-order stored magnetic energy. and the second-order stored
electric energy?
15.5
Find the total zeroth-order stored electric and magnetic energies in a parallel plate
with Ii short-circuit current I - 10 cos(w!) at z = 0 (refer to Problem 15.1).
th w,
ectric
efull
sume
and z
egion
same
19ion
iarne
1
the
15.8 Two concentric spherical electrodes of radii a and b. respectively. are filled with a
material characterized by e and 11. The voltage between the electrodes is VO t;OS (wI).
Find the zeroth-order electroquasistatic field F:;IOI. the current J'", the charge
the first-order current Ill). Express these in terms of Vo. a, b. f. (J', and wI.
QIDI,
and
15.9 Show that the time needed to charge a Van de Craaff joIener'iltOI' shown in Figure
9.24a with radius It to a maximum voltage of V mo. by applying a charging current I
is equal to 41!'EoRVmA.lI. Calculate the charging time I if R. - t rn, VIIIax = 10RV and
1- lO-s A.
CIIAPTe~
!E.:.l
= Ib cos cJt
I(<t)
E (0) lit 0
iv-oH.. cr4e.I"':
1,._,.,., -Me
.'.1i(t1)_
e"I'Illhl."""
bOlM'ltl.,.y
CIl
#te. l~.r
plAle."
x _Hf.)"'J(D)
-9!;,oswt
E
.. y !zK
.-9 "';JJ.lIJ$/"'UJ~.
v~ ell). -kuJr)
arder s
1ft
~ !.CtI, Wt:
Y("J =
cp
IS'
"J
(I)
C
,.
T.
-x W.llWi
ri"lAIe
lItl>.O
2"J orde.r:
3rt/. arder
v)(fjl"_iEE(')
=> ~/_!!!l.)=-';:.IlWlc
ClJSwt .. Hmc Ay.bJ,(W1...1.'D~W'C
se
l" a ~
JY
W
z.
VX Em .. - ASLRm .. y (
y ;;JleW':,"S'-"uJt ~ ECI) c ~ ;: J4.'elIJJ /; $,"",_t
(S)
"m
~1")-
;:;lJ). ()
:. E - - ';.~
(w -.;;
wp.S;nwt
are.
COlwt,
:so,
-(I)"
c:
15.4-
-'I
w2-
A_J
I ,(1).:;
.-'"
VII
Fro,.. +/Ie re
..
&. -
St.llt
II: -
y fr co.s~
t4$(/U)
x l$'{ (e-jU_ejii)
*' a..
tMd..
LlIl'
ej4~ )
-!#lese
-iE (-~lc()5zwi((J..VJi.)
== :
f~No~Co521A1t
anti.
fV...
t
-r
Smw
U: )_o
lI
J_fUH6)RC')~&I" _ .!:!:.(.lli)1",lSI;,lwt.(a.W)'
2.
.2.'
(4 P~bl""'!!:.!..,
(1i,Z,tli ...
)."
~(!!l.)ilV(/S;"~t
Ao.
'J..
ut1u;')
7$
'f
ic~./A,
:.
U.1111'1 V.WI
tl'/
(II)
&:
Id.!}xc.l)"
;0.2"
I (ll
I.
I(
~ 013
Jill' C'T e'-l71).
()~.)= 0,
1$.(,
U:')~o.) u;J.ffEEC'!f")dITCE!.;JJ!.!
U~J)",o)
U~J).()
I}
t{"'HfI~i?')"1I'
U~) .. tfEE(J~E(I'JII"::::
V~S)::;
1.: o.,.t,
~~r.2$i"rlAJtf.1~'l4i
uJf,}(I.~
z:; -}(
9 :1.'.)
