FM & HM

Question Bank
UNIT I
FLUID STATICS : Dimensions and units: Physical properties of fluids - specific gravity, Viscosity surface
tension- vapour pressure and their influence on fluid motion-atmospheric gauge and vacuum pressure-measurement of
pressure-Piezometer,U-tube and differential manometers.

1.

Define mass density, weight density,specific volume and specific gravity. (May2005)

2.

Enunciate Newtons law of Viscosity. Explain the importance of viscosity in fluid motion.
( Nov2007)
State Newtons equation of viscosity and give examples of its application. (Feb2007,Feb2008, Nov2006,Nov2007)
( Feb
With practical examples, explain the significance of saturation vapour pressure and surface tension.( Mar2006)

3.
4.
5.

Define surface tension. Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside a droplet of liquid in excess of
outside pressure is given by P = 4/d. ( Feb2008)

6.

How does vapor pressure affect fluid flow.(Mar06,May05)

7.

Define Pascals law.( Nov2005)

8.

Describe with the help of neat sketches different types of manometers.( Nov2005)

9.

Explain the working of a simple U-tube manometer. What are the advantages of this manometer over a piezometer.( Nov2005)

10. What is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure. Explain how negative gauge pressure can be measured.(
April/May2009)
11. Differentiate between simple manometers and differential manometers. Draw neat sketches of the manometers and
explain.(April/May2009)
12. Explain mechanical gauges.(April/May2009)
13. A piston 9.95cm diameter works in a cylinder 10cm diameter, 12cm long. The space between the two is filled with a lubricating
oil of viscosity 0.65 poise. Calculate the speed of the piston through the cylinder under the action of an axial force of 5.0
N.(Nov2007/Nov2006)
14. An oil of viscosity 5 poise is used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve. The diameter of shaft is 0.5m and it rotates at 200
rpm. Calculate the horse power lost in the oil for a sleeve length of 100mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.00mm.
(
Feb2008,Nov2007Nov2006)
15. Determine the gauge and absolute pressures in N/m2 at a point on the free surface and at 4m below the free surface of water. Take
atmospheric pressure as 76cm of Hg.( May2005)
16. In a Pitot static tube the stagnation pressure is 3.0kPa and the static pressure is 3.0kPa(gauge). The fluid is air ( = 1.20kg/m3
).calculate the velocity of flow by taking the instrument coefficient as 0.98. (April09)
17. A U-tube containing mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is connected to a pipe
containing water under the pressure, the centre of which is in level with the free surface of mercury. Find the pressure of water in
the pipe above atmosphere, if the difference of level of mercury in the limbs is 5.08cm. ( April/May09)

UNIT II
FLUID KINEMATICS : Stream line,path line and streak lines and stream turbe,classification of flows-steady
and unsteady, uniform,Non-uniform ,laminar, turbulent, rotational,and irrotational flows -equation of continuity for one
dimensional flow.
FLUID DYNAMICS : Surface and body forces-Euler's and Bernoulli's equations for flow along a stream line
momentum equation and its application on force on pipe bend.

1.

Explain the terms, a)Path line, b)Stream line, c)Streak line.(Feb2008,Nov2007,Feb2007)

2.

Briefly explain the classification of flows.( Mar06,Nov2005,May2005)

3.

Distinguish between,
a. Steady and unsteady flow.
b. Uniform and Non-Uniform flow.
c. Compressible and Incompressible flow.( Feb2008,Nov2006)

4.

Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid.( Feb2008,Nov2007/2008)

5.

Define the Bernoullis equation for rotational flow mentioning the assumptions.(May05)

6.

Write three important basic equations of fluid flow.Explain them. (Feb07,Nov06)

7.

Draw the datum line, hydraulic gradient line and total energy line for a fluid flow in a diverging pipe line and discuss.
(April09)

8.

What are the surface and body forces associated with fluid flow?How are they incorporated in Eulers equation?

9.

What are the applications of continuity equation? Derive the continuity equation from fundamentals.

