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Q2. Write a brief note on seven layered OSI reference model. Explain the
role of each layer.
Define seven layered OSI reference model - 3
Explain the role of 7 layers - 7
Answer. The OSI reference model emerged as a first step towards international
standardisation of the protocols used in the various layers by the ISO. The model is
called the ISO OSI reference model as it deals with connecting open systems, that is,
systems open for communication with other systems. An open system is a set of rules
that is used for communication of two different systems (the difference is in their
Q4. What is Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)? What are the
pros and cons of DWDM?
Concept of DWDM
Four pros of DWDM
Four cons of DWDM
Answer. DWDM: This refers to a technique that enables more than one wavelength
to be added to a single-mode fiber to increase the capacity of the transmission path
by a factor equal to the number of wavelengths added.
Pros and Cons of DWDM
Apart from
Q5. Explain the working of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) Protocol.
Working of CSMA/CD in a Flowchart
Explain the working in detail
Answer. The CSMA/CD protocol can be compared with a typical life scenario such as
a group discussion during an interview. Suppose several candidates are sitting around
the table. Every candidate must listen to the instruction for a while before speaking
(Carrier Sense). After listening to the instruction, during a pause every candidate has
an equal chance to participate in group discussion (Multiple Access). In the case
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