The Design of Fiber Reinforced Polymers For Struc Strengthening ACI 440 PDF

The Design of Fiber Reinforced
Polymers for Structural

Strengthening
An Overview of ACI 440
Guidelines
Sarah Witt
Fyfe Company
November 7, 2008
1
GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERNALLY
BONDED FRP SYSTEMS FOR
STRENGTHENING CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
ACI Document 440.2R-08

Printed July 2008
2
Outline
Strengthening Concrete Structures
Reasons for strengthening
Types of FRP strengthening systems
Materials and properties of FRP strengthening systems
Substrate Preparation/FRP Application

Repair
Proper detailing and installation methods
Quality control
Design Principles
Strengthening limits
Flexural strengthening
Shear strengthening
Axial strengthening
Reinforcement Details
Bond and delamination
Detailing of laps and splices
Design Examples and Case Studies
Reasons for Strengthening
Change in use
Construction or design defects
Code changes
Seismic retrofit
Deterioration

Excessive Loading
Flexural Cracking
Overloading
Seismic Loads
Improper Steel Placement
Impact Damage
10
Typical FRP Systems for

Strengthening Structures
Section 3.2, Guide:
Wet lay-up systems
Unidirectional fiber sheets

Multidirectional fiber sheets
Mechanically applied fiber tows
Prepreg systems
Unidirectional fiber sheets

Multidirectional fiber sheets
Mechanically applied fiber tows
Precured systems
Unidirectional laminates
Multidirectional grids
Shell elements
Other forms not covered
11

12

13
Typical Fiber Properties

Carbon
Aramid
E-Glass
14
Substrate Preparation / Repair

Bond vs. Contact Critical
Contact Critical
Requires intimate contact between the FRP
System and the concrete
c Confinement of columns
Bond Critical
Requires an adhesive bond between the FRP
system and the concrete
c Beam, slab and wall strengthening
15
Substrate Preparation / Repair

Section 6.4, Guide:
Substrate issues:
c ACI 503
c ICRI 03730
200 psi (1.4 MPa)
minimum tensile
strength
2500 psi minimum
compressive strength of
concrete
16
Removal / replacement
of unsound concrete
Substrate Preparation
Section 6.4, Guide:
Minimum ICRI CSP 3
Preparation of concrete surface
17
Epoxy Injection
Section 6.4, Guide:
Cracks wider than
0.010 in (0.3 mm)

should be injected
prior to application
of the FRP system.
ACI 224.1
Smaller cracks in
aggressive
environments may
require sealing
18
Quality Control & Assurance

During-construction:
Bond testing
ACI 503R
ASTM D4541
Tension adhesion strengths
should exceed 200 psi (1.4 MPa),
exhibit failure of the concrete substrate.
Cured thickness
Extract small core samples less than 0.5 in (13 mm)

diameter
Avoid sampling in high stress areas if possible
Repair using overlapping sheets on filled core.
19
Quality Control & Assurance

Post-construction:
General Acceptance Criteria for Delaminations
Wet Layup
c Delaminations less than 2 in2 (1300 mm2) each are permissible:
No more than 10 delaminations per 10 ft2 of laminate area
Total delamination area less than 5% of total laminate area
c Delaminations less than 25 in2 (16,000 mm2) may be repaired by resin
injection or ply replacement, depending upon the size, number and

location of delaminations.
c Delaminations greater than 25 in2 (16,000 mm2) should be repaired
by selectively cutting away the affected sheet and applying an
overlapping sheet patch of equivalent plies.
Precured systems
c Each delamination must be inspected and repaired in accordance with
the engineers direction
20
Design Guidelines
21
FRP Strengthening Applications

Flexural Strengthening
Beams, Slabs, Walls, etc.
Shear Strengthening
Beams, Columns, Walls, etc.
Axial Enhancement
Column Wrapping, Pressure Vessels
22
Strengthening Limits
Section 9.2, Guide:
Limited by strength of other structural components
Columns, footings, etc.
Limited by other failure mechanisms
Punching shear
Loss of FRP should not result in immediate
collapse
(Rn )existing (1.1SDL + 0.75 SLL )new

23
(9-1)
Structural Fire Endurance

Glass Transition Temperatures of most FRP
systems is typically in the range of 140 - 180oF