(April09)

(April09)

10. A pipe of 20cm diameter is carryingwater with a mean velocity of 3 m/s.Calculate the discharge.If the pipe divides into two
pipes of 10 cm each,find the velocity of water in the 10 cm diameter pipe (Feb08)
11. State the assumptions made in the derivation of bernoullis equation.State the momentum equation and explain its significance.
(March06)

12. The cross-sectional area of a convergent pipe is so shaped that the velocity of flow along the centre line varies linearly from 1
m/s to 10 m/s in a distance of 1m.The pipe is inclined downward at an angle of 300 with horizontal. Determine the difference
in pressure between two points, assuming the specific weight of liquid as 7.85 kn/m3. (March06,Nov05,May05)
13. A pipe bend tapers from a diameter of 500mm at inlet to a diameter of 250mm at outlet and the flow is turned through 750.The
pressures at inlet and outlet are 3.5 N/m2 and 2.5 N/m2.If the pipe is converging oil of specific gravity 0.85, calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend when the oil flow rate is 0.5 m3/s.The bend is in a horizontal plane.
(May05)
14. Water flows through a horizontal conical pipe, with diameter at the larger end as 1.3m and that at the smaller end as 0.70m.The
pressure head at the smaller end is 5m of water, and the discharge is 3.5 m3/sec.Calculate the velocities at the two ends and the
pressure head at the larger end .Neglect losses. (Feb07,Nov06)

UNIT III
CLOSED CONDUIT FLOW : Reynold's experiment - Darcy Weisbach equation - Minor
losses in pipes - pipes in series and pipes in parallel - total energy line-hydraulic gradient line.
Measurement of flow: Pilot tube, venturimeter and orifice meter, Flow nozzle, Turbine flow meter

1.

What are the various minor losses? Derive DarcyWeisbach equation for turbulent flow. ( May05)

2.

Derive the Darcy-Weisbach equation for friction head loss in a pipe.( Nov07,Feb07,Nov06)

3.

Discuss how friction factor varies with Reynolds number. ( Feb08,Nov07)

4.

List the minor losses of energy in a pipe flow. ( Mar06,Nov05)

5.

Describe major and minor losses in pipe flow in detail. ( Feb08,Nov07)

6.

What do you mean by compound pipe and pipes in parallel connection? What purpose in served by using pipes in parallel
connection. ( Nov07,Nov06)

7.

Define HGL and TEL. Represent HGL and TEL for real and ideal fluids in a pipe flow of varying cross
section.(Feb08,Feb07)

8.

What is a Venturimeter? Explain the principle of venturimeter with a neat sketch.( Mar06)

9.

Describe the principle and working of orifice meter with the help of a neat sketch.( Nov07,Nov08)

10. What are the construction details of a Pitot tube and explain how it works. ( April2009)
11. Draw a neat sketch of a flow nozzle and explain its working. Discuss on which principle it works.

( April2009)

12. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe line 1500m long an 200mm in diameter. Pressures at the two ends of the pipe lines
are respectively 12 kPa and 2kPa. If f = 0.015, determine the discharge through the pipe in liters per minute. Consider only
frictional loss. ( Nov07,Nov06)
13. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3 m3/sec. The diameter of the pipe is suddenly enlarged from 25 cm to
50 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 1.4 kgf/cm2. Determine loss of head due to sudden enlargement, pressure
intensity in the large pipe and power lost due to enlargement.(Feb08,Feb07)
14. Water flows through a pipe at the rate of 1.1m3/sec. For certain length of the pipe, the diameter is 200 mm and for remaining
length of the pipe diameter is 400 mm . Pressure of water at the larger diameter part is 1 MPa. Determine head lost due to
sudden enlargement of cross-sectional area and the pressure of water in the smaller diameter part of the pipe.( Nov07,Nov06)

15. Determine the diameter of the throat of a venturimeter tobe introduced in a horizontal section of a 0.10 m diameter main so
that reading of the differential U-tube manometer is 0.60 m of mercury when the discharge is 20 liters per second. Assume the
coefficient of discharge of the meter as 0.95.( Mar06,May05)
16. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 300 mm and 100 mm respectively is used to measure the flow of
water. The pressure intensity at inlet is 130kN/m2. While the vaccum pressure head at the throat is 350 mm of mercury.
Assuming that 3% of head is lost in between inlet and throat, find Cd of venturimeter and rate of flow. ( Feb08,Feb07)
17. An oil of relative density 0.90 flows through a vertical pipe of diameter 20 cm. The flow is measured by a 20 cm x 10 cm
venturimeter. The throat is 30 cm above the inlet section. A differential U-tube manometer containing mercury is coefficient
of discharge is 0.99. What is the manometer reading for a flow of 50lit/sec.( Apr09)
18. A Pitot tube was used to measure the quantity of water flowing in a pipe of 0.30 m diameter. The water was raised to a height
of 0.25 m above the centre line of pipe in the vertical limb of the tube. If the mean velocity is 0.78 times the velocity at the
center and coefficient of Pitot tube is 0.98, find the discharge in the pipe line. The static pressure head at the center of the pipe
is 0.2 m.
( April09.May09)