V.(lI$wt
f).,.(o/ ...>
2TT4Jl'>/pC6..- 2'I4.J
C'>
27rA.!.fEr/,
;62')
I:
(:})l~I ..I.$;"lltJt
J:
i "",c
b.o'o'lB
II:
Q_{O)=
f:
=1.tJ~E
().21T)2.. !J.IS
z.ZU$Zwt
~r.ZSi,;~1IIt
W~('
,(.>_
., f
U:~/U:~ fr,.,l'
si,,(Ai)
R(o)~ 0
f Ei,iiJi')dV
.'. U;lI'. ;
-CI>
.... _.)
-IIa~
EtC). -; ~
IE
UEti)
+ _._)
UJ~(.
~a w~
npr4H_;SS
p/llll.$#r
... :. zrraJ.
n-. - ::nrw,LE
0./)0009{,
-/L/4(
EI.J
afT
='Z~:Z;
b/A) ... A
1&
):{!i:i
?",%ClIS",.t
p~(..7 ..)
21T/t1-VDCDSwt/J,.('/o.)
!1~1/~- ;ur.ll.
VI>$I;'we/ ~,./~)
56
Vp("D5we/ .(~/4.)
IS.S
57
16.
510
Solution:
Magnetoquasistattc Fields
7r x 0.5
64 x 10 N
Problems
11.1
A small circular loop of 5 mm rad ins is placed 1 rn away Irorn a 60-Hz power line.
The voltage induced on this loop is measured at 06 microvolt. What is the current on
the power line?
16.2 Assume
that the current on the infinitely long line shown in Figure 16.1 is the
triangular pulse shown in Figure P 16.2. Find thp. induced voltage on the rectangular
loop. Use the following data: a - 2 ern, U - 4 ern, and d - 1 cm.
16.3 Consider
at
a rate
flux is
1 fampflrAS)
I [microseconds]
Flgur. P1e.2
,..-----------,
I
S kfl
v~O\
- \
V'/
4.5 kfl
V,
L.
I
I
/ -
<,
3kO
'-''-) I.
1/ 0'
O~z
.> I
,-----------,
I
I
I
I
I
'-'J
Flgur. Pie.S
,..,,../'
,/
' -'--, I ~
4.5 kO
v.r\+
v~
\
,/
\/
I '- '-,-
'r:!
L_~
Figur. Pie."
V$
I
I
Problems
511
~----~kO
---
<,
I p~
" PI
I
I
I
I
I
kG
ne.
on
:he
lar
1 kO
Figure P16.5
t a
he
Four resistors form a circuit 8S shown in Figure P16.5. The total magnetic flux
linking the circuit is increasing at a rate of 0.5 Wb/s, in the direction painting out
of the paper,
16.5
is
(a) Find the direction and magnitude of the induced current in the circuit.
[b] Find the readings of the voltmeters Vt and V2
Two resistors are connected by wires to form B circuit as shown in Figure
P16.Ga. ThA magnetic nux linking the circuit varies with time. Figure P16.6b
shows the time variation of the magnetic
The positive value of the flux
corresponds to the flux directed into the paper. The magnitude of the nux is
for a single turn of a circuit loop that encircles the magnetic flux.
16.6
nux.
(a) Plul the current 'It) versus lime. Be sure to mark the scale of the current.
(h) Plot the voltage VeL) versus time. Mark the scale.
,....----------,
I
1(1)
\}I
(Webe,s)
'kilO
7 kO
I
I
0.5
VIIi
Seconds
-0.5
1
I
L
...J
(b)
(a)
Figure PUI.S
512
Magnetoquasistatic
16
Fields
16.7
What is the EMF induced on 0 propeller hlade that is 1.5 rn long and is rotating at
10,000 r/min in the earth's magnetic field (0.5 x 10 Wb/m2)?
16.8
Find the voltage induced in the rectangular loop shown in Figure 16.1 if it is rotating
about the axis parallel to tha z axis located at x - d + ~. Assllme that the angular
frequency of the rotation is wand that the infinitely long wire carries a direct current
of I amperes. Show that thA induced EMF is not a pure sinusoidal voltage. It is
approximately sinusoidal when d a.
