Ch RIZAL AND HIS TIMES

1. RIZAL AND HIS TIME PROLOGUEThe world of Rizals Times

2. Objectives 1. Discuss the historical background of the world and of the Philippines during
Rizals time. 2. Identify the different evils done by the Spanish authorities in the
Philippines. 3. Appreciate the events that led to the positive change in the lives of the
3. Before the birth of Rizal.
4. Feb. 19, 1861 the liberal Czar Alexander II issued a proclamation emancipating
22,500,000 serfs to appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses. June 19, 1861 the
birth of Rizal, the American Civil war was raging furiously in the United States on the negro
Slavery.
5. April 12, 1861 the negro slavery in the United States erupted. September 22, 1863,
President Lincoln issued his famous Emancipation Proclamation. June 1, 1861, Benito Juarez,
a full blooded Zapotec Indian was elected president of Mexico.
6. Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire with his imperialistic desire to secure a
colonial stake in Latin America invaded and conquered Mexico. He installed Archduke
Maximilian of Austria as puppet emperor of Mexico on June 12, 1864.
7. Because of the raging American Civil War President Juarez cannot obtain military aid from
his friend president Lincoln.
8. Battle of Queretaro President Juarez with the help of the US troops defeated the
Maximilian forces and executed Emperor Maximilian. Thus fizzled out Napoleons ambition to
colonize Latin America.
9. The Birth of Rizal Italians and Germans succeeded in unifying their own countries The
Italians under the leadership of Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and his army of Red Shirts
drove out the Austrians and French armies from Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy under
King Victor Emmanuel with Rome as Capital.
10. The Prussians led by Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor defeated France in the
Franco- Prussian war and established the German Empire on Jan. 18, 1871, with King Wilhelm
of Prussia as the First Kaiser of the German Empire.
11. With the defeat of Emperor Napoleon his Second French Empire Collapsed and over its
ruin the Third French Republic arose, with Adolph Thiers as first President.
12. The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western Imperialism. England emerged as the
worlds leading imperialist power.
13. During glorious reign of Queen Victoria the British people asserted: Britannia Rules the
Waves. Britain won in the First Opium war (1840-1842) against the tottering Chinese Empire
under the Manchu dynasty, and acquired the island of HongKong (Fragrant Harbor)
14. In the Second Opium War (1856- 1860) Britain won again and forced the Manchu
Dynasty to cede Kowloon Peninsula.

15. After suppressing the Indian Rebellion and dismantling the Mogul Empire, she imposed
her raj (rule) over the sub-continent of India. (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) By winning the
Three Anglo- Burmese war, she conquered Burma.
16. Other lands in Asia that became British colonies: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Maldives, Aden,
Malaya, Singapore and Egypt. In South Pacific they were able to get Australia and New
Zealand.
17. Other Imperialist countries that followed Britains example: France Vietnam, annexed
Cambodia and Laos. Then merged all these countries into a federated colony under the name
French Indochina.
18. Dutch colonized the vast and rich archipelago of the East Indies and named it the
Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia).
19. Czarist Russia conquered Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuriles, and Alaska ( which she sold in
1867 to the U.S. for $7,200,000. She also conquered the Muslim Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva,
and Kokand in Central Asia.
20. They also acquired Manchuria and as a sphere of influence they were able to build the
5,800- mile Trans-Siberian Railway, reputed to be the worlds longest railroad linking
Vladivostok and Moscow.
21. July 8, 1853, an American squadron under the command of Commodore Mathew C. Perry
re-opened Japan to the world. (214-year isolation) Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) modernized
Japan by freely accepting Western Influences, including Imperialism. Fought against the weak
China in the Sino-Japanese war, grabbed Formosa (Taiwan), Pescadores and later annexed
Korea.
22. Germany was late in scramble for colonies in Asia and Africa, turned to the Islands in the
Mid- Pacific world. Ilties a German warship entered the harbor of Yap (an island in the
Carolines) seized the island and hoisted the German flag.
23. Strangely, the Spanish Governor of the Carolines (Don Enrique Capriles) was present in
the island but showed no resistance. The German seizure of Yap island enraged Spain who
claimed sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus by right of discovery by Francisco Lezcano
who named it Carolina in Honor of King Charles II.
24. To abort the brewing conflict between the two country, both submitted the Carolina
Question to Pope leo XIII for arbitration .
25. The Holy father recognized Spains sovereignty over the island but gave two concessions
to Germany: the right to trade in the disputed islands the right to establish a coaling station
in Yap for German navy.
26. Rizal was in Barcelona when these things are happening and he even wrote an article on
the Carolina Question at La Publicidad, a newspaper owned by Don Miguel Morayta.
27. While imperialist powers were enjoying the fruits of their colonial rule Spain who was
once upon a time the Mistress of the World, was stagnating as a world power.
28. She lost her rich colonies in Latin America (Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and
Ecuador.

