Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Sr.
No.
Name of Experiment
01
02
03
04
05
06
09
10
11
07
08
12
14
15
13
Experiment No.:1
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
FOR O.C. TEST.
WATTMETER
300 V,1A
M
0-1 A
1- PH
230 V
SUPPLY
V
0-150 V
0-300 V
1 PHASE
DIMMERSTAT
230/115 V, 1 PHASE
TRANSFORMER
1- PH
230 V
SUPPLY
0-5 A
V
0-10 A
0-75 V
1 PHASE
DIMMERSTAT
Theory:
230/115 V,
1 PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Procedure:
Precautions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Observations:
FOR O.C.TEST (Read on primary side.)
Rated input Voltage
No load current
No load power
V0
I0
W0
230V
4.35amp
Calculations:
FOR O.C. TEST
No load power factor =cos o = Wo / (Vo Io)
Magnetising component of Io = I = Io sin o amps.
Core loss component of Io = Ic = Io cos o amps.
Core loss resistance Ro = Vo/ Ic ohm.
Magnetising reactance Xo = Vo/ I ohms.
Core loss in transformer at any load = Wo
REGULATIONS:
1) At full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
Voltage drop = Isc (Rsc cos + Xsc sin )
% Regulation =
Voltage drop x100
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
2) At full load and 0.8 power factor leading.
Voltage drop = Isc (Rsc cos Xsc sin )
% Regulation =
Voltage drop x100
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
3) At full load and U.P.F.
Voltage drop = Isc Rsc cos
% Regulation =
Voltage drop x100
Rated primary voltage (Vo)
Equivalent Circuit:
Draw simplified equivalent circuit showing calculated values of all parameters on it.
Result: -
Viva Questions: -
Experiment No.:2
Aim :
Apparatus :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Circuit Diagram :
0-150 V
V
V3
P1
230 V
1-phase
A.C. supply
0-300 V
S1
0-150 V
V1
V2
P2
1 Phase Dimmerstat
S2
230/115 V, 1 KVA
Transformer
0-600 V
0-600 V
P1
0-300 V
230 V
1-phase
A.C. supply
V1
230/115 V, 1 KVA
Transformer
V2
0-300 V
V1
P2
P2
1 Phase Dimmerstat
v
V2
230 V
1-phase
A.C. supply
P1
1 Phase Dimmerstat
230/115 V, 1 KVA
Transformer
Theory :
Procedure :
(A) POLARITY MARKING
i)
ii )
iii)
iv)
Precautions:
Conclusion:
a)
Viva Questions:
Experiment No.:3
Aim:
Apparatus:
Ammeter
:- ( 0-10A), (0-20A) AC, each 1 Nos.
Voltmeter :- (0-300 V), (0-600 V) AC each 1 No.
Wattmeter : - Two element type, (300 V, 20 A), (600 V, 10 A)
Dimmerstat : - 3 AC 10Amp ,1 Nos.
Transformer :- ( 440/220 V, 5 kVA) 3
Resistive Load, Connecting Wires etc.
Circuit Diagram:
0-10 A
0-20 A
0-600 V,
M
Y
0-300 V
3PHASE
440 V,SUPPLY
Theory:
Procedure:
WATTMETER
10 A, 600V,
DOUBLE ELEMENT
TYPE
N
440/220 V,5 KVA,
3 PHASE
TRANSFORMER
20 A, 300V,
WATTMETER
DOUBLE ELEMENT
TYPE
3 PHASE 5 KW
RESISTIVE LOAD
6) Then increase the load in steps till rated current of the transformer & note down
corresponding readings. Take atleast 8 readings.
7) Calculate efficiency & regulation for each reading.
Observation Table:
No-load secondary voltage E2 = ---------- Volts
W1 Watts I 2 Amp
Sr.No. I1Amp V1 Volts
1
2
3
4
5
V2 Volts
W2 Watts
% Reg
Calculations:
O/ Power W2
% = -------------------- x 100
I/P power W1
No load voltage (E2) voltage at load (V2)
% Reg = ---------------------------------------------------------- x
No load voltage (E2)
Graph:
Precautions:
Result:
100
The % efficiency & regulation of transformer at full load condition is found as follows.