16.9
Sensing wire
0.220.3
0.1
-200
-tOO
100
-0.1
200
H (amperes
per meter]
-0.3
16.10
Find the total expansion force acting on the surface of an air-core solenoid that has
100 turns of coil and radius a - 1 cm, length ~ = lU CII1, and current I - 10 A.
16.11
Repeat Problem 16.10 for the case in which 100 turns of coil are wound over a
ferromagnetic core with J.I. = 10001-'0' The current is 10 mA, with a = 1 em and
P = 10cm.
16.12
16.13
A transformer similar to the one shown in Figure 16.11 is made of a steel with relative
permeability equal to 1100. The effective length of the core is 40 em, and tho flux
density is B - 0.3 Wb/m2 N1 - lOa, Nz - 1,000, I. - 60 A.
(8) Find 12, assuming that the transformer is an ideal transformer.
(b) Find 12, using (16.37).
itic Fields
~otating at
Problems
16.14
is rotating
.e angular
-ct current
tags. It is
18.15
The primary coil of a transformer has 150 turns !U1dthe secondary coil has 450
turns. The effective length of the core is 0.5 m and the flux density in the core is
0.25 Wb/m2 The transformer is similar to the one shown in Figure 16.11. Assume
that 11 " 60 A ami there is no nux leakage.
(a) Find 12, assuming ideal transformer condition.
(b) Find Vz, assuming ideal transformer condition and V, = cos(120wt).
(c) Find I2, taking into consideration that the core material has a finite permeability equal to 10001-'0'
(d) The hysteresis loop of the core material has an area equal to 90 Wb-AlmJ.
What is the power loss due to the hysteresis in the transformer? Assume that
the core has a cross-sectional area equal to 4 em",
illy at the
with time
illy lit the
with time
:Jecause it
(amperes
Consider a magnetic circuiL similar to the one shown in Figure 16.11. The effective length of the core is 0.4 m and its permeability is 2000 1-'0'The cross-sectlonal
area of the core is 4 x 10-4 mZ Let I] = 10 A, I2 = 24 A, N, = 50, and Nz
20.
(a) Calculate the B field in the core. Give both the direction and the magnttnda,
(b) If I] is a-c with f= 60 Hz, what are IV 1 1 and 1V 21 ? Assume that the magnetic
flux always slays in the core without any leakage.
in Figure
contont of
1 equal to
are meier)
513
16.16
16.17
Estimate the approximate power loss attributed to hysteresis in the ferrite core
shown in Figure P16.9 if the core is switched back and fortb between "zero" and
"one" states 1000 times in a second, Assume that the core has an average radius of
G x 10-4 m and that its cross-sectional area is 3 x 10' m2,
per meter]
1 that has
\.
0.5
,d over a
1
em and
200
mold that
ictivity of
ed in the
h relative
1 the flux
-0,5
-1.0
16.18
H (amperes
per meier)
Figure P16.16
Show that the mechanical torque required to drive an ac generator is nnt constant
with time or. 10 he exact, that it consists of a constant term and a term that varies
sinusoidally with time with an angular frequency 2w, What is tbe time average of the
torque? Express the torque in terms of the area of the winding A, the current I. the
magnetic flux density B. and the phase angle a between the voltage and the current.
Plot T as a function of t for a - 0
514
16
Magnetequaaistatic Fields
16.19 Figure 16.15 depicts an ac generator with a single coil being rotated in a constant
magnetic field. It illustrates the operating principle uf 8 single-phase ac generator.
Lei us nuw consider a three-phase ac generator. How would yon physically arrange
three sets of coils in order to generate three-phase electricity? To illustrate your
design, sketch a diagram similar 10 Figure 16.15.
18.20
What is the total mechanical torque needed La drive the three-phase generator that
you have designed for Problem 16.19? Express this torque as a function of time in
terms of the appropriate parameters. Plot T AS a function of time, and compare it
with that obtained in Problem 16.18. Is the instantaneous mechanical torque
"smoother" (does its time-average value fluctuate less) compared with that for a
single-phase generator?
