A

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

On
HYDRAULIC MACHINERIES
In
GRASIM, NAGDA (M.P)
(STAPLE FIBRE DIVISION)

Year 2015-16
Submitted to:
Er. CHIRAG MEHTA SIR

Submitted by:
AMIT MAKHIJA

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Department of Mechanical Engineering

UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN

(Established as Govt. Engineering College, Ujjain in 1966, Declared Autonomous by Govt. of M.P)

Sanwer Road Ujjain 456010 (M.P)

Website: www.uecu.ac.in Phone: 0734-2511912

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would Like to thank GRASIM, NAGDA for providing
me an opportunity to work with them. The support and the
environment provided to me during my project was more
than what anyone would have expected.

I owe my profound gratitude to Mr. NALIN SORAL

SIR who granted me the opportunity. I express my sincere
thanks to Mr. CHIRAG MEHTA SIR who has helped me at
the working sites, explaining and giving me all the
information I needed to complete this report. I am also very
much thankful to Mr. ANUBHAV SIR, Mr. NITIN SIR for
helping me throughout the training at last I would like to
convey my thanks to all the members of the staff of
SPINNING & AFTER-TREATMENT DEPARTMENT who
have helped me at every stage of training.

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
About GRASIM
Plant Overview
Viscose Staple Fibre
Manufacturing Process of VSF
Hydraulic Machinery
Introduction
Components
Baling Press
Introduction
Working
Application
Hydraulic Accumulator
Introduction
Working
Function
Design Considerations
Conclusion
Bibliography

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ABOUT GRASIM
Grasim Industries Limited is an Indian building materials manufacturing company based
in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was started in 1948 as a textile manufacturer. Since then
Grasim has diversified into Viscose Staple Fibre (VSF), cement, sponge iron and chemicals.
The company is a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Group, which operates over 40 companies in
12 countries on four continents. Grasim is the world's largest producer of viscose rayon
fibre with about 24% market share. Textile and related products contributes to 15% of the
group turnover. Ulmale Industries Limited was incorporated in 1948 Grasim is the largest
exporter of Viscose Rayon Fibre in the country, with exports to over 50 countries. Grasim
is headquartered in Nagda, Madhya Pradesh and also has a plant at Kharach (Kosamba,
Gujarat) and Harihar, Davangere in the state of Karnataka

Grasim Industries Ltd.,

Staple Fibre Division, Nagda (M.P.)
Unit Profile
Grasim is a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group and is today a dominant player in
the manufacturing of Viscose Staple Fibre (VSF), an extremely versatile textile fibre that
has characteristics similar to cotton. Our unit was established in 1954 with production
capacity of 15 TPD. The plant has grown organically with current installed capacity of
415 TPD. With use of entirely indigenous resources including raw materials, know-how
and equipment Grasim has emerged as one of the worlds most cost-efficient VSF
producers. The Company is committed to innovation and creativity and has significant
strengths in Research & Development. In collaboration with the Birla Research Institute
for Applied Sciences at Nagda, the Companys R&D teams endeavour to make technology
work. This is very important since VSF manufacturing process is highly energy intensive
and its contribution to total cost of production is approx. 12.5%.

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PLANT OVERVIEW
DIVISION

STAPLE FIBRE DIVISION & NON-WOVEN PLANT

PC-1
(LINE: - 1 to 7 & 10)

EXCEL FIBRE DIVISION

PC-2

PC-3

(LINE: - 8, 9 & 11)

PC-4

(CS2 & ACID PLANT)

(EC:- 1 to 5)

MANUFACTURING LINE OF VISCOSE FIBRE

AUXILLARY
(SPIN BATH)