29. The Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and
Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Uruguay) Colonies that remained under her rule was
Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
30. The Philippines of Rizals Times During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spains
decadence darkened the Philippine Skies.
31. Evils during the Spanish rule in the Philippines Instability of Colonial administration
Corrupt Officialdom No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes Human rights
denied to Filipinos
32. No equality before the law Maladministration of justice Racial Administration
Frailocracy Forced labor Haciendas owned by the friars Guardia civil
33. EVILS OF SPANISH RULES IN THE PHILIPPINES<br />1. Instability of Colonial
Administration King Ferdinand VIII (1808 1833) Frequent shift of policies owing to struggle
between Liberalism and Despotism; From 1835-1897 there were 50 Governors General.<br />2.
Corrupt Colonial Officials<br />
a. Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo (1875-1883) incompetent and
cruel, boastful, ruthless, executed GOMBURZA in 1872.<br />
b. Gen. Primo de Rivera
accepted bribes from gambling casino which he permitted to operate.<br />
34. c. Gen. ValerianoWeyler (1888-1891) cruel and corrupt received huge bribes, gifts and
diamonds from wealthy Chinese who evaded anti-Chinese law; persecuted Calamba tenants
particularly the family of Dr. Jose Rizal.<br />3. Philippine Representation in Spanish
Cortes<br /> 1st Philippine Delegates Ventura de los Reyes<br /> - Constitution 1812<br />
- Abused Galleon trade<br /> - Propaganda Movement was not heard<br />
Representation of Spanish colonies (including the Philippines) was abolished in 1837<br />
35. 4. HUMAN RIGHTS denied the Filipinos <br />
- No freedom of expression<br />5.
NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW<br /> Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted and
slandered<br />Spanish missionaries thought that ALL MEN irrespective of color and race are
children of God and as such they are brothers, equal before God and not before the law not in
practice.<br />Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) rarely enforced <br />- Spanish Civil Code
imposed light penalties on Spaniards but heavier penalties to Indios.<br />
36. 6. MAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE<br />Courts were notoriously corrupt, Judges,
fiscals and court officials inept, venal and oftentimes ignorant at the law.<br />Justice costly,
partial and slow. Poor Filipinos has no access to the courts.<br />Dona Teodora Rizal was jailed
on flimsy ground in 1871; Dr. J. Rizal was deported in July 1892 without trial; Paciano and
several brothers-in-law were exiled without due process<br />GOMBURZA and RIZAL were
executed<br />
37. 7. RACIAL DESCRIMINATION <br /> Spain introduced Christianitys egalitarian concept
of the BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN under GOD THE FATHER, but Filipinos were regarded
as inferior beings undeserving of rights enjoyed by the Spaniards.<br />Filipinos were called
brown-skinned and flat nosed Indios<br />Lack opportunities for educated young Filipinos to
rise in the service of God and Country<br />
38. 8. FRAILOCRACY - a government by Friars<br />Union of Church and state<br />Friars
(Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational life of the
Philippines and later in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power,
influence and riches.<br />Friars controlled government from governor general down to

alcaldesmayores;<br />Friars exercise priestly duties, supervise elections, inspector of books and
taxes, arbiter of morals, censor of books and comedias, superintendent of public works and
guardian of peace and order.<br />Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and other Filipino reformists blamed
frailocracy/friars for obscurantism, fanaticism, and oppression in the country.<br />Rizals Padre
Damaso and Jaenas fray Botod<br />
39. 9. FORCE LABOR (Polo y servicio) compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial
authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, buildings,
roads and bridges, ships etc.<br />Wealthy ones were able to evade forced labor by paying falla,
a sum of money.<br />Spaniards were not drafted to forced labor, contrary to law, while the
Filipino polistas received only a part of two pesetas (50 centavos) or worse nothing at all.<br
/>Disturbed the Indios work in the farm and shops and separate them from their families.<br />
40. 10. HACIENDA OWNED BY FRIARS<br />Friars owned the best haciendas and the folks
filling these land even before the coming of the Spaniards became tenants resulted in bloody
agrarian upheaval in 1745-1746.<br />Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in 1887 but in vain,
ignited the wrath of the Dominican Friars who retaliated by raising land rentals.<br />Rizal in his
Indolence of the Filipinos in substance opined that Friars ownership of best agricultural tract of
land contribute to the stagnation of economy.<br />
41. 11. GUARDIA CIVIL created by Royal Decree of February 12, 1852; Maltreatment, abuse,
robbers, rapists.<br />Ill trained and undisciplined.<br />Rizals Noli exposed the guardia civil
through Elias as bunch of ruthless ruffians, good only for disturbing the peace and persecuting
honest men.<br />

Ch0 RIZAL FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE

Ch1 ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO

1. JOSE RIZAL Chapter 1 Advent of a National Hero
2. THE BIRTH OF A HEROJos Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Known as Dr.
Jose P. Rizal He was born on June 19, 1861, on the night of a Wednesday at the town of
Calamba, Laguna Baptized in the Catholic church of his town on June 22, 1861 by Fr. Rufino
Collantes ; his godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas.
3. RIZALS PARENTSFrancisco Mercado Rizal Born on May 11, 1818 in Bian, Laguna
He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. He died in Manila on
January 5, 1898, at the age of 80
4. RIZALS PARENTSTeodora Alonso Realonda Born on November 8, 1826 in Manila
Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city. Died in
Manila on August 16, 1911