Appe
U5.21 Design a coil configuration similar to the one shown in Figure 16.17. Design it in such
a way that it will produce a rotating magnetic field in the armature-stator air gap and
that the field will have an angular speed equal to w/2 when fed with the a-phase
current shown in Figure 16.18. Prove that your design is correct by drawing
instantaneous-current
diagrams similar tu those shown in Figure 10.17.
16.22 Show Qualitatively that the torque generated by an induction motor may be varied by
changing the resistance of the windings of the rotor. Figure 1fl.21 shows torque
curves versus v Jv ; with three different values of rotor conductivities. What are the
relative magnitudes of crt. CT2' and "3?
16.23 Refer 10 the synchrunous
Sym
A
A
R
16.24 Consider
the coils of the magneplane's track shown in Figure 16.25. For the
magneplane tn travel at a speed of 250 km/h, what should be the distance 2, in
meters? Assume that the power is provided by IJ three-phase 60-Hz power line.
FrO,
t
t.
C
H
1.
i
k
II
Kn
i~d
~i:tA.JL
(,.~~
It:lDpA,J,A~
V. (l.S
~e 1 .,1' A,A,A, ;,
t4AJY'."t cA
:I .~.~/(J+4.f'~S).
io,.,A
... V,.I"7-S~.n.-
D.,S-V
V~:: - Ziti
V-
als,
u,ilUtc.ul
1~U4(,
V,
-V, + VI-
V,
vpJ.L.f. A~~
e""".,t,.t ~
$'"
l~) EMF
c -
I.:
(b)
fl.$'
4Jqo'
I..
-/>.
VNl-IItI'T.$cJ'l.
'1::/1-
\l3cO.S"'-
V ....
".{,
-
P,
= V, + 0., t.r
+ e.
1).1'"
-.
V,: -
1:
4,.
lilt
lCt) :: EM
F / 10 ..
~t
l-l.
l.
.J1.
Ilt)=
EMF'
:Jl
eMF
of
{ f c, 'f ...A
'1< t
c ,...
/.tel.
< 1.
OV
O.
'JJ' II
l'tI
of lucowa" J
= _ o. ~)1"
.t
D
-r
v- ...~,.~....... .1
LI{t)f 7(/0)
< t '-~
\let) (~.*)
I
4.1' (. t (,I. r-
1.1"
-0. ~ ..
CfoIfF'
(').S V
(J
6f
C.$'
;J-.lC?:S".
/.
i,S Vii.
V:=O.5'-,:lIC4,S.o.~V
~Vl
~A
C.6'V
~"j
c~
c: -:- O.S"
p, V, ~
-o.as
;.. V~/.OV
b,l' A.AlA, iJ I - ........
:..'7. 5'
v,.,:.'T,$"-
V"-I61.$'~.Il-V
/Ni.IJ(uL
v-u..,... ~9
(,.
U>UJtt",/.J:.wise,
4-,. I/''''/J
cAL
-0-;'
~.u...."
v,-V -
,'.
.',
~L
f.S/C4-eI.lSV
-Iw'J'.5Kfl.
v.a.u~
in
'I
58
11= rw;
!i:..l.
dEc: l/Sd.r
At t,;..,c
QA3/f,
",,)'#'
v=-;!
rh
"hC-t
4'1
4. ~
= o./-
F~", C 10 If JAB
II'
Fr~- A t.A',
VII: _~
..
oiJe
..
-.r--
IoII.IJt ~ ..) ~
,KltJ-r-O.12
IJB II:
-~&1
vrUAfC-,
,U(J..
WS,,.,z,
-41!A
..V"'--;;r"-:n.-(6)
+ C.S~ ,
- U,;;U
d"
S; ......
it ~ Af',,.,,~,;-..J~':Is,,, ..,~~..t
iJ
-t....~ of:
r ,.~..Jt)'s,"w t
U't/
:Sl(lt'" __ .,...or'
.I'I
O.S-IU~-
L =~tl1.""'a.'J.; F- !t~_.f~p.,tm:ll-z'P.nZ1f"l..