VISCOSE

SPINNING

AFTER-TREATMENT-1

AFTER-TREATMENT-2

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Viscose Staple Fibre

Viscose is both a semi-synthetic fibre, formerly called viscose rayon, or rayon
and a solution of cellulose xanthate. The latter is produced by treating
dissolving pulp with aqueous sodium hydroxide and carbon disulphide which
is used to spin the viscose rayon fibre. By-products of the production process
include sodium thio-carbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulphide.
Viscose rayon fibre is a soft fibre commonly used in dresses, linings, shirts,
shorts, coats, jackets, and other outerwear. It is also used in industrial yarns
(tyre cord), upholstery and carpets, and in the casting of Cellophane. Rayon is
the oldest fibre, is the regenerated cellulose fibre with wide spectrum
properties. Cellulose is to be one of the most useable natural polymers
worldwide. It is biodegradable & renewable polymer. The common source for
industrial purpose are wood pulp and cotton lint. Highly purified wood pulp
consists of 95 99% cellulose. It is called chemical cellulose & dissolving
pulp. Those chemical cellulose or dissolving pulps are used to manufacture
man-made fibres (e.g. viscose rayon, cellulose acetate). The process used to
make viscose can either be a continuous or batch process. The batch process
is flexible in producing a wide variety of rayons having broad Rayon's
versatility is the result of the fibre being chemically and structurally
engineered by making use of the properties of cellulose from which it is made.
However, it is somewhat difficult to control uniformity between batches and it
also requires high labour involvement. The continuous process is the main
method for producing rayon. Three methods of production lead to distinctly
different types of rayon fibres, viscose rayon, cup ammonium rayon and
specified cellulose acetate.

Invention of Artificial Fibre

French scientist and industrialist Hillarie de Chardonnet (18381924) who
invented the first artificial textile fibre, artificial silkcreated viscose. British
scientists Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan took out British
patent no. 8,700, "Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied
Compounds" in May, 1892.In 1893 they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant
licences, and in 1896 formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd. to exploit the process.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF VISCOSE STAPLE FIBRE

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(1) Steeping: Cellulose pulp is immersed in 17-20% aqueous sodium hydroxide

(NaOH) at a temperature in the range of 18 to 25C in order to swell the

cellulose fibres and to convert cellulose to alkali cellulose.
(C6H10O5)n + nNaOH ---> (C6H9O4ONa)n + nH2O
(2) Pressing: The swollen alkali cellulose mass is pressed to a wet weight
equivalent of 2.5 to 3.0 times the original pulp weight to obtain an accurate
ratio of alkali to cellulose.
(3) Shredding: The pressed alkali cellulose is shredded mechanically to yield
finely divided, fluffy particles called "crumbs". This step provides increased
surface area of the alkali cellulose, thereby increasing its ability to react in the
steps that follow.
(4) Aging: The alkali cellulose is aged under controlled conditions of time and
temperature (between 18 and 30 C) in order to depolymerize the cellulose to
the desired degree of polymerization. In this step the average molecular
weight of the original pulp is reduced by a factor of two to three. Reduction of
the cellulose is done to get a viscose solution of right viscosity and cellulose
concentration.
(5) Xanthation: In this step the aged alkali cellulose crumbs are placed in vats
and are allowed to react with carbon disulphide under controlled temperature
(20 to 30C) to form cellulose xanthate.
(C6H9O4ONa)n + nCS2 ----> (C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n
Side reactions that occur along with the conversion of alkali cellulose to
cellulose xanthate are responsible for the orange colour of the xanthate
crumb and also the resulting viscose solution. The orange cellulose xanthate
crumb is dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide at 15 to 20 C under high-shear
mixing conditions to obtain a viscous orange coloured solution called
"viscose", which is the basis for the manufacturing process. The viscose
solution is then filtered (to get out the insoluble fibre material) and is
deaerated.