(60 - 80oC)
Use of an insulation system can improve the
overall fire rating of the strengthened reinforced
concrete member
Insulation system can delay strength
degradation of concrete and steel, increasing the
fire rating of the member
The contribution of the FRP system can be
considered if it is demonstrated that the FRP
temperature remains below a critical temperature
24
Rational Fire Endurance Check

ACI 216R:
Given cover and fire endurance requirement
Find the temperature of the steel & concrete
Find a reduced steel & concrete material
strength
Find the associated reduced section strength
Reduced strength > Unfactored demand
No phi factors or load factors
25
Rational Fire Endurance Check

Section 9.2.1, Guide:
From ACI 216R - Reduce material strengths at elevated
temperature:
Steel: f y f y
Concrete: f 'c f 'c
FRP: f fu 0 *
(Rn )existing (S DL + S LL )
26
(9-2)
Maximum Service Temperature

Typical glass transition temperature (Tg) for epoxy 140 -
180oF (60 - 80oC)

Above Tg mechanical properties start to degrade
Service temperature should not exceed Tg - 27F (Tg 15C)
27
Flexural Strengthening
Chapter 10, Guide
Typical flexural strength increases up to 40%

This limit is based on the Guides requirements

Positive and negative moment strengthening
Add strength to RC and PC members
Reduce crack widths
Seismic loadings not covered
M n > M u
28
(10-1)
Assumptions
Design calculations are based on actual

29
dimensions and material properties.

Plane sections remain plane (including FRP).
Maximum compressive strain cu = 0.003
Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
FRP has linear-elastic relation to failure.
Perfect bond between FRP and concrete (no
slip).
The shear deformation within the adhesive layer
is neglected.
Verification of Shear Capacity

Section shear capacity must be
sufficient to handle shear forces

associated with increased flexural
capacity.
30
Failure Modes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
crushing of concrete prior to steel yield

yield of steel followed by concrete crushing
yield of steel followed by FRP failure
shear / tension delamination in concrete cover
FRP debonding from substrate
The desired mode of failure is usually mode 2 or 3.
31
Effective Strain in FRP

600
Rupture Strain
Stress (ksi)
500
400
Effective Strain
300
200
100
0
0
32
0.005
0.01
Strain (in/in)
0.015
0.02
Limitation on Strain in FRP

To prevent debonding in regions away from FRP Termination
fd
f c'
= 0.083
0.9 fu
nE f t f
fd
f c'
= 0.41
0.9 fu
nE f t f
hc
fe = cu
bi fd
c
33
(10-2) US
(10-2) SI
(10-3)
Calculation Procedure
Determine initial strain in substrate
Estimate neutral axis, c

Compute Moment Capacity
Determine failure mode
Calculate material strain
Check service conditions
Calculate stresses and forces

Check Equilibrium (Calculate c)
No
34
Estimated c =
c for Equilibrium?
Yes
Estimate the Neutral Axis Depth

No closed form
solution exists
Must find depth to the
neutral axis by trial
and error
As a starting point, a
good rule of thumb is
20% of the effective
section depth
c 0.20 d
35
c
c
s
fe bi
b
Determine Mode of Failure

hc
fe = cu
bi fd
c
hc
fe = cu
bi fd
c
Concrete Crushing Controls
hc
fe = cu
bi fd FRP Rupture Controls
c
36
(10-3)
Concrete Stress Block

Whitney stress block is
f 'c
valid only when

concrete crushing
1c
c
governs failure (i.e.,
c=0.003)
If FRP rupture controls,
a stress block
Actual
Equivalent
appropriate for the
Stress
Stress
concrete strain level
Distribution
Distribution
should be used
37
Concrete Stress Block
c < 0.003
f'c
1c
38
4 ( c c ) tan 1 ( c c )
1 = 2
( c c ) ln 1 + c2 c2
0.90ln 1 + c2 c2
=
1 c c
1.71f c
c =
Ec
Calculation of Flexural Strain

Assume strain
compatibility
Based on failure mode
Calculate the strain in each
material by similar
triangles
c
c
d c
s = ( fe + bi )
c
f
39
(10-10)
fe bi
b
Steel Elastic / Plastic:
f s = Es s f y
(10-11)
Stress
Calculation Of Stress
FRP
FRP Elastic:
f fe = Es fe
(10-9)
Steel
Strain
40
Check Force Equilibrium