Lft;.l.!
F ..:z.'..r.<.,. '7rM
FI"(),..
_(I".It:"~J~"/~DW"'1f"x'()-'1
<P.t>/I
(/f#.II-),
x (':::
)".
'IT
JI."""
,jtw~~:!11ii;i ~"'c.
a:. (".AIl,)
,'-
I"./J
S'." iii"",.
(4.)
N,I,.NzIz"
(0)
~f"t)m
I~(".,?#-)'
7.
to.)
t
,A(J )
1 JI
(J, 34$']1(10.
11 ~r. 2""'1()'2~()()
0
/c,.,,(,
IV,I,-NzIz
N,
z, - ~
I.
I ",,:::
#J,
~L
1()&1~'D-IODD.II..
&
D/, (/"")
9()~ ~PrDl(i""-Z';'_
;~ ..
4. ''71- .
6~
1I'1./(IJ.A)
8",/) - 5.111 A
N,r,-AJ~Il
01.,.3'7)"
~ ric.
,...."J~~
l4JrlI.. ~~
J.,(".
= J-I J
Sbo-l./lo::.I-/
l")
~.I-
I~
:!~JI.'t:J_
.li&~r,-
tI
wa.". Ho /z. -
().395"N
(1()lrI."'1r~O-"I({;;)'w.7T~A~/~#""
m:uI~
Iw
(d. f )'-
.'. ~&Il.
(a.)
~S. 9 "'v
aW(d.+f:i
4.t
f!!...j
ID~i;~f).6',,",o""(/.$JI. ..
iX2'fT)(
b(~S;"c.lt)[(d+t+teo~loJti~(.l.f-T'.~JJ
=: ::
"i'ir
On.
111
J. p d
c:;
-zr
we
16
c. twsr'::;
- 4IJSrdr-
.... '1
-')
J.I fll.f-o
....
W ~
= j-o"lTTx,.Jto.n,'x'l.lor;
= o ff V
ao
~At, IV.'I :. h
O=200tH'I'f1l,;"1
Il
o yr
o.
JI V
59
c l.cK ~"JI!
..
.ro=
~./~'
W./tttl
",5
}l,I,=JJ.lt_
(<:J.)
(~)
V~/V,::a.
(C)
"',I,
J.I../tI,
Va :.(,#,o!6.JeoS(,UfffJ
7r
,.s
(Ih'lt)
=H(=(O!A).l
-Jl,l'.
i-.to :r~
-+
oA
11=/~ox'o/flh
= Iro~
60 - .sr
e.r:
I(
IOU
7
JI'Jl1X 10- ).
r, ~ If. 71 ~
(J)
.,
0.1'1
1cpt.['l-tl1t>-Y"
: /.01
"/0
.,J
(1'.Il4~..
('lro/u-:~ )
B'~I...")
....
1f#.17
(I'
71rc .sl~
"I B
!.!1_ Fr",..
27f"J<.,-",,,-4-)(
SI4J"tdo~
(I'.S()~
<T>:::
oj
;$ -1-0
"~A...
.</1).
:. Wc /4-4-'1/.
S,;,(,,,
lOCO
3XID-7:
.,;,....cs
/44
..
/.'Z.1x,O-".::r
$"",,~,
rIT
P-/OI>t:>)(,/. f# ",1IIf.IO
ABr
--::-'ClS.t...~(='o)
I-
~.o ~ T
a.
ABI [
-z
=;::===
~
~~
"'h
j/",1
'_
-[
60
0.1"
I+CDs(2uJ't)
~~~ ..
_wt
'IT
....\AI
rr=~:r
A;r [3~S-'+
(1- fIi./V;)
I.e U~
"V
z50
a.
It,../",
{.~
wlt,,, v;./~
Z;O)(If)'1J'~f)
oIttII.
+'U )
z"',.,..( 04>,U)]
~
c.1t1st
*' I,
== ~9.