UNIT IV
BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPTS :Definition, thickness, characteristics along thin
Plate , lminar and turbulent boundary layers (no derivation ) boundary layer in transition,
Separation of boundary layer, Submerged objects drag and lift.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Explain the concept of boundary layer ?

Explain the thickness of boundary layer ?
Explain boundary layer along a thin plate and its characteristics.
Explain laminar boundary layer ?
Explain turbulent boundary layer ?
Define drag and lift ?
Explain transition boundary layer ?
Explain the concept of separation of boundary layer ?

UNIT V
BASICS OF TURBO MACHINERY : Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and
moving flat, inclined, and curved vanes, jet striking centrally and at tip, velocity
diagrams, work don and efficiency, flow over radial vanes.
1. What do you mean by impact of jet? Explain. ( Feb08,07,Nov06)
2. What is meat by impact of jet? Derive an expression for the force exerted by a jet on a

stationary plate normal to the jet.( Nov07Nov09)

3. Derive an expression for force exerted by the jet on stationary vertical plate.
( Feb08,Nov07,Nov06)
4. Derive the expressions for force and work done per second by the jet when it strikes a flat
vertical plate moving in the direction of the jet and away from the jet. (Feb08)
5. Derive the expression for force and work done per second by the jet when it strikes the inclined
plate moving in the direction of jet. (Feb07)
6. Derive an expression for force exerted by a jet on stationary inclined flat plate.
(Nov07,Feb07)
7. Derive an expression for the force exerted by a jet striking the curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is symmetrical. (Nov07,Feb07)
8. Derive the expressions for the force and work done per second by the jet when it strikes a
curved plate moving in the direction of the jet. (Feb08)
9. Find an expression for the efficiency of a series of moving curved vanes when a jet of water
strikes the vanes at one of its tips. (March06)
10. Define the impact of jet, work done and efficiency,derive the equations for a typical case of
jet striking a curve plate. (April09)
11. Derive the equation for the impact of jet striking a curved plate at the centre when the plate is
stationary. (April09)
12. A nozzle of 50mm diameter delivers a stream of water at 20 m/s perpendicular to a plate that
moves away from the jet at 5 m/s.Find
a) The force on the plate b)Work done c)The efficiency of the jet
(Nov07,Feb07)
13. A jet of 20 cm in diameter and moving with a velocity of 20 m/s impinges normally on a
Series of flat vanes mounted on the periphery of a wheel.If the velocity of vanes is 8
m/s,determine a)The force exerted by the jet on the wheel
b) Work done by the jet on the wheel per second and
c) Hydraulic efficiency. (Feb08,Feb07,Nov06)
14. A jet of water, cross-sectional area 20 cm2, issues with a velocity of 25 m/s and strikes a
Stationary plate held at 300 to the axis of jet. Find the force exerted by the jet on the
Plate, and workm out the components of force in the direction normal to the jet. Also find
how the discharge gets distributed after striking the plate. (March06,Mar05)
15. A 10 cm diameter jet of water exerts a force of 2 KN in the direction of flow against a
stationary flat plate which is inclined at an angle of 300 with the axis of the stream.Find
a) Force normal to the plate
b) Velocity of jet
c) Mass flow rate of water kg/sec ( Feb08,Nov07,Nov06)
16. A jet of water of 75 mm diameter strikes a curved vane at its center with a velocity of 20 m/s .
The curved vane is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of jet.Find the force
exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet, power and efficiency of the jet. Assume the
plate to be smooth (Feb08)
17.A jet of water 50 mm in dia issues with a velocity of 10 m/s and impinges normally on a
stationary flat plate which move in forwared motion. Find the force exerted by the jet on the
plate and work done. (April09)