Sum forces in the horizontal
direction
If forces do not equilibrate,
revise c
Repeat previous steps
cest
41
As f s + A f f fe
=
1 1 f c b
1c
1 f
'c
Asfs
Afff
Ultimate Strength Model

c
c
s
Af = n tf wf
fe
bi
fs
ffe = Ef fe
1c
1c
M n = As f s d
+ f A f f fe h
2
2
42
(10-13)
Loss in Ductility
0.75b
ACI 318 :
A section with lower 0.90
ductility should
compensate with a
0.65
higher reserve of
strength
sy
0.90
0.25( t sy )
= 0.65 +
0.005 sy
0.65
43
for
for
for
0.005 Steel
Strain at
t 0.005
Ultimate
sy < t < 0.005
(10-5)
t sy
Design Flexural Strength
1c
1c
M n = As f s d
+A f f fe h
2
2
Reduction factor for FRP contribution:
= 0.85
M n > M u
44
(10-13)
(10-1)
Serviceability
At service, stress in steel should be limited to 80% of
yield strength:
Moment
Mu
My
Ms
FRP Strengthened
Unstrengthened
f s , s .80 f y
Curvature
45
(10-6)
Prestressed Concrete Members

Assumptions
Assumptions for concrete members apply
strain compatibility for strain or change in strain
in the prestressing steel

prestressing steel rupture mode should be
investigated
where prestressing steel is draped several
sections should be evaluated
46

Failure Modes
1. Strain level in FRP governed by strain
limitations due:
1.
2.
3.
4.
47
concrete crushing
FRP rupture
FRP debonding
Prestressing steel failure

Strength Reduction Factor
To maintain a sufficient ductility the nominal strain in the
prestressing steel should be higher than 0.013. If this
strain is not achieved a lower strength factor should be
used
0.90
0.25 ( ps 0.010)
= 0.65 +
(0.013 0.010)
0.65
48
for
ps 0.013
for 0.010 < ps < 0.013

for
ps 0.010
(10-19)

Serviceability
In service stress in the prestressing steel should be prevented
from yielding:
f ps , s 0.82 f py
f ps , s 0.74 f pu
49
(10-20a)
(10-20b)

Nominal Strength
The calculation procedure for nominal strength:
satisfy should strain compatibility
satisfy force equilibrium
consider mode of failure
similar to method for reinforced members
50

Nominal Strength
For a given value of the neutral axis, c:
Stress level in the FRP
Strain in the tendon
51
ps
f fe = E f fe
P
= pe + e
Ac Ec
(10-21)
e2
1 + 2 + pnet 0.035 (10-22)
r

Nominal Strength
The value of enet depends on the mode of failure
concrete crushing
dp c
pnet 0.003
FRP rupture or
debonding
dP c
pnet ( fe + bi )
c
f
52
(10-23a)
(10-23b)

Nominal Strength
Force equilibrium can be checked by satisfying:
c=
53
Ap f ps + A f f fe
f 1b
'
1 c
(10-25)
Case Study Slab Upgrade

P/T flat slab live
load increase:
50 100 psf
54
Case Study Slab Upgrade

Positive moment
upgrade to
column strip
55
Shear Strengthening
Chapter 11, Guide
Increase shear capacity of beams or columns
Amount of increase depends on section geometry,
existing reinforcement, and a variety of additional
factors.
Change failure mode to flexural
Typically results in a more ductile failure
Vn > Vu
56
(11-1)
Wrapping Schemes
Overlap
Fully Wrapped
57
U-wrap Two sides bonded
Effective Strain in FRP

Maximum strain that can be achieved in the FRP
system at the ultimate load stage

Governed by the failure mode of the FRP system
and the strengthened member.
fe = 0.004 0.75 fu for completely wrapped members (11-6a)

fe = v fu 0.004 for bonded U wraps or face plies (11-6b)
58
Effective Strain Limitations for FRP

Determination of bond-reduction coefficient v:
k 1 k 2 Le
v =
0.75
468 fu
(11-7) US
k1k 2 Le
0.75
v =
11,900 fu
(11-7) SI
d f Le
df
k2 =
d 2 Le
f
d f
59
k 1 =
4000
'
c

k 1 =
27
f c'
for U wraps
(11-10)
for two sides bonded
2/3
(11-9) US
2/3
(11-9) SI