5. THE RIZAL CHILDREN1. Saturina oldest of the Rizal children, nicknamed Neneng2.
Paciano older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal, he was immortalized by Jose Rizal in his
first novel Noli Me Tangere as Pilosopo Tasio3. Narcisa her pet name was Sisa4. Olimpia
Ypia was her pet name5. Lucia she married Mariano Herbosa, the nephew of Fr. Casanas; he
was denied a Christian burial because he was the brother-in-law of Jose Rizal
6. THE RIZAL CHILDREN6. Maria her nickname was Biang7. Jose the greatest Filipino
hero, his nickname was Pepe8. Concepcion her pet name was Concha, she died f sickness at 3;
her death was Jose Rizals first sorrow9. Josefa her pet name was Panggoy, she died an old
maid at the age of 8010. Trinidad Trining was her pet name, also died an old maid at the age of
8311. Soledad youngest of the Rizal children, her pet name was Choleng
7. RIZALS ANCESTRY Domingo Lamo a Chinese immigrant from the Fukien city of
Changchow. He is Rizals great-great-grandfather. He arrived in Manila about 1690. He married
a well-to-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa, then assumed Mercado as
his surname in 1731. Francisco Mercado son of Domingo and Ines, great-grandfather of
Rizal. He married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza, Cirila Bernacha, and was elected governadorcillo
of Bian.
8. RIZALS ANCESTRY Juan Mercado one of Franciscos and Cirilas sons, grandfather of
Rizal.Married Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese-Filipino mestiza. Like his father, he waselected
governadorcillo of Bian. Francisco Mercado Rizals father. The youngest of thirteen
children ofJuan and Cirila. At the age of eight he lost his father. He met and fell in lovewith
Teodora Alonso Realonda in Manila while studying. They got married onJune 28, 1848
9. RIZALS ANCESTRY Lakandula the last native king of Tondo. He is a believed ancestor
of DoaTeodoras family. Eugenio Ursua Rizals great-great-grandfather from his mothers
side.He was of Japanese ancestry. He married a Filipina named Benigna. Regina the
daughter of Eugenio and Benigna married Manuel de Quintos,a Filipino-Chinese lawyer from
Pangasinan. One of their daughters marriedLorenzo Alberto Alonso, a prominent SpanishFilipino mestizo of Bian; theirchildren were: Narcisa, Teodora(Rizals mother), Gregorio,
Manual and Jose.
10. THE SURNAME RIZALMercado the real surname of the Rizal family which was
adoptedin 1731 by Domingo LamoRizal the second surname which was given by a Spanish
alcaldemayor of Laguna, who was a family friend. In Spanish it means, Afield where wheat,
cut while still green, sprouts again.
11. THE RIZAL HOME The Rizal Residence was a two-storey building, rectangular inshape,
built of adobe stone and hard-woods, and roofed with red tiles.
12. A GOOD AND MIDDLE - CLASS FAMILY The Rizal family belonged to the principalia,
a town aristrocracy in SpanishPhilippines. They owned a carriage which was a status symbol
of the illustrados(composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and
raciallinesIndios, Insulares, and mestizos, among others). They also owned a library, the
largest in Calamba, consisting of more than1000 volumes.
13. HOME LIFE OF THE RIZALSThe Rizal Children were taught and trained: To love
God To behave well To be obedient To respect people, especially the old folksThey
believed in the maxim: Spare the rod and spoil the child

Ch2 CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA

1. Chapter 2 Childhood Years in Calamba Bian
2. Calamba, the Heros Town Calamba was an hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican
Order, which also owned all the lands around it. It is a picturesque town nestling on a verdant
plain covered with irrigated ricefields and sugar-lands.
3. Mount Makiling
4. Laguna de Bay An inland lake of songs and emerald waters beneath the canopy of azure
skies.
5. Island of Talim
6. Antipolo Famous mountain shrine of the miraculous Lady of Peace and Good Voyage.
7. Earliest Childhood Memories The first memory of Rizal was his happy days in the family
garden when he was 3 years old. Second childhood memory of Rizal was the daily Angelus
Prayer. Third childhood memory was the nocturnal walk in the town, when there was a moon.
8. The Heros First Sorrow In 1865, Concha (Concepcion) died of sickness at the age of three.
Devoted Son of the Church At the age of three, he began to take part in the family prayers.
When he was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family Bible.
9. He loved to go to church, to pray, to take part in novenas, and to join the religious
processions. He was so seriously devout that he was launghingly called Manong Jose by the
Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras. The scholarly Father Leoncio Lopez, the town priest that he
used to visit and listen to his stimulating opinions on current events and sound philosophy of life.
10. Jose learned to write and read thru a private tutor Maestro Celestino and the second
Maestro Lucas Padua. Leon Monroy a former classmate of Rizals Father became the boys
tutor
11. Pilgrimage to Antipolo On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a
pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mothers vow which was made when Jose was born.
After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. They
visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La Concordia College in Santa Ana.
12. Artistic Talent Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God- given talent for art. At the
age of five, he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects
which attracted his fancy.
13. First Poem by Rizal Since early boyhood he had scribbled verses on loose sheets of paper
and on the textbooks of his sisters. At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native
language entitled Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children)
14. Rizal as Boy Magician Since early manhood Rizal had been interested in magic. He learned
various tricks such as making a coin appear or disappear in his fingers and making a
handkerchief vanish in thin air. He entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions.
He also gained skill in manipulating marionettes (puppet show).
15. In later years when he attained manhood, he continued his keen predilection for magic. He
read many books on magic and attended the performances of the famous magicians of the world.