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(6) Dissolving: The yellow crumb is dissolved in aqueous caustic solution. The
large xanthate substituents on the cellulose force the chains apart, reducing
the inter-chain hydrogen bonds and allowing water molecules to solvate and
separate the chains, leading to solution of the otherwise insoluble cellulose.
Because of the blocks of un-xanthate cellulose in the crystalline regions, the
yellow crumb is not completely soluble at this stage. Because the cellulose
xanthate solution (or more accurately, suspension) has a very high viscosity, it
has been termed "viscose".
(7) Ripening: The viscose is allowed to stand for a period of time to "ripen".
Two important process occur during ripening: Redistribution and loss of
xanthate groups. The reversible xanthation reaction allows some of the
xanthate groups to revert to cellulosic hydroxyls and free CS2. This free CS2
can then escape or react with other hydroxyl on other portions of the
cellulose chain. In this way, the ordered, or crystalline, regions are gradually
broken down and more complete solution is achieved. The CS2 that is lost
reduces the solubility of the cellulose and facilitates regeneration of the
cellulose after it is formed into a filament.
(C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n + nH2O ---> (C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + nNaOH
(8) Filtering: The viscose is filtered to remove undissolved materials that
might disrupt the spinning process or cause defects in the rayon filament.
(9) Degassing: Bubbles of air entrapped in the viscose must be removed prior
to extrusion or they would cause voids, or weak spots, in the fine rayon
filaments.
(10) Spinning - (Wet Spinning): Production of Viscose Rayon Filament: The
viscose solution is metered through a spinneret into a spin bath containing
sulphuric acid (necessary to acidify the sodium cellulose xanthate), sodium
sulphate (necessary to impart a high salt content to the bath which is useful in
rapid coagulation of viscose), and zinc sulphate (exchange with sodium
xanthate to form zinc xanthate, to cross link the cellulose molecules). Once
the cellulose xanthate is neutralized and acidified, rapid coagulation of the
rayon filaments occurs which is followed by simultaneous stretching and

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decomposition of cellulose xanthate to regenerated cellulose. Stretching and

decomposition are vital for getting the desired tenacity and other properties
of rayon. Slow regeneration of cellulose and stretching of rayon will lead to
greater areas of crystallinity within the fibre, as is done with high-tenacity
rayons. The dilute sulphuric acid decomposes the xanthate and regenerates
cellulose by the process of wet spinning. The outer portion of the xanthate is
decomposed in the acid bath, forming a cellulose skin on the fibre. Sodium
and zinc sulphates control the rate of decomposition (of cellulose xanthate to
cellulose) and fibre formation.
(C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n + (n/2)H2SO4 --> (C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + (n/2)Na2SO4
Elongation-at-break is seen to decrease with an increase in the degree of
crystallinity and orientation of rayon. In standard viscose of 30-50 poise
viscosity made with 32% CS2 is spun into an aqueous acid salt spin bath of the
following type at a temperature of 40-50 oC.
H2SO4
Na2SO4
ZnSO4

8-10%
16-24%
1-2%

Spinning speed may be high as 120m/min.

(11) Drawing: The rayon filaments are stretched while the cellulose chains are
still relatively mobile. This causes the chains to stretch out and orient along
the fibre axis. As the chains become more parallel, inter-chain hydrogen
bonds form, giving the filaments the properties necessary for use as textile
fibres.
(12) Washing: The freshly regenerated rayon contains many salts and other
water soluble impurities which need to be removed. Several different washing
techniques may be used.
(13) Cutting: If the rayon is to be used as staple (i.e., discreet lengths of fibre),
the group of filaments (termed "tow") is passed through a rotary cutter to
provide a fibre which can be processed in much the same way as cotton.

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HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(BALING PRESS & HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR)

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HYDRAULIC MACHINERIES
Introduction
Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do
simple work. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is transmitted throughout
the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders and becomes
pressurised according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly
or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses and tubes.
The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of
power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the
high power density and wide array of actuators that can make use of this
power. Hydraulic machinery is operated by the use of hydraulics, where a
liquid is the powering medium.
A fundamental feature of hydraulic systems is the ability to apply force or
torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of the distance between
the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers, either
by altering the effective areas in two connected cylinders or the effective
displacement (cc/rev) between a pump and motor. In normal cases, hydraulic
ratios are combined with a mechanical force or torque ratio for optimum
machine designs such as boom movements and track drives for an excavator.

Hydraulic Circuit Diagram

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Components of Hydraulic Machineries

Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic pumps supply fluid to the components in the system. Pressure in th
e system develops in reaction to the load. Hence, a pump rated for 5,000 psi is
capable of maintaining flow against a load of 5,000 psi. Pumps have a power
density about ten times greater than an electric motor (by volume). They are
powered by an electric motor or an engine, connected through gears, belts, or
a flexible elastomeric coupling to reduce vibration. Some types of pump gear
pump, axial piston pump, radial piston pump, vane pump etc.