Determination of active bond length Le:
Le =
2500
(n t
Ef
0.58
Le =
(11-8) US
Le
60
23 ,300
(n t f E f )
0.58
(11-8) SI

Determination of bond-reduction coefficient v:
k 1 k 2 Le
v =
0.75
468 fu
(11-7) US
k1k 2 Le
0.75
v =
11,900 fu
(11-7) SI
d f Le
df
k2 =
d 2 Le
f
d f
61
for U wraps
(11-10)
for two sides bonded
k 1 =
4000
'
c

k 1 =
27
f c'
2/3
(11-9) US
2/3
(11-9) SI
fe = v fu 0.004
Pertinent Shear Dimensions

sf
sf
df
wf
Vf =
A fv f fe (sin + cos )d f
A fv = 2 nt f w f
f fe = fe E f
62
wf
(11-3)
sf
(11-4)
(11-5)
Design Shear Capacity
Vn = (Vc + Vs + f V f )
(11-2)
Vn = (Vc + Vs +V f )
= 0.85 ( ACI 318)
f = 0.95 ( fully wrapped )
f = 0.85 (bonded U wraps or face plies )
63
Spacing, Reinforcing Limits

s f ,max
d
= wf +
4
Section 11.1, Guide:
Based on ACI 318-05, Section 11.5.6.9:
Vs + V f 8 f 'c bw d
Vs + V f 0.66 f cbd
64
(11-11) US
(11-11) SI
Case Study Precast Garage

Installed FRP U Wraps
65
Confinement
Chapter 12, Guide
Increase in member axial compressive strength
Enhance the ductility of members subjected to
combined axial and bending forces

Increase the strength of members subjected to
combined axial and bending forces
66
Axial Compression
Fibers oriented transverse to the longitudinal
axis of the member

Contribution of any longitudinal fibers to axial
strength is negligible
Results in an increase in the apparent strength
of the concrete and in the maximum usable

compressive strain in the concrete
Passive confinement
Intimate contact between FRP system and
member is critical
67
Confinement
Confining
Pressure
Stress
FRP Confined Concrete Behavior

FRP Confined
Concrete
f cc
L
T
f c
0.85 f c
Transverse
Strain
Transverse Strain
(Dilation)
69
fu
fe
Unconfined
Concrete
cu = 0.003
ccu
Longitudinal
Strain
Longitudinal Strain
FRP Confined Concrete
Strain Limitation
For pure axial loading:
fe = fu
(12-5)
= 0.55
Recommended value
(accounts for premature failure strain
of FRP)
For combined axial + bending:
fe = 0.004 fu
Transverse Strain
(Dilation)
70
(12-12)
Limit to maintain shear

integrity of concrete
Longitudinal Strain
Stress
FRP Confinement Model
f cc
E2
FRP Confined
Concrete
(
Ec E 2 ) 2
E
c
fc = c c
4 f c
f + E
2 c
c
f c
Unconfined
Concrete
Ec
Transverse Strain
(Dilation)
71
(12-2a)
for t c ccu
Where,
E2 =
c t
for 0 c t
ccu
Strain
t =
f cc f c
ccu
2 f c
Ec E 2
(12-2b)
(12-2c)
Longitudinal Strain
Stress
FRP Confinement Model
f cc
E2
FRP Confined
Concrete
f c
f cc = f c + f 3.3 a f l
ccu
Unconfined
Concrete
0.45
f
fe
= c 1.50 + 12 b l (12-6)
f c c
Where,
Ec
c t
Transverse Strain
(Dilation)
72
(12-3)
ccu
Strain
fl is the confining pressure

exerted by the FRP jacket
a and b are shape factors

Longitudinal Strain
Circular Sections
FRP Jacket
Confining pressure:
fl
fl =
Ef fe
fl
Ef fe
2 E f n t f fe
D
Shape factors:
a = b = 1.0
Concrete
fl
73
(12-4)
Rectangular Sections
Equivalent circular
column
Confining pressure:
fl =
D2
D = b + h2
74
2 E f n t f fe
D
(12-4)
Shape factors:
Ae b
a =
Ac h
Effective confinement
area, Ae
Ae h
b =
Ac b
0.5
h
Confining stress
concentrated at corners
75
(12-9)
(12-10)
Ratio of effective confinement area to total area
of concrete
Ae
=
Ac
76
b
h
2
2
h (h 2rc ) + b (b 2rc )