 In chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo (Treason), he revealed his
wide knowledge of magic.
16. Influences on the Heros Boyhood 1. Heredity Influence: Malayan ancestors- love for
freedom, innate desire to travel and indomitable courage. Chinese ancestors- serious nature,
frugality, patience and love for children. Spanish ancestors- elegance of bearing, sensitivity to
insult and gallanty to ladies.
17. Father- Profound sense of respect, the love for work and the habit of independent thinking.
Mother- religious nature, the spirit of self- sacrifice and the passion for arts and literature. 2.
Environmental Influences: The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the
Rizal family- inborn artistic and literary talents of Jose Rizal.
18. The religious atmosphere at his home- religious nature. Brother, Paciano- love for
freedom and justice. Sisters- courteous and kind to women. Aya (Nurse Maid)- interest in
folklore and legends. Tito Jose Alberto- artistic ability. Tito Manuel- frail walking and
wrestling. Tito Gregorio- voracious reading of good books.
19. Father Leoncio Lopez- love for scholarship and intellectual honesty. Sorrows in his
family- character, enabling him to resist blows of adversity in late years. 3. Aid of Divine
Providence: God- versatile gifts of a genius, the vibrant spirit of nationalism and the valiant
heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
20. Bian Laguna
21. Bian Laguna First Teacher in Bian of Pepe Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz Pepe lived
in a small hut about 30 meters from the home of the aunt. Jose used to wear a sinamay
shirt,woven by the skilled hands of the women of Batangas. Jose challenged Pedro to a fight
First Painting lesson by a painter Juancho
22. Injustice to Heros Mother Before June of 1872,tragedy struck the Rizal family.Dona
Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother. Jose Alberto
wife was poison Jose Alberto ,a rich Binan ilustrado ,had just returned from a business trip in
Europe. After arresting Dona Teodora, the sadistic Spanish Lieutenant forced her to walk from
Calamba to Santa Cruz a distance of 50 kilometers.

Ch3 EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA & BIAN

1. EARLY EDUCATION INCALAMBA AND BIAN Antonio Delgado, BSEd IV
2. How did you learn thealphabet?
3. The Heros First Teacher Doa Teodora was Joses first non-formal teacher On her lap,
Jose learned prayers and the alphabet at the age of three
4. Private Tutors of Rizal Maestro Celestino was Joses first private tutor Maestro Lucas
Padua was the second private tutor Maestro Leon Monroy became the heros tutor in Spanish
and Latin. He was a classmate of Don Francisco.
5. The Uncles of Rizal Uncle Jose Alberto gave wise direction in the studies of Jose Uncle
Gregorio instilled into the mind of Jose the Jose Alberto love for education

6. The Uncles of RizalWork hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as
well as thorough; be independent in thinking; and make visual pictures of everything. Uncle
Gregorio
7. The Uncles of Rizal Uncle Manuel Alberto seeing Jose was frail in nature, concerned
himself with the physical development of his nephew He also taught Jose the love for open air
and admiration for the beauty of nature
8. Jose Goes to Bian Don Leon died five months later and Jose was sent to a private school in
Bian. June 1869 Jose goes to Bian with Paciano Carromata the mode of
transportation Aunts house where Jose lodged
9. First Day in School Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz formal teacher Rizal described
Maestro Justiniano as tall, thin, long- necked, sharp-nosed, with a body slightly bent forward
The school was in Maestro Justinianos house
10. First School Brawl Pedro (the teachers son) wrestling Andres Salandanan arm
wrestling
11. Painting Lessons in Bian Old Juancho freely gave Jose painting lessons Jose Rizal
and his classmate Jose Guevarra became apprentices of Old Juancho
12. Daily Life in BianJoses daily routine: Hears mass at 4 a.m. or studies lesson before
going to mass Goes to orchard to look for mabolo to eat Breakfast Goes to class at 10
a.m. Lunch break
13. Daily Life in Bian Goes back to school at 2 p.m. Goes home at 5 p.m. Prays with
cousins Studies lessons, then draws a little Has supper Prays again
14. Daily Life in Bian Plays in the street if moon is bright Sleeps
15. Best Student in School Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin and other
subjects His older classmates were jealous and squealed to the teacher whenever he had
fights Jose usually received five or six blows while laid out on a bench
16. End of Bian Schooling December 17, 1870 Jose left Bian Talim the steamer that
Jose rode Arturo Camps a Frenchman and a friend of Don Francisco, he took care of Jose
during the trip
17. Martyrdom of GOMBURZA January 20, 1872 Cavite mutiny February 17, 1872
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were implicated and executed The
GOMBURZA were leaders of the secularization movement
18. The GOMBURZA
19. Martyrdom of GOMBURZA The martyrdom of the three priests inspired Rizal to fight the
evils of Spanish tyranny In 1891, Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to
GOMBURZA
20. Injustice to the Heros Mother In 1872, Doa Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge
that she aided his brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife Jose Alberto planned to
divorce his wife because of her infidelity

21. Injustice to the Heros Mother Jose Albertos wife connived with the Spanish lieutenant of
the Guardia Civil and filed a case against Rizals mother Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
gobernadorcillo of Calamba, helped the lieutenant arrest Doa Teodora
22. Injustice to the Heros Mother 50 kilometers Doa Teodora was made to walk from
Calamba to the provincial prison in Santa Cruz
23. Injustice to the Heros Mother Don Francisco de Marcaida & Don Manuel Mazano most
famous lawyers of Manila, defended Doa Teodora in court After 2 years the Royal
Audiencia acquitted Doa Teodora
24. THANK YOUFOR LISTENING!

