Tooth development,

amelogenesis and dentinogenesis,

Preparation: tooth development X5

Institute of Histology and Embryology

RNDr. Lucie Lantov, Ph.D. (lucie.lantova@lf1.cuni.cz)
Oral Histology and Embryology B81134
25.3. 2014

TOOTH FORMATION
two teeth sets
- primary dentition (deciduous teeth)
- secondary dentition (permanent teeth)
ectodermal origin enamel
mesenchymal origin dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament
neural crest cells from neuroepithelium; form e.g. spinal ganglia, facial
bones and CT, heart septa, melanocytes
ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions
STAGES
dental laminae 6 weeks; upper and lower jaw
- U-shaped thickened oral ectoderm (action of neural crest cells)
+ vestibular laminae vestibule
bud stage (8 weeks) dental lamina grows into neural crest-derived
mesenchyme; 10 buds in each jaw
cap stage (10 weeks)
bell stage (3 months)
enamel, dentin development
root development

STAGES

7 weeks

9 weeks

tongue

bud stage (8 w.)

bell stage (3 months)

vesible

cap stage (10 w.)

6 months

Sadler 2012

X5 tooth development

160mm fetus

nasal cavity
enamel organ
hard palate
(intramembranous
ossification)

upper lip

vestibule
lower lip

vestibule

tooth primordium

tongue
mandible
(intramembranous
ossification)

HE

Dp. Hist. Embr.

BUD STAGE, 8 weeks

dental papilla condensed dental mesenchymal cells

condensation of
mesenchymal cells
Nanci 2008

early bud stage

oral epithelium

BUD STAGE, 8 weeks

invagination of tooth bud cap
shape

dental lamina

enamel knot
- induced by dental papilla
enamel knot

- within overlying ectodermal

epithelium
- signalling centre molecules
for differentiation of dental cap
epithelium into enamel organ

*
late bud stage/early cap stage

Dp. Hist. Embr.

HE

condensed mesenchyme
(dental papilla)

CAP STAGE, 10 weeks

enamel organ
- from dental cap epithelium
- outer enamel epithelium
(ameloblasts)
- inner enamel epithelium
(ameloblasts)
- stellate reticulum loosely
arranged epithelial core
(reticular epithelium)
dental papilla mesenchyme
(neural crest-derived) proliferates
into enamel organ
dental sac mesenchyme
condensation around tooth
primordium
permanent tooth bud outgrowth
of dental lamina
Ross, Pawlina 2011

early cap stage

oral epithelium

CAP STAGE, 10 weeks

dental lamina

outer ameloblasts
stellate reticulum

permanent
tooth bud

dental papilla

inner ameloblasts

ossifying
mandible
dental sac

late cap stage

Dp. Hist. Embr.

HE

BELL STAGE, 3 months

invagination of dental papilla bell shape
final crown shape determined by enamel organ
dental papilla dental pulp (when first calcified matrix at the cusp)
histo-differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts
hard tooth components formation
stratum intermedium cells above inner ameloblasts
ameloblasts columnar (inner and outer)
- induce differentiation of odontoblasts
- inner formation of enamel
odontoblasts
- from dental papilla surface mesenchymal cells
- formation of dentin
- dentin stimulates production of enamel
differentiation of ameloblasts differentiation of odontoblasts dentin
formation enamel formation

BELL STAGE, 3 months

HE

Dp. Hist. Embr.

dental lamina

stellate reticulum

outer ameloblasts

dental sac

stratum intermedium
dental papilla

inner ameloblasts

odontoblasts
ossifying
mandible

oral epithelium

INNER AMELOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION

change of polarity reverse polarity
- basal cell part (facing dental papilla) apical
region (nucleus moves to the opposite side)
terminal differentiation of ameloblasts
- after predentin formation
secretory-stage ameloblast
SECRETORY-STAGE AMELOBLAST
narrow, base attached to stratum intermedium cells
nucleus, mitochondria basal cytoplasm
GA, GER apical cytoplasm
junctional complexes, actin filaments
Tomes' process
- upper pole microtubules, secretory vesicles
- proximal and distal portion (surface)
- crystals formed at both process surfaces