-,./s7
Ii >6';
5~.~"'
II:
C()S'licit
Teet.a.,)
+c.tJS'
('OS(2~+"''''/JoJ(.tGDj/Z/l+')..
h ..
",..,(lb.'7)~ O-(I-1If./lIS)=-kd/(Ul..VS)
Z4D).J
"'A
61
~~.:-".,..
*/".
>6j.
v."'f14C,
,10 .../'
s~ ,,lpse,-
to
r.
we.
AppendixE
ChapterS
Chapter 1
i(w/8)
+~)
(b) -10i
1.7 Proof
+ 4 cos(wt
+ 0.8)
r~)
59 + 2!
1.13 Proof
8,
~(5X
+ 2i) 1.17 Proofomilled 1.19 Proof omitted
'193
1.21 Proof omitted 1.23 jW[(3 - j4) x + 8(1 + j) 2] 1.25 (a) (-1 + j3) 9 + (1 + ;3)
Z (b) 2 i + (1 - j)ji + (1 + j) 2 (e) - 5 (d) 4i - (1 + j3H + (-1 + j3) Z 1.27
Sketch omitted
1.15
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
3.13.6 X 10-1U W/m2 3.34 x 1026 W 3.54.1 x 10'Jkm 3.7 (a) rad/sec (b) m"
(e) sec-' (d) sec (e) m 3.9 (a) 2.63 m (b) 0.704 m 3.11 Yes, -z direction,
f 1
,v !loJ,~
~
2
E~z
Chapter
Chapter'
J.lo
~1a)
Right-hand circular polarization (b) Right-hand circuJa.r_polarization
(e) Left-hand elliptical polarization (d) Linear polarization @)roof
omitted 3.19 (a) 1 (b) 1 (ell.58 (d) 2.12 3.211.34 x 10-5 m, aluminum foil is
about se thtck S.232.65mW/m2
3.25 (a) E. = e-o.Gze-Ju.~z (h)H. 9(0.5 - jO.5)
e-O.51 e-}U'~' (e) Sketch omitted (d) Sketch omitted 3.270.6 x 10 6 ill
Chapter 4
4.lfi1.9 4.3 (i) c (il) f (iii) b (Iv) a (v) d (vi) e 4.6 Yes, circular shape,
0.3 ff on each surface (0 is the length of each side of the cube.) 4.7 bevelled angle
_ 3So;
mirror making 70 with z axis; R polarized 4.91ElK 1~ ~IEol11 - e-,0ll>3' ei""I.
1El.l-
I Eo111 + e- '1
1Z53
520
Z53
'
2'
e-
JII<l76k.z
elk..
l. 1E
2,
75 MHz
Ezzi ~
.J3
160
Chapter
Answers to Odd-Numbered
4.13 cos
"
Jl.l(Il'lE~
}l,
521
Problems
f',l c OS
tl(Jl.Slz
Jl.lflJ
l~J
4.15 (a) 80 cm in front of the plate
(b)2V/m
4.171.996IEol
4.19H'- "llop'-I."inl-/k
.. ooll.
Ei _ (x cosO - Z sinB) HOlle-I"'.'n'-lk ee'O,;: H" _ Ylloe-1k"''''-lkzco,B.
f](}l~ -
Et
4.21 x
Chapter 5
}l,)
J.ll(li
,h<intlb"",'.
where
11 -
~~
E
Eo
5.3 1.875 kHz 5.5 E .. x Enelkz, H = - y ~ elkz J. = -z-P.'
'1]
Eo '~
'1]
on lower plate, Is = i - e' Z on upper plate 5.789.33 kW 5.9 Proof
5.1 Proof
'kz
1/
5.11 5.26-10.52 GHz for 2.85 x 1.26:l (cm) waveguide, 21.1-42.2 GHz for 0.711 x
0.355 (cm) waveguide 5.131.318 MW
5.15 Ey = E1 sin ('IrX/O) elk,"
5.170= tan-l(na/mb) 5.195.83 GHz
Hx = (l':lk./WIL) sin (1I'x/o) ejkt~
.