UNIT VI

HYDRAULIC TURBINES : Classification of turbines, Impulse and reaction turbines, Pelton wheel,Francis turbine and
Kaplan turbine-working proportions,work done, efficiencies, hydraulic design-draft tubetheory- functions and efficiency.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Explain why a pelton wheel turbine is called an Impulse turbine with a neat sketch
(Nov08)
2. Explain the construction and working of a Francis turbine with a neat
sketch.(Nov06)
3. Explain the consruction and working of a Kaplan turbine with a neat
sketch.(Feb09)
4. Explain hydraulic efficiency of the turbine (Nov06)
5. Explain Governing of turbine and how it is accomplished for different types of
turbines ( April09)
6. Explain the performance characteristic curves for different turbines (Nov08)
7 A pelton wheel is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of 510m.one third of gross head is
lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is
2.2m3/sec.The angle of deflection of the jet is 1650 .Determine a) the power given by water to the
runner,and b) the power given by the water to the runner and c) hydraulic efficiency of the pelton wheel.
( Feb07)
8 A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120m Its diameter at inlet is
1.2m and the flow area is 0.4m2 .The angle made by absolute and relative velocities
at inlet are 200 and 600 respectively with the tangential velocity.Determine 1)The
volume flow rate 2) The power developed and 3) The hydraulic efficiency.(Nov08)
9.

Calculate the diameter and speed of the runner of a Kaplan turbine developing
6000kw under an effective head of 5m.overall efficiency of the turbine is 90%.The diameter of the boss
is 0.4 times the external diameter of the runner.The turbine speed ratio is 2.0 and flow ratio is 0.6.What
is the specific speed of the turbine ? (April08)
10 A conical Draft tube having diameter at the top as 2.0m and pressure head at 7m of
water (vacuum),discharges water at outlet with a velocity of 1.2 m/sec at the rate of
5m3/sec.If the atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and losses between
inlet and outlet of draft tube are negligible.Find the length of draft tube immersed
in water.Total length of the tube is 5m. (April08)
UNIT VII
PERFORMANCE OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES : Geometric similarity,Unit and specific
quantities,characteristic curves,governing of turbines,selection of type of turbine,cavitation,surge tank, water hammer.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Define specific speed.Give its range for different turbines (Nov08)
2. Explain unit speed,unit discharge and unit powe of a hydraulic turbine.Derive expressions for each of them
(Feb07)
3. Derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine (Feb06)
4. What are the operating characterictics curves of hydraul;ic turbine? Sketch them and explain their features
and applications (Nov09)
5. Why is governing of turbines required?what are the main components of governing mechanism for a pelton
wheel turbine ?Draw a neat sketch and explain (Nov09)
6. what do you mean by selection of turbines? What are scale ratios? Explain with neat sketches when
geometric similarity is achieved between model and prototype.(Feb05)
7. What is meant by Cavitation ?what is its significance in turbines ? (May08)
8. what do you understand by water Hammer in turbines (Nov09)
9. what is a surge tank? What are its uses in a hydraulic turbine installation? (Feb06)
10.A pelton wheel turbine develops a power of 1000kw under a head of 75m.If the head
becomes 25m what will be the power developed by the turbine. (Nov07)

UNIT VIII

Centrifugal Pumps : Classification,working,work done - manometric head-losses and efficiencies specific speed-pumps
in series and parallel-performance characteristic curves,NPSH.RECIPROCATING PUMPS: Working,Discharge,Slip,
Indicator diagrams.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 Write a detailed account about the classification of pumps. (Nov07)

2 Explain the working of a centrifugal pump with a neat diagram and showing all the
Components. (May06)
3. Derive the equation for work done by the impeller of a centrifugal pump (May08)
4. Explain are the heads and efficiencies of a centrifugal pump (April06)
5. Define a) Manometric Efficiency b)Mechanical Efficiency c)Overall Efficiency
6. Explain NPSH OF Centrifugal pump . (Nov07)
7 Explain the working principle of a single acting and double acting Reciprocating
Pumps with neat sketches (May06)
8. Derive an expression for work done by a Reciprocating pump (April06)
9. Derive the equation for the power required to drive the double acting reciprocating
10. Expalin the term Slip and Cavitation with reference to reciprocating
pump.(May05)
11. What is an indicator diagram of a reciprocating pump? (May08)

pump. (Nov07)