Control valves
Control valves are used for control the pressure and discharge. Valves like
Pressure relief valves, Check valves, Sequence valves etc.

Actuators
Hydraulic cylinder
Swashplates are used in 'hydraulic motors' requiring highly accurate
control and also in 'no stop' continuous (360) precision positioning
mechanisms. These are frequently driven by several hydraulic pistons
acting in sequence.
Hydraulic motor (a pump plumbed in reverse)
Hydrostatic transmission

Reservoir
The hydraulic fluid reservoir holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate
volume changes from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven
expansion and contraction, and leaks. The reservoir is also designed to aid in
separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat accumulator to cover
losses in the system when peak power is used. Design engineers are always
pressured to reduce the size of hydraulic reservoirs, while equipment
operators always appreciate larger reservoirs. Reservoirs can also help

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separate dirt and other particulate from the oil, as the particulate will
generally settle to the bottom of the tank. Some designs include dynamic flow
channels on the fluid's return path that allow for a smaller reservoir.

Hydraulic Fluid
Also known as tractor fluid, hydraulic fluid is the life of the hydraulic circuit. It
is usually petroleum oil with various additives. Some hydraulic machines
require fire resistant fluids, depending on their applications. In some factories
where food is prepared, either an edible oil or water is used as a working fluid
for health and safety reasons. In addition to transferring energy, hydraulic
fluid needs to lubricate components, suspend contaminants and metal filings
for transport to the filter, and to function well to several hundred degrees
Fahrenheit or Celsius.

Filters
Filters are an important part of hydraulic systems. Metal particles are continually produced by mechanical components and need to be removed along with
other contaminants. Filters may be positioned in many locations. The filter
may be located between the reservoir and the pump intake. Blockage of the
filter will cause cavitation and possibly failure of the pump. Sometimes the
filter is located between the pump and the control valves. This arrangement is
more expensive, since the filter housing is pressurized, but eliminates
cavitation problems and protects the control valve from pump failures. The
third common filter location is just before the return line enters the reservoir.
This location is relatively insensitive to blockage and does not require a
pressurized housing, but contaminants that enter the reservoir from external
sources are not filtered until passing through the system at least once. Filters
are used from 7 microns to 15 micron depends upon the viscosity grade of
hydraulic oil.

Tubes, Pipes and Hoses

Hydraulic tubes are seamless steel precision pipes, specially manufactured for
hydraulics. The tubes have standard sizes for different pressure ranges, with

P a g e | 12

standard diameters up to 100 mm. The tubes are supplied by manufacturers

in lengths of 6 m, cleaned, oiled and plugged. The tubes are interconnected by
different types of flanges, several types of flare connection and by cut-rings. In
larger sizes, hydraulic pipes are used. Direct joining of tubes by welding is not
acceptable since the interior cannot be inspected.
Hydraulic pipe is used in case standard hydraulic tubes are not available.
Generally, these are used for low pressure. They can be connected by
threadedconnections, but usually by welds. Because of the larger diameters
the pipe can usually be inspected internally after welding. Black pipe is
non-galvanized and suitable for welding.
Hydraulic hose is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility.
Hoses are used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually to provide
flexibility for machine operation or maintenance. The hose is built up with
rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of
woven wire and rubber. The exterior is designed for abrasion resistance. The
bend radius of hydraulic hose is carefully designed into the machine, since
hose failures can be deadly, and violating the hose's minimum bend radius will
cause failure. Hydraulic hoses generally have steel fittings swaged on the
ends. The weakest part of the high pressure hose is the connection of the
hose to the fitting. Another disadvantage of hoses is the shorter life of rubber
which requires periodic replacement, usually at five to seven year intervals

Seals, Fittings and Connections

Components of a hydraulic system, controls and actuators need connections
that will contain and direct the hydraulic fluid without leaking or losing the
pressure that makes them work. In some cases, the components can be made
to bolt together with fluid paths built-in. In more cases, though, rigid tubing or
flexible hoses are used to direct the flow from one component to the next.
Each component has entry and exit points for the fluid involved (called ports)
sized according to how much fluid is expected to pass through it.

