1.

Salt water (2 tablespoons of this mix: 3 tablespoons salt in 1 cup distilled water)
normal aspirin (1 tb in 20 ml of distilled water) s.a

When!most!people!hear!the!word!acid,!they!think!of!something!very!dangerous!
that!can!dissolve! metal!and!burn!skin.!In!fact,!many!acids!are!not!dangerous!at!
all.!!Some!are!even!found!in!the!foods!we! eat!!!Any!food!that!tastes!sour!is!
acidic.!For!example,!vinegar!in!salad!dressing!is!acetic!acid,!oranges!and! lemons!
contain!citric!acid,!and!apples!contain!malic!acid.!!Vitamin!C!is!an!acid,!ascorbic!
acid.
Bases!are!also!found!in!common!household!products.!Bases!can!be!very!strong!
and!dangerous,!or!weak! and!safer!for!use!around!the!house.!Lye!or!washing!
soda!are!very!strong!bases.!Weaker!bases!are!often! used!as!cleaning!products,!
like!household!ammonia!used!to!clean!windows.!!We!dont!find!many!bases! in!
our!foods!because!they!taste!bitterthink!about!the!taste!of!soap!!

NaHCO3

Sodium bicarbonate is a weak base which is commonly known as

baking soda and used in cooking. It weakly ionizes in water:
This reaction is an important part of the leavening which takes place
in baking. Baking powder contains sodium bicarbonate and a weak
acid (cream of tartar) in dry form. No reaction occurs in the dry
powder, but when water is added for cooking, the reaction above
occurs to release carbon dioxide to make the baked item "rise"

Application

The acidic layer helps your skin retain moisture and keeps germs out. To
help maintain the skin's fatty protective layer, use a cleanser with a pH level
similar to that of the skin itself. If you use a soap that's too alkaline, it will
break up the acid in your skin, causing dryness.
Your skin has a pH level of about 5.5. Skin is slightly acidic

The universal indicator

Knowledge of pH to greater or lesser accuracy is useful or critical in a great many situations,

including of course chemical laboratory work. pH meters of various types and quality can be used
for soil measurements in agriculture; water quality for water supply systems, swimming pools,
etc.; brewing, industrially or domestically; healthcare, to ensure that solutions are safe when applied
to patients or lethal as sterilants and disinfectants; and many other applications.

Calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH
values to be measured. For general purposes buffers at pH 4.00 and pH 10.00 are acceptable. The
pH meter has one control (calibrate) to set the meter reading equal to the value of the first standard
buffer and a second control which is used to adjust the meter reading to the value of the second
buffer. A third control allows the temperature to be set. Standard buffer sachets, which can be
obtained from a variety of suppliers, usually state how the buffer value changes with temperature.
For more precise measurements, a three buffer solution calibration is preferred. As pH 7 is
essentially, a "zero point" calibration (akin to zeroing or taring a scale or balance), calibrating at pH 7
first, calibrating at the pH closest to the point of interest (e.g. either 4 or 10) second and checking the
third point will provide a more linear accuracy to what is essentially a non-linear problem. Some
meters will allow a three-point calibration and that is the preferred scheme for the most accurate
work. Higher quality meters will have a provision to account for temperature coefficient correction,
and high-end pH probes have temperature probes built in. The calibration process correlates the
voltage produced by the probe (approximately 0.06 volts per pH unit) with the pH scale. After each
single measurement, the probe is rinsed with distilled water or deionized water to remove any traces
of the solution being measured, blotted with a scientific wipe to absorb any remaining water which
could dilute the sample and thus alter the reading, and then quickly immersed in a solution suitable
for storage of the particular probe type.[6]

pH indicators are frequently employed in titrations in analytical chemistry and biology to determine
the extent of a chemical reaction. Because of the subjective choice (determination) of color, pH
indicators are susceptible to imprecise readings. For applications requiring precise measurement of
pH, a pH meter is frequently used. Sometimes, a blend of different indicators is used to achieve
several smooth color changes over a wide range of pH values. These commercial indicators
(e.g., universal indicator and Hydrion papers) are used when only rough knowledge of pH is
necessary.

Acids are substances that form H+ ions when dissolved in water.

- Bases are substances the form OH- ions when dissolved in water.

Substances with a low pH (<7) have more H + ions and are classified
as acids
Substances with a higher pH (>7) have more OH- ions and are
classified as bases.

Indicators are used to measure the pH of a substance. Often plant extracts will
change colour if exposed to acidic or basic conditions and can therefore be used to
indicate if a substance is an acid or base. Litmus is a pigment from a plant that is
red under acidic conditions and blue under basic conditions. Litmus paper is made
by soaking paper in a solution of the litmus pigment. Litmus paper will turn red if it
comes in contact with an acid (a substance with pH between 0 and 7) and blue if it
comes in contact with a base (a substance with pH between 7 and 14). We will work
with two types of litmus paper, blue and red. Blue litmus paper will turn from blue to
red in an acid or it will stay blue in a base. Red litmus paper will turn from red to
blue in a base or stay red in an acid.
WHY USE RED AND BLUE LITMUS
In order to determine whether a substance is an acid or base you must use
both red and blue litmus paper. This is mainly to determine if the substance is
neutral because the paper will stay the same colour in both.