Hz = (j E 11I'/WJ.lO)cos (1I'x/o) ejk.~
5.21 Proof omitted 5.23 (0.866. 0.5. 2)
where k~ = [w~ ILE - (11'/0)21'12
V
5.25 Proof omitted 5.27 A = 4.93 i + 7.469 - 3t 5.29 (a) E' = P 4-,1:],
P
+ j3)
27
= c{> -
Vt
jk.
(b) Vo
V,
2VO'1]I/(7]1
+ 1/0)
'1]lP
Chapter 6
em
6.12000V
rrr:':
Vu
Jkz
6.5 j.=! - e- '.1
27rVa
--e-'
kz
"I
I sin kz I
Zo
(b) Sketch omitted (e) 00 6.9 (a) 2.96 (b) z = - 0.35).. (e) 24.5%
6.11 0.342).. 6.13 d = 0.25 cm 6.15 (a) 1.26 + jl.61 (b) 0.54 (e) 1
6.17 (a) 0.61 + jl.33 (b) 0.15 jO.09 6.19 Proof omitted 6.2114.2 kW
6.23 48.6% 6.25 Sketch omitted 6.27 Sketch omitted 6.29 Sketch omitted
6.31 Proof omitted
6.7 (a)
)=
: 107
I)m-t
1,
Chapter 7
)D
1/a
2~
7.1 (0.75,0.433,0.5) 7.3 Proof omitted 7.5 ~ . 8 = cos8 cosc/l.~ . <b = -sinc/l,$>' t
= sinOsine, y . 8 = coso sin4>,$>. ~ = 1;084>.
Z . i' cosO. i . 0 = - sinB, Z . ~ = 0
kID.
-IJoe
7.7 Proof omitted 7.9 Yes, improved to 18% 7.11 E = (- y) J
ZIl8
811'x
linear 7.13 (a) 0.314 VIm (b) 0,628 VIm (e) 6 VIm 7 .15(a) 1 (b)1.5
(el1.64 1.17 Six lobes; beam width = 19.2 along c/l= 0; beam width = 26.4
along e = 41.8 7.19 D=4
7.21Sketchomitted
7.23 (a) -9Uu (b) 6; 1.414; 0;
1.414 Vim (c) Sketch omitted (d) Sketch omitted
foil is
- jO.5)
mgle
f3
60
Chapter 8
Answers
522
Chapter 9
to Odd-Numbered
Problems
10-3
Ylm
Pi
(b) P __
(0.0499) VIm
(0.05) VIm
9.11 (a)
9.13 E - 0 for r
(c) 0.2%
P __
pi
40nl1
<
401!'ffl
<
o and b ~ r
l2 - e-'(r2
e, E = t _3_ for a ~ r
411'l'2
+ 21' + 2)1
9.19 3 V, Independent
(d)
..sL(:! 1. _ 1.)b
Chapter 10
1~-1i (3e-1
9.17
of path
h and
I' ~
9.15 10 -6
fT2
(b) __iL
4n
I'
1. e
1.)b
Q
10.31.8 x 10-5 N (attractive)
10.5 (a) 1'(2.411" x 10 ] VIm
9
(b) a x 1.211"xlO-8N (repulsive) (e) No 10.70.36 mrn 10.9 z = ::t: 3.14 cm
7
10.11 (a) Vo = 1.1374 X 107 mIs, vo. = 1.867 X lu7lnls,
Vox = - 0.163 X lU mls
(b) x(t) = (8.78 x 1014)e - (0.163 x 107)1 m, z(t) a (L8n7 x 107)L III (e) x = - 3.52
3 x 10-2 m .
x 10 4 m,
10 .
A
+
10.13 Proof omitted 10.155.3 x 10farad 10.17 (a) J -2-
10.1 -
Z- .
= ~.