Percentage efficiency = ------------------%
Percentage regulation = ------------------%
Conclusion:
Viva Questions:
6. What is the normal nature of output power Vs efficiency curve & why?
Experiment No.:4
Aim:
Apparatus: 1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Circuit Diagram:
300 V,2 A Wattmeter
M
0-2 A
W1
I1
1Phase
AC
Supply
V
V1
S1
0-300 V
1Phase
Dimmerstat
230 V
230 V
1 KVA Xmer
75 V, 10 A Wattmeter
M
I2
115 V
1Phase
AC
Supply
0-10 A
C
115 V
0-75 V
V2
W2
S2
Theory:
Procedure:
1Phase
Dimmerstat
S3
Observation Table:
SR.
No.
Primary
voltage
V1
Primary
current
I2
Primary
power
Iron loss W1
Secondary
voltage
V2
Secondary
Current
I2
Secondary
power
Cu. Loss W2
Calculations:
Wi = W1 / 2
Iron loss per transformer
Copper loss per transformer Wcu = W2 / 2
% Efficiency
Results:
It is found that,
i) % Efficiency at F.L. & unity power factor =
ii) % Efficiency at half full load & 0.8 power factor (lag.) =
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the condition to be satisfied by the two transformers to be tested using this method?
What is the main advantage of this test?
Other than losses and efficiency, what else can be determined from this test?
How are the full load conditions simulated?
How are the losses separated?
Experiment No.:5
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
0-5 A
0-10 A
TEASER Xmer
I 2T
I1T
v
3 Phase
Supply
440 V
S1
0-150 V
V 2T
LOAD
0-5 A
A
I 1M
Primary of main
Xmer
0-600 V
V
0-10 A
S2
Secondary of
main Xmer
A
v
I 2M
0-150 V
V 2M
LOAD
1. Explanation and mathematical proof of how a balanced two-phase supply can be obtained by using Scott
connection.
2. Phasor diagram illustrating the phase quadrature between the secondary voltages of the two transformers.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Observation Table:
[A]FOR BALANCED LOAD
S. Load condition
No.
1.
No load
2.
Teaser transformer
I1T
I2T
V1T
I1M
Main transformer
I2M
V1M
V2M
I1M
Main transformer
I2M
V1M
V2M
1kW load on
both
transformers
Teaser transformer
I2T
V1T
I1T
Teaser
transformer
2.
1kW load on
Main
transformer
Calculations:
Verify the following calculated values from the measured values.
2 V2M
Conclusion:
The 3 Phase to two phase conversion was verified. i.e. 3 phase system can be converted in to two
phase system using Scott-connections.
Viva Questions:
1) Is it possible to obtain a 3- phase a.c. supply from 2 phase a.c. supply by using Scott-connection ?
2) Where dose the Scott-connection find its use?
3) If the two transformers used in Scott. Connection are identical, then how many primary turns of the teaser
transformer are actually used?
4) What is the ratio of number of turns on the primaries of teaser transformer in case of Scott-connection?
5) Are the two transformers connected for Scott-connection coupled magnetically?
6) Do you know any other method of conversion of 3-phese a.c. supply from 2-phese a.c. supply?
Experiment No.:6
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
V
3 PHASE
0-10 A
0-5 A
0-600
V
Y
FF
SUPPLY
440 V, AC
V
M
WATTMETER
440 V,10 A
0-300 V
L
O
A
D
400
1.7A
C
L
AA
3 PHASE I. M.
D. C.
GENERATOR
Theory:
Procedure:
5) Note the meter readings and the speed with the load at zero.
6) Increase the load in steps keeping the D.C. generator voltage constant at 170 V.
Note the D.C. generator voltage, generator current, motor current, motor voltage,
Power and speed.
7) Take more readings increasing the load gradually till the full load is reached.
8) Calculate performance parameters & plot the different graphs.
Observation Table:
MOTOR SIDE
Speed
GENERATOR
SIDE
Vm
Volt
N
rpm
V dc
Volts
Im
Amp
Wm
Watt
I dc
Amp
1
2
3
4
5
No = No load speed
N = Speed at load
100
No -N
Slip (s) = ---------- x 100
No
Graph: Draw graphs (on same graph paper) of motor output power versus
i) motor efficiency
ii) motor input current
iii) motor power factor
iv) motor speed
Result:
The speed falls, the power factor (Lagging) improves and the current increases, with an increase in the
output. The efficiency increases and is maximum near full load.
Viva Questions:
1. Which type of D.C. motor has similar output/speed characteristics?
2. Why should the powerfactor improve with loading?
3. Why powerfactor is poor at no-load?
4. At what load, the efficiency will be maximum?
5. If D.C. supply is connected to the stator winding, what will be the speed of rotating field
And the rotor? Will their be any other effects also?