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BALING PRESS
Introduction
Baling Press is a simple hydraulic press which is used for compressing the fibre
by the application of a much smaller force. It is based on Pascals law, which
states that the intensity of pressure in a static fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions.

Working
The hydraulic press consists of two different cylinders of different diameters.
One of the cylinder is of large diameter and contains a ram, while the other
cylinder is of smaller diameter and contains a plunger as shown in fig.

The two cylinders are connected by pipe. The cylinders and pipe contain a
liquid through which pressure is transmitted.
When a small force F1 is applied on the plunger in the downward direction, a
pressure is produced on the liquid in contact with the plunger. This pressure is
transmitted equally in all directions and acts on the ram in the upward
direction as shown in above fig. The heavier weight placed on the ram is then
lifted up.
Let
F2 = Weight to be lift
F1 = Force applied on the plunger
A1 & A2 = Piston area of smaller & larger cross section respectively

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Due to Pascals law, intensity of pressure will be equal in all direction. So,
Pressure = Force/Area
P = F1/A1 = F2/A2
F2 = F1*(A2/A1)

BALING PRESS
Baling Press consists of two parts: one of pneumatic (half press) & other of
hydraulic (full press)
Hydraulic Part consists of following accessories:

Oil Tank
Pump
Cylinder
Hydraulic pipes
Ram / Piston

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Baling Press is a power press, screw or hydraulic, employed for compressing

raw cotton, as well as stationery, yarns and fabrics in all their varieties, into
bales which are handy for transportation.
Hydraulic baling press that is specially designed for high loads and has the
ability to flatten woven sacks, jumbo bags, waste paper and fibre materials.
Hydraulic baling press can reduce all packaging material to a fraction of its
original volume with the pressing capacity of 20T/ 35T / 40T / 100T / 125T.
They can reduce your scrap up to 95 percent of its original volume to ensure
that you have the right unit for the material you need to press.
Hydraulic baling press machine contains an exceptional large loading aperture
and can compress large quantities of paper, cardboard, film or packaging
material. It is really ideal for large and bulky material. Baling Press is
manufactured with a vision to compress strongly expanding materials as
foam.

Various applications of our Hydraulic Baling Press

Hydraulic baling press for woven sacks.
Hydraulic baling press for jumbo bags.
Baling press for waste paper.
Hydraulic baling press for fibre.

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P a g e | 17

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR
Introduction
The hydraulic accumulator is a device used for storing the energy of a liquid in
the form of pressure energy, which may be supplied for any sudden or
intermittent requirement. In case of hydraulic lift or the hydraulic crane, a
large amount of energy is required when lift or crane is moving upward. This
energy is supplied from hydraulic accumulator. But when the lift is moving in
the downward direction, no large external energy is required and at that time,
the energy from the pump is stored in the accumulator.

Working
Fig. shows a hydraulic accumulator which consists of a fixed vertical cylinder
containing a sliding ram. A heavy weight is placed on the ram. The inlet of the
cylinder is connected to the pump, which continuously supplies water under
pressure to the cylinder. The outlet of the cylinder is connected to the
machine (which may be lift or crane etc.)
The ram is at lowermost position in the beginning. The pump supplies water
under pressure continuously. If the water under pressure is not required by

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the machine (lift or crane), the water under pressure will be stored in the
cylinder. This will raise the ram on which a heavy weight is placed. When the
ram is at the uppermost position, the cylinder is full of water and accumulator
has stored the maximum amount of pressure energy. When the machine (lift
or crane) requires a large amount of energy, the hydraulic accumulator will
supply this energy and ram will move in the downward direction.

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC ACCULUMATOR

1. Tower type accumulator
2. Raised weight accumulator
3. Compressed-gas accumulator
4. Spring accumulator

1. TOWER TYPE ACCUMULATOR

The first accumulators for Armstrongs hydraulic dock machinery were
simple raised water tower.
It uses hydraulic head.
It delivers constant pressure to the output.