Ch4 SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA

1. Prepared by: Cabataa, Rieza
2. Ateneo Municipal A college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits Bitter rival of the
Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran Escuela Pia (Charity School) A school for poor
boys in Manila Established by the city government in 1817 Ateneo de Manila Acquired prestige
as an excellent college for boys
3. Rizal Enters the Ateneo Father Magin Ferrando, who was the school registrar, refused to admit
him for two reasons: 1) He was late for registration 2) He was sickly and undersized for his age
However, upon the intercession of Manuel Xerez Burgos, nephew of Father Burgos, he was
reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo which was located at Intramuros, outside the walls of Manila.
4. Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname Rizal First boarded at Caraballo Street
25-minute walk from the college Owned by a spinster named Titay who owed Rizal family
P300 Their family name Mercado had come under the suspicion of Spanish authorities
5. Jesuit System of Education The system of education given by the Jesuits in the Ateneo was
more advanced than that of other colleges in that period It trained the student by rigid discipline
and religious instruction physical culture humanities scientific studies agriculture
commerce mechanics surveying
6. Students were divided into two groups: The Roman Empire - consisting of the internos
(boarders) Carthaginian Empire - composed of the externos (non-boarders) Ranks Best student
- emperor Second best - tribune Third best - decurion Fourth best - centurion Fifth- best
standard-bearer
7. Red for the Romans and Blue for the Carthaginians Upon the first defeat, the banner of the
losing party was transferred to the left side of the room. Upon the second, it was placed in an
inferior position on the right side. Upon the third, the inclined flag was placed on the left. Upon
the fourth, the flag was reversed and returned to the right. Upon the fifth, the reversed flag was
placed on the left. Upon the sixth, the banner was changed with a figure of a donkey. Uniform
hemp-fabric trousers stripped cotton coat The coat material was called rayadillo, which
later became popular for it was adopted as the uniform for Filipino troops during the days of the
First Philippine Republic

8. Rizals First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873) Fr. Jose Bech - first professor in Ateneo - Tall, thin
man, with a body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe ad inspired, small
seep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose end
fell toward the chin. Belonged to the Carthaginians in which he was an externo Became the
emperor at the end of the month Took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during the noon
recesses to improve his Spanish, which was actually P3 per session Placed second at the end of
the year
9. Summer Vacation (1873-1874) Went to Calamba Did not enjoy his vacation because his
mother was in prison Brought to Tanawan by his sister Neneng (Saturnina) to cheer him up, but
did not cure his melancholy Went to Santa Cruz without telling his father in order to visit his
mother
10. Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874) Once more, he became emperor Three of his new
classmates were boys from Bian, who had been his classmates in the school of Maestro
Justiniano Received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal at the end of the school
year
11. Prophecy of Mothers Release In the course of Rizal and his mothers conversation, Doa
Teodora told her son of her dream the previous night. Rizal, interpreting the dream, told her that
she would be released from prison in three months time. Rizals prophecy became true. Barely
three months passed, and Doa Teodora was set free.
12. Teenage Interest in Reading The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas First favorite
novel - made a deep impression on him. His boyish imagination was stirred by the sufferings of
Edmond Dantes (the hero) in prison, his spectacular escape from the dungeon of Chateau dIf,
his finding a buried treasure on the rocky island of Monte Cristo, and his dramatic revenge on his
enemies who had wronged him.
13. Read not only fiction, but also non-fiction Persuaded his father to buy him a costly set of
Universal History by Cesar Cantu Read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a
German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1865-1890. 1) Jagors keen observations
of the defects of Spanish colonization 2) His prophecy that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as a colonizer
14. Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies as
in the previous year His grades remained in all subjects, but he won only one medalin Latin
He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken Spanish was not fluently sonorous and
was beaten by a Spaniard who could naturally speak fluently and with right accentuation
15. Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1976) Became an interno on June 16, 1875 Fr. Francisco de
Paula Sanchez - one of his professors - a great educator and scholar - inspired the young Rizal to
study harder and to write poetry - became and admirer and friend of the great Calamba lad considered by Rizal as his best professor in Ateneo - model of uprightness, earnestness, and
love for the advancement of his pupils Topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five
medals at the end of the school term
16. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) The most brilliant Atenean of his time The pride of the
Jesuits Obtained the highest grades in all subjectsphilosophy, physics, biology, chemistry,
languages, mineralogy, etc.

17. Graduation with Highest Honors Rizal graduated at the head of his class. His scholastic
records at the Ateneo from 1872-1877 were as follows: 1872-1873 Arithmetic EXCELLENT
Latin I EXCELLENT Spanish I EXCELLENT Greek I - EXCELLENT 1873-1874 Latin 2
EXCELLENT Spanish 2 EXCELLENT Greek 2 EXCELLENT Universal Geography EXCELLENT
18. 1874-1875 Latin 3 EXCELLENT Spanish 3 EXCELLENT Greek 3 EXCELLENT
Universal History EXCELLENT History of Spain and the Philippines EXCELLENT
Arithmetic and Algebra EXCELLENT 1875-1876 Rhetoric and Poetry EXCELLENT French
I EXCELLENT Geometry and Trigonometry EXCELLENT
19. 1876-1877 Philosophy I EXCELLENT Mineralogy & Chemistry EXCELLENT
Philosophy 2 EXCELLENT Physics EXCELLENT Botany & Zoology - EXCELLENT
Received from his Alma Mater, the Ateneo Municipal the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with
highest honors
20. Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo An emperor inside the classroom, a campus leader
outside An active member, later secretary, of a religious society, the Marian Congregation
Devoted to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the college patroness Member of the
Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences Continued to solicit
Father Sanchez help in improving his poetry Devoted his spare time to fine arts - Studied
painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin Saez - Studied sculpture under Romualdo de
Jesus Engaged in gymnastics and fencing under his sports-minded Tio Manuel
21. Sculptural Works in Ateneo Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling
(Philippine hardwood) with his pocket knife Requested by Father Lleonart, who was impressed
by his sculptural talent, to carve him an image of the Sacred heart of Jesus - Placed at the door of
the dormitory of the Ateneo boarding students - Reminded all the Ateneans the greatest alumnus
of their Alma Mater, Dr. Jose Rizal - Played a significant part in Rizals last hours at Fort
Santiago
22. Anecdotes on Rizal, the Atenean Felix M. Roxas - Revealed the heros resignation to pain
and forgiveness Manuel Xerex Burgos - Illustrated Rizals predilection to help the helpless at the
risk of his own life
23. Reference: Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide. JOSE RIZAL: Life, Works and Writings
of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero (2nd ed.) Philippines: All- Nations Publishing
Co., Inc. 2014

Ch5 MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UST

1. DOA TEODORA opposed the idea of sending Rizal to University to pursue Higher
Education because she was aware what happened to Gom-Bur-Za and feared of might would
happen to Rizal. Rizal was surprised by his mothers opposition, who was a woman of education
and culture. Despite her mothers opposition, Don Francisco told Paciano to accompany Rizal to
Manila.