(b) Qj
10.214.97
~l
(tan~).
fl
F/m
(1
11.3~
q,2
a)
,Jo
uu~
u'
(Lan t) SiDO]
11.13 _Q(dZ
-R -
411't
VIn(blp)lln(b/o)
P. = - VOfo/[r In
11.1117.5p.p.
11.15 -
[lin
10.19211" /
(clal + 1 In (hIe)]
+ z
El
E2
10.23 (a) Q2S12Afo (b) - Q2/2Ato (attractive)
f2
x 10-11
11.1~3 =
In
(I ~2)
Q2 = ~
~I
Chapter 11
-e-'/r
1')11'2 =
..sL(~
(c)
4?rft;
411"~u
<
+ q(o/d)
4wtr
rei
Ra ~ ( 1'2 I IF - 2 CfcosB
11.19 (d/o)q2/[4wE(d
)1/2
11.5~(6) - VoIn(tan~)/
11.712.3 V
11.9
Sketch omitted
qo . where
Rl - (r2 + dt
11.17 (pd/1211'E(d -
bfl, where d -
o2/b,
2rd eos6)1/2.
blJ where d -
attractive
at/h. attractive
Cha
sinh(2'lTyl o)/sinh(21!'bl c]
11.23 (400Iw)
Cha
-1{sin1nWX/a] sinhtney/c]
L _n sinhln-rh/u]
sin(nwylbj ~inh(nWXlb)}
sinhf ns-u/b]
+ __;:,.__:.._,....:.--.:,....-_....:..
fl-udd
11.25
(a)
Vo
(~ _~)
Vo
(~ _ ~) ri
Ch,
Chapter 12
lin
523
x 10 ~ mho/m
12.9 ( --
112
~
11
111
= 600 f.!
12.15 p
l6
where d
Chapter 13
12.7 10{jV
50
I'
50
)
d[(y + 6f + (70)211125'
lll/2
en.
= (-x)J(d/2)
for y >
2
2
H _
](d/2) for Y < (-d/2J
13.5 (a) 0 (b) 1(/ - o2)/[2'Jlp(h2 - 0 )] (e) Ii21rp
2
13.7 (a) (-z)Io(dy)/l411'(a
+ y)3rl) (b) (-i)I/(4?!'o)
(e) 0 (d) ( z)I/(4?!'0)
13.1 Z 2
13.9 zo
! 0.27u
13.11 HAB
= z.!_ r
dx
411' J -a [02 + (h _
_.
I(b - 0)
BU -
IT
47r
_
DA
/(b + u)
47r
X)2}3/2
fa
J n II +
u
-0
Ii +
dx
[b
0)2]3/2
dx
(b + 0)2t/2
_..1L
13.21 (a) H
(b) UH
27r02
[1
I6'1r
Joule/meter
fJ.o
13.232.74 x 102
c in (db)
13.25 - + In (blu)~
2
22
2?!' 4
(c - b )
~ ~
c
-
-2--2
c - b
+ b
(;2
4(c -
b)
Chapter 14
14.1 Sketch 14.30.21 weber/rn', 100 Aim 14.50.71 weber/rn! 14.7 X3Y, - 1.
X~Y2 - O. x,y, - I, X~Y4 = O. XIY2 - 1. X2Y2 = 1. X.Y2 - 1
14.94.233A 14.11
8.32A 14.13 0.29 weber/m'
Chapter 15
Y Iow2tp.
15.3 uW
- ~
(~)
__
y 10 cos[wtJ/w:
7! cosfwt)/w: Ei31 -
W2E2V~
(~)
Ell) ~
X /rI"lllE
0; EIZI
H) (~)t sin(wt)/w: H1
1 -
O.
15.5 UWI - O.
!l [2
UI~I - - -; cos2(wt)(waRl
2w
15.7 E~ol = Vocos(wt)/[pIn (b/a), 1(01 = 2;rVu'fPcos(wt)/ln (b/o), Qlol_
2?1"Vo&
cos(wl)/ln [b/o), 1111 - -2;rVuEPwsin(wl)/ln
(b/o] 15.911.1 sec
Chapter 16