1
g
3 Ag
1 g
(12-11)
Using the Confinement Model

Compressive Strength:
with existing steel spiral reinforcing
Pn = 0.85 [0.85 f cc' (Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
(12-1a)
with existing steel-tie reinforcing:
Pn = 0.80 [0.85 f cc' (Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
(12-1b)
Use the confined concrete

compressive strength in ACI 318
equations
77
Serviceability ConsiderationsAxial Compression

To ensure radial cracking will not occur under
service loads,
f c 0.65 f c '
To avoid plastic deformation under sustained or
cyclic loads,
f s 0.60 f y
78
Reinforcement Details
Chapter 13, Guide
General Guidelines:
Do not turn inside corners;

Provide a minimum 1/2 in. (13 mm) radius when the
sheet is wrapped around outside corners
Provide adequate development length
Provide sufficient overlap when splicing FRP plies.
79
Allowable Termination Points

Simply Supported Beams
Section 13.1.2, Guide
Plies should extend a
distance equal at least to ldf

past the point along the
span corresponding to the
cracking moment, Mcr,
If Vu > 0.67Vc at the
termination point the FRP
laminate should be
anchored with transverse
(clamping) reinforcement
80
Bond and Delamination

Transverse (clamping) reinfocement
Area of transverse (clamping) FRP U-Wrap
reinforcement to prevent concrete cover layer from

splitting:
A f anchor
81
(A
=
(E
f
f
f fu )longitudinal
v fu )anchor
(13-1)
Development Length
The bond capacity of FRP is developed over a critical
length:
nE f t f
ldf =0.057
ldf =
82
nE f t f
f
'
c
'
c
in in.-lb units
(13-2)
in SI units
Detailing of NSM bars

groove dimensions shall be at least 1.5 times the
diameter of the bar

For a rectangular bar the minimum groove size
shall be 3ab x 1.5bb
83
Development Length of NSM bars

Development length of NSM bar:
84
ldb =
db
f fd
4(0.5 max )
ldb =
ab d b
f fd
2(a b +b b )(0.5 max )
for circular bars
for rectangular bars
(13-3)
(13-4)
QUESTIONS?
Thank You
85
Design Example
Flexural Strengthening of Interior Beam
86
Design Example: Flexural Strengthening of an Interior Beam

12
24-0
DL,wLL
21.5
fc=5000 psi
24
3-#9 bars
fy=60 ksi
2-12x 23-0 FRP plies
Mn=266 k-ft
w
FRP
(w/o FRP)
ELEVATION
SECTION
Manufacturers reported FRP-system properties
87
Thickness per ply,
0.040 in.
1.016 mm
Ultimate tensile strength
90 ksi
0.62 kN/mm2
Rupture strain,
0.015
0.015
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates,
5360 ksi
37 kN/mm2
Loadings and corresponding moments

Loading/Moment
Dead loads,wDL
Live load,wLL
Unfactored loads,
(wDL + wLL)
Unstrengthened load limit
(1.1wDL +0.75wLL)
Factored loads,
(1.2wDL +1.6wLL)
Existing loads
1.00 k/ft
14 N/mm
1.20 k/ft
17 N/mm
Anticipated loads
1.00 k/ft
14 N/mm
1.80 k/ft
26 N/mm
2.20 k/ft
32.1 N/mm
2.80 k/ft
40.9 N/mm
n/a
n/a
2.45 k/ft
34.9 N/mm
3.12 k/ft
50.2 N/mm
4.46 k/ft
65.1 N/mm
Dead-load moment,MDL
Live-load moment,MLL
Service-load moment,Ms
Unstrengthened moment
limit (1.1MDL +0.75MLL)
Factored moment,Mu
72 k-ft
86 k-ft
158 k-ft
96.2 kN-m
114.9 kN-m
211.1 kN-m
72 k-ft
130 k-ft
202 k-ft
96.2 kN-m
173.6 kN-m
269.8 kN-m
n/a
n/a
177 k-ft
240 kN-m
224 k-ft
303.6 kN-m
294.4 k-ft
399.2 kN-m
Two, 12 in. wide by 23 ft. long plies are to be bonded to the soffit of the beam
using the wet-lay-up technique.
88

Step 1 - Compute the FRP-system design material
properties
For an interior beam, an environmental-reduction

factor (CE ) of 0.95 is suggested.
89
f fu = C E f fu*
f fu = (0.95)(90 ksi) = 85ksi
fu = CE *fu
fu = (0.95)(0.0 15in./in.) = 0.0142in./ in.