Experiment No.:7
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
(A) FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
0-10
AA
V
R
L
C
ROTOR
0-150 V,
AC
STATOR
Y
B
V
3 Phase.
SUPPLY
N
DIMMERSTAT
3 PHASE
B
N
WATTMETER
10 A, 150V,
A
R
V
R
L
C
ROTOR
0-600 V,
AC
STATOR
Y
B
V
3 Phase.
SUPPLY
N
DIMMERSTAT
3 PHASE
Theory:
B
N
WATTMETER
5 A, 600V,
Procedure:
(A) FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
1. Connections are made as per diagram.
2. Keep the dimmerstat position at zero output voltage and hold the rotor shaft so as to disallow its
rotation.
3. Switch on the A.C. supply and gradually increase the motor input voltage till the ammeter
indicates rated current of the motor.
4. Note all the meter readings
7. After finishing both tests, measure the stator winding resistance per phase (R) by using a
multimeter or by ammeter-voltmeter method. This will give the D.C. resistance of stator
winding.
Precautions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Observation Table:
(A) FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Motor
Voltage
Vsc(L-L)
Motor
Current/ph
Isc
Input Power
Psc(3 ph)
Voltage
Applied
Vo(L-L)
No load
Current
Io
Power
Po(3-Ph)
(Po - Io2R1)
Calculations:
AC resistance of stator winding due to skin effect approximately is
Po = Io2R1 + Pc + Pf
(Po - Io2R1) = (Pc + Pf)
Plot net power input versus square of input voltage Vo2 , the intercept of the curve with power axis
will give Pf and Pc.
Shunt resistance
No-load power-factor
Shunt reactance
Ro = Vo2(rated) / Pc
Cos o = Pc/ ( Vo(rated).Io( at rated Vo) )
Xo = Vo(rated). / Io( at rated Vo).Sin o
Equivalent Circuit:
Result:
Draw complete equivalent circuit of 3-phase I. M. indicating the calculated values of all parameters on it.
Viva Questions:
Experiment No.:8
Aim:
Apparatus:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Circuit Diagram:
0-10 A
R
3 PHASE
Supply
440 V,
50Ohms, 5A
0-600 V
50Ohms, 5A
50Ohms, 5A
3 PHASE
DIMMERSTATE
STATOR
ROTOR
Theory:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observation Table:
Sr.No. External rotor resistance in Ohms.
01
0
02
10
03
20
04
30
05
40
06
50
Speed (rpm)
Precautions:
5)
6)
7)
8)
Graph:
Conclusion:
It found that with rise in rotor resistance, there is a corresponding drop in the speed.
Viva Questions:
1) What will happen if the rotor circuit of a slipring I.M. is kept open & electric supply is given to its stator
winding.
2) What is the constructional difference between a slip-ring & a squirrel cage I.M.
3) Draw & explain the Torque-speed characteristic of a slip ring I.M. for different values of rotor resistance.
4) What is the effect of changing the rotor resistance on the slip at max torque SMT.
5) Can a I.M. rotate at synchronous speed? Justify your answer.
Experiment No.:9
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
STARTER
A
0-20 A
+
220 V , DC
SUPPLY
S1
S2
0-300 V
AA
Theory:
BRAKE DRUM
ATTACHAMENT
DC SERIES
MOTOR
Procedure:
Precautions:
1) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
2) Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starters moving arm is at its maximum
resistance position.
3) Do not switch on or operate the D.C. series motor without load
4) Before switching on the D.C.supply, ensure some water inside the drum for cooling purpose.
5) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connection are checked by the teacher
Observation Table:
Sr.
No.
Vm
Im
(Volts) (Amps)
F1
(kg)
F2
(Kkg)
N
(rpm)
Calculations:
Output torque T = [(F1-F2) x 9.81 x r ] N.m
Output power Po = 2 NT/60 watts.
Input power Pi = Vm.Im
Po
% = ---------- x 100
Pi
Graph:
Conclusion:
At light load the motor speed is high and it reduces fast with rise in load.
Viva Questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Experiment No.:10
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
STARTER
0-10 A
+
220 V , DC
SUPPLY
0-300 V
FF
M
AA
1000
1.2 A
Theory:
FF
AA
0-300 V
L
O
A
D
400
1.7 A
0-10 A
DC MOTOR
D. C. GENERATOR
4) How the speed of shunt motor is expressed in terms of back emf & flux () & also in
terms of voltage & armature current
Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure and keep the load zero.
2) Set the field rheostat of motor to zero & field rheostat of generator to maximum.