2. April 1877 Rizal enrolled at UST, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters. Reasons: 1.
His father liked it. 2. He was still uncertain as to what career to pursue. Fr. Pablo Ramon
rector of the Ateneo.
3. 1877 1878 Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy
during his first year term. 1877 1879 Rizal took up medical course upon the advised of
Ateneos Rector to study medicine. Reason: -- To be able to cure his mothers growing blindness.
4. While Rizal was studying at UST, he also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course
leading to the title of Perito Agrimensor (Expert Surveyor). He excelled in all subjects in
the surveying course obtaining gold medals in Agriculture and Topography. Vocational
Courses: 1. Agriculture 3. Mechanics 2. Commerce 4. Surveying
5. At the age of 17, he passed the final exam in the surveying course but could not be granted
the title as Surveyor because he was under age. November 25, 1881 the title as Surveyor to
Rizal Extra-Curricular Activities: 1. President, Academy of Spanish Literature. 2. Secretary,
Academy of Natural Sciences. 3. Secretary, Marian Congregation.
6. Segunda Katigbak Miss L. fair with seductive and attractive eyes. Reasons: 1. The
sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart. 2. His father did not like the family of
Miss L. Leonor Orang Valenzuela a medical student from Calamba, Laguna the
charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela. tall girl with a regal
bearing. Rizal sent Leonor a love notes written in invisible ink.
7. Leonor Rivera Rizals cousin from Camiling. born in Camiling, tarlac on April 11,
1867. a student of La Concordia College where Rizals sister, Soledad was then studying.
frail, pretty girl, and tender as a budding flower with kindly wistful eyes. Taimis Leonors
pseudonym in order to camouflage their intimate relationship from their parents and friends.
Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros Antonio Rivero Rizals
landlord-uncle. -- father of Leonor Rivera.
8. One dark summer vacation night of 1878 in Calamba when Rizal was a freshman Medical
student at the University of Santo Tomas. He was walking in the street and dimly perceived the
figure of a man while passing him not knowing that the person was a Lieutenant of the Guardia
Civil, he did not salute not say a greetings. With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his
sword and brutally slashed his back.
9. Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor General of the
Philippines at that time but nothing came out because he was an Indio and the accused was a
Spaniard. Later in a letter to Blumentritt dated March 21, 1887, he related, I went to the
Captain-General but I could not obtain justice; my wound lasted two weeks.
10. Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) a society of literary men and artists.
held a Literary Contest and offered a prize (Silver Pen, feather-shaped decorated with gold
ribbon) for best poem. A La Juventud Filipina (To The Filipino Youth) Rizals prizewinning and inspiring poem of flawless for.
11. Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from the lethargy; to let their genius mind fly
swiftly the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have long bound the
spirit of the people. Reasons why Rizals Poem was a Classic in Philippine Literature: 1. It was
the first gr eat poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish

Literary Authorities. 2. It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos
were the fair hope of the Fatherland.
12. Artistic-Literary Lyceum opened another literary contest (to both Filipinos and Spaniards)
to commemorate the 4th centennial of the death of Cervantes. Cervantes was a Spains
glorified man-of-letters and famous author of Don Quixote. Rizal submitted an allegorical drama
entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods).
13. The Council of the Gods was based on the Greek classics. aided by Fr. Rector of
Ateneo. Prize: Gold Ring engraved the bust of Cervantes Winners: 1st Place: Jose Rizal (19yrs
old) 2nd Place: D. N. Del Puzo (Spanish) --Because of its literary superiority.
14. Junto Al Pasig (Besides the Pasig) (Zarzuela)staged by the Ateneans on December 8,
1880 of the Annual Celebration of the Feast Day of Immaculate Concepcion (Patroness of
Ateneo). A Filipinas (a sonnet, 1880) Rizal urged all Filipino artists to glorify the
Philippines. Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma (poem, 1879) was declaimed by an Atenean, Manuel
Fernandez on the night of December 8, 1879 in honor of the Ateneos Patroness.
15. Al M. R. P. Pablo Ramon (a poem, 1881) Rizal wrote a poem as an expression of
affection to Father Pablo Ramon, the Ateneo Rector, who had been so kind and helpful to him.
16. Summer of May 1881 Rizal went to a pilgrimage to the town of pakil, famous shrine of
the Birhen Maria de los Dolores. he was accompanied by his sistersSaturnina , Maria, and
Trinidad and their female friends. They took a casco (flat-bottom sailing vessel) from
Calamba to Pakil, Laguna, and stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, whose son
Nicolas was Rizals friend in Manila.
17. Rizal and his companions were fascinated by he famous Turumba (people dancing in the
streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores) Rizal
was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who skillfully played the harp at
the Regalado home. Reasons why Rizal and his company made side trip to the neighbouring
town of Pagsanjan: 1. It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela 2. To see the world famed
Pagsanjan Falls.
18. Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their fights against the arrogant
Spanish students. In 1880, Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in the
University of Santo Tomas called Compaerismo(Comradeship), whose members were called
Companions of Jehu, after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans. Galicano
Apacible (Rizals cousin from Batangas) was the Secretary. Fierce encounter near the Escolta
in Manila where Rizal was wounded on the head, and tenderly washed and dressed by Leonor
Rivera in his boarding house Casa Tomasina.
19. 1. The Dominican were hostile to him. 2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated
by the Spaniards. 3. The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. Result: --Rizal, the
most brilliant graduate of Ateneo failed to win high scholastic grade.
20. 1877 - 1878 (Philosophy & Letters) Cosmology & Metaphysics Excellent Theodicy
Excellent History of Philosophy Excellent 1878 - 1879 (Medicine) 1st Year Physics
Fair Chemistry Excellent Natural History Good Anatomy I Good Dissection I Goo
21. 1879 - 1880 (Medicine) 2nd Year Anatomy 2 Good Dissection 2 Good Physiology
Good Private Hygiene Good Public Hygiene Good 1880 - 1881 (Medicine) 3rd