Step 2 - Preliminary calculations
Properties of the concrete:
1 from ACI 318-05, Section 10.2.7.3.
1 = 1.05 0.05
f 'c
= 0.80
1000
Ec = 57,000 5000 psi = 4,030,000 psi
90

Properties of existing reinforcing steel:
As = 3(1.00 in. 2 ) = 3.00 in. 2
As
s
bd
91
3.00 in. 2
s =
= 0.0116
(12 in. )(21.5 in. )

Properties of the externally bonded FRP reinforcement:
A f = nt f w f
f
92
Af
bd
A f = (2 plies)(0.040 in. ply )(12 in.) = 0.96in.2

0.96 in.2
f =
= 0.00372
(12 in.)(21.5 in.)

Step 3 - Determine the existing state of the strain on the soffit
The existing state of strain is calculated assuming
the beam is cracked and the only loads acting on the
beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead
loads. A cracked section analysis of the existing
beam gives k=0.334 and Icr=5937 in.4
M DL (h kd )
bi =
I cr Ec
93
bi =
(864 k in.)[24 in. (0.334 )(21.5 in.)]

(5,937 in.4 )(4,030 ksi )
bi = 0.00061
Step 4 Determine the design strain of the FRP System
fd
5000 psi
= 0.083
0.9 fu
2 (5360000 psi ) (0.04in )
fd = 0.0113 0.9(0.0142) = 0.0128
94
Step 5 - Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis
A reasonable initial estimate of c is 0.20d. The

value of c is adjusted after checking equilibrium.
c = 0.20d
95
c = (0.20)(21.5 in.) = 4.30 in.

Step 6 - Determine the effective level of strain in the FRP reinforcement
df c
bi fd
c
fe = 0.003
24 4.3
0.00061 0.009
4
.
3
fe = 0.003
fe = 0.0131 0.009
fe = 0.009
96
Since FRP controls the section failure, the concrete strain is

less than 0.003:
c = ( f e + bi )
d c
f
4 .3
= 0.0021
24 4.3
c = (0.009 + 0.00061)
97
Step 7 - Calculate the strain in the existing reinforcing steel
d c
s = ( fe + bi )
c
f
21.5 4.30
s = (0.009 + 0.00061)
= 0.0084
24 4.30
98
Step 8 - Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel and FRP
f s = Es s f y
f fe = E f fe
99
f s = (29,000 ksi)(0.0084) 60 ksi

f s = 348 ksi 60 ksi
f fe = (5,360 ksi )(0.009 ) = 48.2 ksi

Step 9a - Calculate the internal force resultants
Approximate stress block factors may be calculated using the
parabolic stress-strain relationship of concrete as follows:
1.7 f c' 1.7 (5,000)

=
=
= 0.0021
6
Ec
4,030 10
'
c
4 c' c
4(0.0021) 0.0021
1 = '
=
= 0.749
6 c 2 c 6(0.0021) 2(0.0021)
3 c' c c2 3(0.0021) (0.0021)
1 =
=
= 0.886
'2
2
3 c
3(0.749) (0.0021)
100

Step 9b Check equilibrium
Force equilibrium is verified by checking the initial estimate of the
neutral axis, c
c=
As f s + A f A fe
f c'c1 b
1
(3)(60) + (0.96)(48.2)
= 5.87in
(0.886)(5)(0.749)(12)
c = 5.87in 4.30in
101
NG

Step 10 Iterate on c until force equilibrium is satisfied
c = 5.17 in.
s = 0.0083
f s = f y = 60 ksi
(3.00 in. )(60 ksi) + (0.96 in. )(48.2 ksi)

c=
2
(0.928)(5 ksi)(0.786)(12 in.)
fd = 0.009
f fe = 49.8 ksi
c = 5.17 in. = OK .
c = 0.0027
1 = 0.786
= 0.928
1
102
The value of c selected for

the final iteration is correct.