3) Switch on D.C. supply & start the motor with the help of starter
4) Adjust the field rheostat of motor to obtain rated speed or any suitable speed.
Then dont disturbed this setting.
5) Adjust the D.C.shunt generator voltage to its rated value(220 V) with the help
of its field rheostat.
6) Note the meter readings and speed at this no-load condition.
7) Now increase the electrical load and adjust the generator terminal voltage
constant at previous value.
8) Note the reading of ammeters, voltmeters & speed.
9) Repeat 6 to 8 above to cover the range of no load to full load of motor.
10) Measure the armature resistance Ra of the motor by multimeter.
Precautions:
1) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on
the work table.
2) Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starters moving arm
is at its maximum resistance position.
3) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connection are checked
by the teacher
4) Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
5) Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft
so that it reads correctly.
Observations:
Sr.
No.
Motor
side
Vm Im
Generato
r side
Vg I g
Speed
N
rpm.
Graph:
Conclusion:
With rise in load the motor current increases & the speed decreases slightly.
The efficiency initially increases with the load, reaches to its maximum & then decreases. The
curves obtained experimentally are shown on the graph
Viva Questions:
Experiment No.:11
Aim:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Precautions:
1) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on
the work table.
2) Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starters moving arm
is at its maximum resistance position.
3) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connection are checked
by the teacher
4) Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
5) Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft
so that it reads correctly.
Observations:
(A) FOR ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL
Field current (If) =
Sr.
If (Amp)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Amps (constant)
Va (Volts)
Speed (N) rpm.
Graph:
If (amp)
volts (constant)
Va (Volts)
Conclusion:
It is observed that the speed of dc shunt motor increases above normal value by field
current control method and decreases below normal value by armature control method.
Discussion:-
Q.1.What are the limitations of armature voltage control and field current control
methods?
Q.2. Why both rheostats are kept at minimum resistance position in the starting
condition?
Q.3. What is starter? Why is it required?
Q.4. What is back emf? What is its significances?
Q.5. Why is starter required during starting condition & not during running condition?
Q.6. Draw internal and external characteristics of dc shunt motor.
Q.7. What are the applications of dc shunt motor?
Q.8. Why are brushes made form carbon?
Q.9. Why is thin conductor used for field winding? & thick conductor for
armature winding?
Experiment No.:12
Aim: - TO PERFORM LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
Apparatus:-
M.G. Set, D.C. Generator (1kw, 4.6A, 230V, 1500rpm.self exct. Compound gene.)
D.C.Motor (1kw, 4.6A, 230V, 1500rpm.self exct. Shunt Motor.)
Two Voltmeter (0-300V) D.C.
Two Ammeter (0-10A) D.C.
Two Field Rheostat (400, 1.7A)
Lading Rheostat (1kw,)
Tachometer (0-1500rpm.)
0-10 A
+
220 V , DC
SUPPLY
0-300 V
FF
M
AA
0-10 A
Theory:-
1000
1.2 A
FF
AA
0-300 V
L
O
A
D
400
1.7 A
DC MOTOR
D. C. GENERATOR
Observation Table:Sr.
No.
Motor Side
Vm
Volts
Generator Side
Im
Vg
Amp Volts
Ig
Amp
Motor Input
= VmxIm
(Watts)
Generator
Output =
VgxIg (watts)
Efficiency of
generator =
VgIg
------- x 100
VmIm
Calculation:-
O/p of generator
Generator efficiency G = ----------------------I/p of generator
O/p of motor
Motor efficiency m = -------------------I/p of motor
As O/P of motor = I/p of generator
G m =
O/p of generator
------------------I/p of motor
O/p of generator
G = -------------------I/p of motor
Graph:-
1/2
Vg
%
Efficiency
Output of
Generator
IL
The external characteristics of d.c. Shunt generator and efficiency curve are plotted. The
terminal voltage of a d.c. Shunt generator reduces as the load current is increased
Viva Questions:-
1) What should be done if the d.c. Shunt generator fails to build up?
2) What are the reasons of fall of terminal voltage of a d.c. shunt generator
3) Define armature reaction.
4) What are the different types of losses in generator?
5) What is the e.m.f. Equation of generator?
6) What is the relation between Eb and V?
7) What is the function of commutator?