LONDON TOWER BRIDGE

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2. RAISED WEIGHT ACCUMULATOR

A raised weight accumulator consists of a vertical cylinder containing
fluid to the hydraulic line.
The cylinder is closed by a piston on which a series of weights are placed
that exert a downward force on the piston and thereby energizes the
fluid in the cylinder.
Gravity acts on the weight to pressurize the hydraulic system fluid, thus
storing energy.

ADVANTGES:
Used to meet heavy industrial requirements.
Extremely high capacity at low cost.
Rugged and durable construction.
LIMITATIONS:
Extremely bulky and heavy.
Problem in sealing.

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Hydraulic engine house, Bristol Harbour.

3. COMPRESSED GAS ACCUMULATOR

It is widely used accumulator in present scenario.
It is popularly known as hydro-pneumatic accumulator. It applies force
to the liquid by using a compressed gas that acts as the spring.
It uses inert gas (nitrogen) under pressure that provides the compressive
force on fluid.
Oxygen is not used because oxygen and oil can form an explosive
mixture when combined under pressure
As the volume of the compressed gas changes the pressure of the gas,
and pressure of the fluid, changes inversely.

P a g e | 21

4. Spring type accumulator

It uses the energy stored in springs to create a constant force.
The load characteristics of a spring are such that the energy storage
depends on the force required to compress s spring.
The free (uncompressed) length of a spring represents zero energy
storage.
As liquid under pressure enters the cylinder, causing a spring to
compress, the pressure on the liquid will rise because of the increased
loading required to compress the spring.

FUNCTIONS: Where are accumulators used?

Accumulators can be applied creatively in any number of situations, including:
Shock or pulsation dampening: An accumulator can be used to cushion
the pressure spike from sudden valve closure, the pulsation from pumps
or the load reaction from sudden movement of parts connected to
hydraulic cylinders.
Leakage compensation: An accumulator can be used to maintain
pressure and make-up for lost fluid due to internal leakage of system
components including cylinders and valves.

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 Thermal expansion: An accumulator can absorb the pressure differences

caused by temperature variations in a closed hydraulic system.
Energy conservation
Improved response times: An accumulator (bladder type) has virtually
instantaneous response time that can provide fluid very quickly to fastacting valves such as servos and proportional to improve their
effectiveness.

ACCUMULATOR DESIGN CONSIDERATION:

(What must I know to size and select an accumulator?)
Accumulator type
Accumulator volume
Nominal hydraulic system pressure
Minimum and Maximum hydraulic system pressure
Pre-charge pressure
Required flow rate
Output volume capacity
Recharge time
Response time
Fluid type

APPLICATIONS
Accumulators are devices used to store fluid power to do the following:
Agricultural Machinery & Equipment.
Forestry Equipment.
Oil Field & Offshore.
Machine Tools and Off- Road Equipment.

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 Mining Machinery & Equipment.

Construction Equipment.
Suspension in vehicles.

CONCLUSION
So what are the benefits of using accumulators?
Lower installed system costs, accumulator assisted hydraulics can
reduce the size of the pump and electric motor which results in a smaller
amount of oil used, a smaller reservoir and reduced equipment costs.
Less leakage and maintenance costs, the ability to reduce system shocks
will prolong component life, reduce leakage from pipe joints and
minimize hydraulic system maintenance costs.
Improved performance, low inertia bladder accumulators can provide
instantaneous response time to meet peak flow requirements. They can
also help to achieve constant pressure in systems using variable
displacement pumps for improved productivity and quality.
Reduced noise levels, reduced pump and motor size couple with system
shock absorption overall machine sound levels and results in higher
operator productivity.
Flexible design approaches. A wide range of accumulator types and
sizes, including accessory items, provides a versatile and easy to apply
design approach.
Reduced energy costs, cost savings of up to 33% are achievable in high
performance industrial machinery using accumulators.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.com

www.scribd.com

www.slideshare.net

www.researchgate.in

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