Step 11 Calculate reinforcement and FRP contribution to strength
0.786(5.17)
1c
M ns = As f s d
= (3.00)(60) 21.5
= 3,504k in = 292k ft
2
2
c
0.786(5.17)
M sf = A f f fe d f 1 = (0.96)(48.2) 24
= 1,017 k in = 85 k ft
2
2
103

Step 11 Calculate design flexural strength of the section
The flexural strength is calculated using the reduction factor.
Since s =0.0083>0.005, the value of is 0.9
M n = [M ns + M nf ]= 0.9(292 + 0.85(85) ) = 327 k ft

M n = 327 k ft M u = 294 k ft
The strengthened section is capable of sustaining
the new required moment strength
104

Step 12 Check service stresses in the reinforcing steel and the FRP
Calculate the elastic depth to the cracked neutral

axis by summing the first moment of the areas of the
transformed section.
105

Ef
E f h Es
Ef
Es
Es
+ 2 s
+ f
+ f
+ f
k = s
s
Ec
Ec d Ec
Ec
Ec
Ec
k = 0.343
kd = (0.343)(21.5 in.) = 7.37 in.
106

Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel:
f s,s
kd
M
A
E
h
(d kd )Es
bi f
f
s
3
0. 8 f y
=
kd
kd
As Es d (d kd ) + A f E f d f (d f kd )
3
3
f s , s = 40.4 ksi (0.80)(60 ksi ) = 48 ksi OK

The stress level in the reinforcing steel is within the recommended limit
107

Step 14 Check creep rupture limit t service for the FRP
Calculate the stress level in the FRP:
f f ,s
Ef
= f s , s
Es
d f kd
bi E f 0.55 f fu
d kd
f f , s = 5.60 ksi (0.55)(85) = 50 ksi OK
108

Step 14 Detailing Requirements
Detail the FRP reinforcement as follow:
1. Check that shear force at termination is less than shear force
that causes end-peeling (estimate as 2/3 of concrete shear
strength).
2. Terminate FRP at ldf (per Eq. 12.2) past cracking moment.
a) If shear force is higher extend FRP beyond and/or use
FRP U-wraps.
109

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The Design of Fiber Reinforced

Polymers for Structural

GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN AND

ACI Document 440.2R-08

Substrate Preparation/FRP Application

 Design Examples and Case Studies

Reasons for Strengthening

Improper Steel Placement

Typical FRP Systems for

 Wet lay-up systems

Unidirectional fiber sheets

Unidirectional fiber sheets

Typical FRP Systems for

Typical FRP Systems for

Typical Fiber Properties

Substrate Preparation / Repair

Substrate Preparation / Repair

 200 psi (1.4 MPa)

Minimum ICRI CSP 3

Preparation of concrete surface

0.010 in (0.3 mm)

Quality Control & Assurance

Extract small core samples less than 0.5 in (13 mm)

Quality Control & Assurance

injection or ply replacement, depending upon the size, number and

the engineers direction

FRP Strengthening Applications

(Rn )existing (1.1SDL + 0.75 SLL )new

Structural Fire Endurance

systems is typically in the range of 140 - 180oF

Rational Fire Endurance Check

Rational Fire Endurance Check

Maximum Service Temperature

180oF (60 - 80oC)

This limit is based on the Guides requirements

dimensions and material properties.

Verification of Shear Capacity

Section shear capacity must be

sufficient to handle shear forces

crushing of concrete prior to steel yield

The desired mode of failure is usually mode 2 or 3.

Effective Strain in FRP

Limitation on Strain in FRP

Estimate neutral axis, c

Determine failure mode

Calculate material strain

Check service conditions

Calculate stresses and forces

Estimate the Neutral Axis Depth

Determine Mode of Failure

Concrete Crushing Controls

Concrete Stress Block

valid only when

Concrete Stress Block

Calculation of Flexural Strain

Steel Elastic / Plastic:

Check Force Equilibrium

Ultimate Strength Model

Design Flexural Strength

Reduction factor for FRP contribution:

Prestressed Concrete Members

in the prestressing steel

Design Examples and Case Studies

Wet lay-up systems

200 psi (1.4 MPa)

Section shear capacity must be

Ratio of effective confinement area to total area

Plies should extend a