8) What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
Experiment No.:13
Aim:
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
STARTER
L
F
D C SUPPLY
230 V
FF
1000
1.2A
A
Y
AA
D. C. MOTOR
0-300 V
AC
ALTERNATOR
F
FIELD WDG OF
ALTERNATOR
0-1A
DC
FF
1000
,1.2A
230 V DC
F
D.C. SUPPLY
230 V
FF
AA
(0 -5 A)
AC
1000
1.2A
ALTERNATOR
D.C. MOTOR
FF
FIELD WDG
OF ALTERNATOR
(0-1A)
DC
D.C. SUPPLY
Procedure:
[A]
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Precautions:
10) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
11) Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starters moving arm is at its maximum
resistance position.
12) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are checked by the teacher
13) Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
14) Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft so that it reads
correctly.
6) Ensure that the winding currents do not exceed their rated values.
Observations:
Alternator armature resistance per phase Ra = ------Rotor speed = -------------------- RPM (constant).
Sr. No
Graph:
O.C TEST.
Field current Terminal voltage
If (Amp)
Per phase Vo
Sr. No.
S.C.TEST.
Field current
Short circuit
If
current Isc
Plot the readings to draw following graphs. Use same graph paper for both curves.
1. If versus Vo (from OC test)
2. If versus Isc (from SC test)
Calculations:
OA
Vo1
Zs = ---------- = ----------for field current Isc1
OB
Isc1
Isc1 is selected over the linear part of OCC, generally it corresponds to rated armature current.
Synchronous impedance
Synchronous reactance
Xs = (Zs2 - Ra2)
Where Ra = Armature resistance of alternator (per phase)
S.N. Zs
Zs (av).
Xs
Xs (av).
Calculate the excitation emf Eo and voltage regulation for full-load and
1. 0.8 lagging p.f.
2. UPF
3. 0.8 leading p.f.
Eo = [(V cos + Ia Ra)2 + (V sin + Ia Xs)2]
+ sign is for lagging pf load.
- sign is for leading pf load.
V = rated terminal voltage per phase of alternator
Eo - V
%Regulation = ------------ x 100
V
Phasor Diagrams:
Draw phasor diagrams for above three loads and verify the calculated results.
Result:
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Experiment No.:14
Aim:
Apparatus:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Circuit Diagram:
+
STARTER
F
A
D C SUPPLY
230 V
0-5 A
A
R
FF
0-300 V
AA
1.2A
D. C. MOTOR
ALTERNATOR
0-1A
DC
FF
FIELD WDG OF
ALTERNATOR
1000
Theory:
L
O
A
D
A
B
1000
1.2 A
230 V DC
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Precautions:
15) All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
16) Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starters moving arm is at its maximum
resistance position.
17) Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connection are checked by the teacher
18) Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
19) Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft so that it reads
correctly.
Observation:
Sr.
No.
Load current
Calculations:
Result:
Terminal voltage
Vt
volts.
% Regulation
E - Vt
% regulation = --------------- x 100
E
The regulation at full load and ---- power factor is found to be ---------- %
Conclusion:
Discussion:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Experiment No.:15
Aim: TO PLOT V & INVERTED V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.
Apparatus:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Circuit Diagram:
M
0-10 A
0-10A
3 PHASE
SUPPLY
440 V
V
Y
FF
ALTERNATOR
PF- METER
600 V,10 A
L
O
A
D
D. C.
GENERATOR
FF
0.2 A DC
0-300 V
400
1.7A
AA
FIELD WDG OF
ALTERNATOR
230 V dc
Theory:
It should cover the following.
1. Significance of V & inverted V curves of synchronous motor.
2. Phasor diagram of a synchronous motor showing effect of change in excitation
3. Necessary condition for obtaining V & inverted V curves
4. Explanation about circuit diagram
Procedure:
1) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Adjust the field rheostat of DC generator at maximum position, the potential divider at zero output
position and the load at off condition.
3) Switch on the 3-ph. supply, start the synchronous motor and let it run at its rated speed.
4) Switch on the DC supply and adjust the generator field current to a suitable value so that it generates
rated voltage.
5) Increase the alternator field current and note down corresponding power factor and armature current
covering a range from low lagging to low leading power factor through a unity power factor. Note
that armature current is minimum when the p.f. in unity.
6) Repeat step No.5 for some constant load on the Generator.
Observations:
[A] AT NO LOAD
Sr.
No.
If
Power Factor
(cos)
Ia
[B] AT LOAD
Sr.
No.
If
Power Factor
(cos)
Ia
Graph: Plot the curves between armature current (Ia) vs field current (If) and power factor
(cos) vs field current (If)
Conclusion:
1. The variation of armature current (line current) and its power factor due to field current variation at
load and at no load are shown. The armature current is minimum when the PF is unity.
2. As load increases the V curve shifts upward and the inverted V curve shift towards right.
Viva Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.