Year General Pathology Fair Therapeutics Excellent Surgery Good 1881 1882
(Medicine) 4th Year Medical Pathology Very Good Surgical Pathology Very Good
Obstetrics Very Good
22. After finishing the Fourth Year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He
could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in the University of
Santo Tomas. He did not seek his parents permission and blessings to go abroad; and even his
beloved Leonor.
23. THANK YOU roycapangpangan13@yahoo.com

Ch6 IN SUNNY SPAIN

Ch15 SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS

1. RIZALS SECOND SOJOURN IN PARIS AND THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889
2. March 1889 The Universal Exposition of 1889 Worlds fair held in Paris, France. 100th
Anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event traditionally considered as the symbol for
the beginning of the French Revolution. It attracted thousands of tourists so that all hotel
accommodations were taken It was extremely difficult for a visitor to find living quarters in
Paris. Rizal was very disgusted because the French landlords, take advantage of raising the
rents of their rooms.
3. Valentin Ventura Rizals friend where he lived for a short time in No. 45 Rue Maubeugue.
Filipino Roommates of Rizal: Capitan Justo Trinidad - former gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana,
Manila and refugee from Spanish tyranny. Jose Albert young student from Manila
4. LIFE IN PARIS 1889-1990
5. 1. Rizal spent most of his time in the reading room of Bibliotheque Nationale. 2. During his
spare hours, he used to dine at the homes of his friends: -Pardo de Taveras -the Venturas -the
Ramirezes - the Rochas 3. Frequent visitor of the Boustead family 4. Continue his study of
languages 5. On Sundays, he attended the fencing lessons at the studio of Luna. 6. He carried on
his artistic hobby.
6. FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883) During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to
Paris, gay capital of France The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel
accommodations, and transportation were too high for Rizals slender purse so that he
commented in a letter to his family: Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.
7. June 17 to August 20, 1883- Rizal sojourn in Paris Hotel de Paris- located on 37 Rue de
Maubange wherein Rizal billeted but later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in
the Latin Quarter Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients

Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed the examination of different diseases of women
Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and freely criticized the government
policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in Philippines
8. March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid Rizals reason for
becoming a mason was to secure Freemansorys aid in his fight against the friars in the
Philippines Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) Rizal transferred where he became a Master Mason
on November 15, 1890 February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by
Le Grand Orient de France in Paris Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizals only Masonic writing; a
lecture which he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid
9. After Rizals departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba: (1) harvests
of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) the manager of the Dominicanowned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands (3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys.
Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival
and there were times when they never arrived. June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizals life
in Madrid wherein he was broke and was unable to take breakfast - Rizal attended his class at
the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal
10. These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor
of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20, in which he
proclaimed the freedom of science and the teacher The Rector, who also took the side of the
students, was forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor Creus, a very unpopular man,
disliked by everybody November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his
family June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical course in Spain; he was conferred the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
11. The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to the
degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid
the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctors diploma June 19, 1885- on his 24th
birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of Excellent: (Sobresaliente)
12. November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizals family written in Madrid wherein he said My
doctorate is not of very much value to me because although it is useful to a university
professor, yet, I believe they (Dominican friarsZ) will never appoint me as such in the College
of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may serve also for a
professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me.
13. THE PHILIPPINES WITHIN A CENTURY
14. In this article, he expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines He
predicted with amazing accuracy the tragic end of Spains sovereignty in Asia Parts: Beginning - glorious past of the Filipino people - Middle - economic stagnation and happiness
under the harsh Spanish Rule - Last - peered into the future and warned Spain of what would
happen to her colonial empire in Asia if she would not adopt a more liberal & enlightened policy
toward the Philippines
15. THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS

16. Defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos Critical study of the causes why the
Filipinos did not work hard during the Spanish regime Main thesis: the Filipinos are not by
nature indolent
17. 10 Causes of decline in economic life: - Native revolts and other internal disorders - Wars
which the Filipinos fought for Spain (Dutch, Portuguese, English, etc.) - Raids on the coastal
towns and village by the Muslim pirates of Mindanao and Sulu - Forced labor - Lack of stimulus
to work harder (people could not enjoy the fruits of their labor)
18. - Government neglect and indifference (agriculture, industry, and commerce) - Bad example
shown by Spaniards - despising manual labor - Teaching of Spanish missionaries - Gambling System of Spanish education
19. LIFE, WORKS OF RIZAL IN BRUSSELS
20. Jose Albert accompanied Rizal to move to Brussels. Jose Alejandro an engineering student
who replaced Jose Albert.
21. They stayed in a boarding house at 38 Rue Philippe Champagne. Rizal lived in this
house when he wrote his novelEl Filibusterismo in 1890-1891 The boarding house is run by
two Jacoby sisters named Suzanne and Marie.
22. Rizal spent his time writing his second novel, El Filibusterismo. He also wrote articles
for La Solidaridad and letter for his family and friends. He also spent his remaining time doing
gymnastic in the gymnasium, target practice and fencing at the armory.
23. Articles published in La Solidaridad The articles he wrote for La Solidaridad during his stay
in Brussel. A La Defensa (To La Defensa), April 30, 1889. La verdad Para Todos ( The
Truth For All), May 31, 1889. Vicente Barrantes (Teatro Tagalo) June 15, 18889 Una
Profanacion (A Profanation), July 31, 1889 Verdades Nuevas (New Truths), July 31, 1889
Crueldad (Cruelty), August 15, 1889 Differencias (Differences), September 15, 1889
Inconsequencias (Inconsequences), November 30, 1889 Llanto y Risas (Tears and
Laughters), November 30, 1889 Ingratitudes (Ingratitude), January 15, 1890
24. New tagalog orthography Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala The New
Orthography of the Language Rizal adapted the Filipinized tagalog in his translations of
Schillers Wilhelm Tell and Andresens Fairy Tale Rizal gave credit to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo
de Taveras work El Sanscrito en Lengua Tagala
25. Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling MAY 28, 1890 Rizal wrote to Marcelo H.
del Pilar to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they went to Europe to work for their
Fatherlands freedom and not to gamble.
26. Through gambling they are showing that the Filipinos are not worthy of freedom but of
slavery They should spend their time doing something noble and generous because the youth
is noble and generous The gambling Filipinos in Madrid became very angry when they learned
of Rizals moralizing that they called him Papa (pope) instead of Pepe.
27. PRESINTEMENT OF DEATH Rizal had a bad dreams during the night in Brussels.
LETTER TO DEL PILAR: In my childhood I had a strange belief that I would not reach 30
years of age. I am preparing myself for death. Laong Laan (Ever Ready) is my true name.

28. PREPARATION TO GO HOME Rizal could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his
parents, relatives and friends in the Philippines were prosecuted. RIZALS LETTER TO
PONCE: I want to go back to the Philippines, and although I know it would be daring and
imprudent, what does that matter ? The only thing that can detain me is a doubt whether my
parents agree. Iam afraid to disturb their last years . In case they should object my homecoming,
I would work for a livelihood in some part of the world. Rizals friends warned him of the
danger that awaited him at home
29. Decision to go to Madrid Something happened that made Rizal change his plan in returning
to the Philippines when he received a letter from Paciano which related that they lost the case
against the Dominicans in Manila but they appealed it to the Supreme Court in Spain. June 20,
1890 Rizal wrote to M. H. Del Pilar retaining the latters service as a lawyer and informed Del
Pilar that he was going to Madrid, in order to supervise the handling of the case. July 29, 1890
he wrote a letter to Ponce announcing that he was leaving Brussels at the beginning of the
following month and would arrive Madrid about the 3rd and 4th of August.
30. August 1890 - He arrived in Madrid, burdened with sorrow brought about by terrible news
about his family and the worsening trouble in his hometown Spanish newspapers. - El Resumen,
El Dia, La Justicia and El Globo to cover the ears, open the purse, and fold the arms El
Resumen (liberal Spanish newspaper), in an article they published which talks about the colonial
policy of the Spaniards especially those in the Philippines and other colonies December 1890 Rizal spent a cold month with a letter from Leonor Rivera asking his forgiveness and telling him
about her forthcoming marriage to an Englishman chosen by her mother.
31. Romance with petite Jacoby
32. MISFORTUNES IN MADRID
33. FAILURE TO GET JUSTICE FOR HIS FAMILY When Rizal arrived in Madrid, he
implored help from Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and other liberal Spanish newspapers to secure
those Calamba tenants and his family. * Marcelo H. del Pilar lawyer * Dr. Dominador Gomez
secretary of Asociacion Hispano-Filipina *Senor Fabie Minister of Colonies To help him
protest the injustices committed by Governor-General Valeriano Weyler and Dominicans
34. Aborted Duel With Antonio Luna *Jose Rizal better pistol shot *Antonio Luna superior
as a swordsman But, when Luna became sober, he realized how foolish he did. Immediately, he
apologize to Rizal and the latter forgave making them good friend again.
35. RIZAL CHALLENGES RETANA TO DUEL Rizal was not a hot-tempered nor he was
quarrelsome in nature, but if his parents and family were attack, he never falter nor stammer to
fight just to save them. *Wenceslao Retana - talented Spanish scholar - press agent of the friars
in Spain - Rizals bitter enemy in pen
36. RIZAL CHALLENGES RETANA TO DUEL He wrote an article in La Epoca which was an
anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid. The article declares that Rizals family and friends were
ejected from Calamba because they did not paid their rents. Rizal, after hearing the insult was
enraged and challenged Retana to a duel for only Retanas blood can be accepted as an apology
because of what he had done to Rizals family.
37. Infidelity of Leonor Rivera Autumn of 1890: Rizal attended a play at Teatro Apolo in
Madrid. It was there where he lost his gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture of
Leonor Rivera, his beloved sweetheart. December 1890: Rizal received a letter from Leonor,

announcing her coming marriage to an Englishman and asking his forgiveness. That letter was a
great blow to him.
38. EL FILIBUSTERISMO