Nanci 2008

ODONTOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION
cell organelles development GER (apical), GA (above nucl.), mitochondria
nuclei move basally
odontoblast process enlargement ECM secretion predentin
matrix vesicles (calcium and phosphate ions) release high ion
concentration hydroxyapatite crystals formation
odontoblast retreat into dental papilla Tomes' fibre

inner ameloblast
differentiation

odontoblast
differentiation

mesenchymal
cell
Berkowitz, Holland 2002

fibroblast

DENTIN AND ENAMEL FORMATION

OD

SR

M-dental papilla
mesenchymal cells
OD-odontoblast
differentiation
A-inner ameloblasts
SI-stratum intermedium
SR-stellate reticulum
OA-outer enamel epith.

OA

SI

D
P

PD
O
SI
A

Carlson 1999

V-vessel
P-dental pulp
O-odontoblasts
PD-predentin
D-dentin
E-enamel
A-inner ameloblasts
SI-stratum intermedium

DENTINOGENESIS
during 4th month
first mineralized tooth component
1 - organic matrix production predentin
- type I collagen (extracellular polymerization into fibrils)
- proteoglycans (containing chondroitin- and keratan-sulphate)
- osteocalcin, dentin phosphoprotein and sialoprotein (mineralization)
2 - matrix vesicles production and release into predentin
- high calcium and phosphate ion concentration initiation of HA crystals
formation growth matrix vesicle rupture crystal fusion

AMELOGENESIS
1-PRESECRETORY STAGE
ameloblast differentiation
2-SECRETORY STAGE (matrix production)
secretory-stage ameloblasts
organic matrix formation first proteins (amelogenins, ameloblastins,
enamelins, tuftelins) important for space organization and mineralization
enamel matrix deposited on dentin, immediately partially mineralized
thickness of future enamel is achieved
3-MATURATION STAGE
maturation-stage ameloblasts transport function; cyclical morphological
alterations (cyclical entry of calcium ions) ruffled/smooth border
amelogenin, ameloblastin removal
calcium and phosphate ions influx into matrix, mineralization
vascularization transport from blood to ameloblasts stratum intermedium
enamel formation enamel reticulum reduction, outer enamel epithelium
degeneration
inner ameloblast degeneration after enamel is fully formed (time of tooth
eruption); cervical epithelium forms junctional epithelium

AMELOGENESIS, secretory stage

1 - interrod enamel formation at surface of proximal portion of
Tomes' process pit (participation of several ameloblasts)
2 - rod enamel formation at surface of distal portion of Tomes'
process fills the pit (one ameloblast)

IR

Berkowitz, Holland 2002

DEJ-dentino-enamel
junction
sg-secretory granules
dpTP-distal portion
of Tomes'process
ppTP-proximal portion
of Tomes' process
IR-nterrod enamel

IR

Nanci 2008

IR

TEM

AMELOGENESIS, DENTINOGENESIS
Dp. Hist. Embr.

HE
SR

E
SI

D
D

SI

PD

A
A

PD

SR
O

P
P-dental pulp
O-odontoblasts
PD-predentin
SI-stratum intermedium
SR-stellate reticulum

D-dentin

E-enamel

A-inner ameloblasts

ROOT FORMATION
when dentin and enamel formation well advanced
epithelial root sheath Hertwig's sheath
- outer and inner ameloblasts come together in neck region
- grows along dental papilla surface
- ameloblasts induce differentiation of odontoblast

cementum formation
- inner dental sac cells cementoblasts cementum production,
deposition on dentin
periodontal ligament
- outer dental sac cells
jaw bone
- partly outer dental sac cells

6 months

ROOT FORMATION

outer
ameloblasts

epithelial root sheath

dentin
enamel

inner
ameloblasts

odontoblasts
stellate
reticulum

predentin

dental pulp

epithelial root sheath

Dp. Hist. Embr.

HE

Nanci 2008