Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 324329

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Experimental investigation on the thermal performance of a coiled heat

exchanger using a new hybrid nanofluid
H.R. Allahyar, F. Hormozi, B. ZareNezhad
Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 4 September 2015
Received in revised form 26 March 2016
Accepted 27 March 2016
Available online 30 March 2016
Keywords:
Thermal performance
Heat exchanger
Hybrid
Nanofluid
Nanoparticle

a b s t r a c t
In this work the thermal performance of hybrid and single type nanofluid is investigated in a coiled heat
exchanger at constant wall temperature and laminar flow operating conditions. The nanoparticle concentration is in the range of 0.10.4 vol% and the composition of the synthesized nanoparticle regarding
hybrid nanofluid experiments is 97.5% alumina and 2.5% Ag. The maximum rate of heat transfer can
be obtained by using the hybrid nanofluid at a concentration of 0.4 vol% which is 31.58% higher than that
of the distilled water. Overall, the maximum thermal performance factor for hybrid nanofluid is about
2.55 suggesting the superior performance of the presented approach for energy intensification in heat
exchangers.
2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.

1. Introduction
Many researchers have been investigating about the heat transfer in the industry for many decades in which they have proposed
various methods including using curved pipes. Another way to
improve the heat transfer is to use fluids of transferring heat
namely water, ethylene glycol and oil. In order to enhance the heat
transfer and overcome the limited capability of conventional fluids
including water, ethylene glycol and oil, the researchers have proposed to use advanced fluids with higher thermal conductivity
instead of conventional fluids. For the first time Maxwell [1],
studying the performance of suspended particles, indicated that
the dispersion of millimeter/micrometer-sized particles in the base
fluids leads to the improvement of the heat transfer. However, adding these particles results in some problems including erosion of
the components due to the abrasion caused by the particles, clogging of narrow passages, settling of the particles and increased
pressure drop. After several decades for the first time Choi [2] at
Argonne National Laboratory introduced nanofluid could tackle
these problems. Eastman et al. [3] have also studied the effect of
nanofluid thermal conductivity. They have shown that ethylene
glycol-based copper nanofluid has a higher thermal conductivity
in comparison with oxide form of particles. A 40% increase in thermal conductivity due to existence of the nanofluid (containing
ethylene glycol and 0.3% by volume of copper with a diameter less
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bzarenezhad@semnan.ac.ir (B. ZareNezhad).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.027
0894-1777/ 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.

than 10 nm) has been observed. Zeinali Heris et al. [4,5] have also
investigated the effects of aluminum oxide and copper oxide nanofluid at laminar flow and constant wall temperature conditions.
They have concluded that an increase in nanoparticle concentration improves the heat transfer coefficient. They have also shown
that aluminum oxide nanofluid gives better results in comparison
with copper oxide regarding convective heat transfer.
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [6] have studied the heat
transfer and pressure drop performance of water-based titanium
dioxide nanofluid in turbulent flow conditions and shown that
with increased Reynolds number and particle concentration, heat
transfer coefficient increases by 26%. Syam Sundar and Sharma
[7] have conducted experimental studies on the turbulent heat
transfer and friction coefficient in the presence of alumina nanofluid (in a circular tubes with twisted tape inserts) and reported
a 33.5% increase in heat transfer coefficient and a 1.096% increase
in friction coefficient.
Suresh et al. [8] have investigated the thermal performance of
alumina and copper oxide nanofluid using the twisted tape inserts
in tube under constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. They
have concluded that under constant thermal conditions in the
twisted tape, copper oxide nanofluid shows better performance
as compared to the alumina nanofluid. In addition, copper oxide
nanofluid imposes higher pressure drop as compared to the alumina nanofluid and the use of twisted tape increases this pressure
drop to a greater extent. Suresh et al. [9,10] have experimentally
studied heat transfer characteristics and friction coefficient of
water-based copper oxide and alumina nanofluid under laminar

H.R. Allahyar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 324329

325

Nomenclature
A
b
Cp
d
D
De
f
h
He
K
L
m
N
Nu
Pr
Re
T
U

inner surface of tube (m2)

pitch of coil (m)
specific heat (J kg
1 K
1)
inside diameter of tube (m)
diameter of coil (m)
Dean number
Fanning friction factor
heat transfer coefficient (W m
2 K
1)
helical coil number
thermal conductivity (W m
1 K
1)
length of tube (m)
mass flow rate (kg s
1)
number of coil turns
average Nusselt number
Prandtl number
Reynolds number
temperature (K)
average velocity (m s
1)

flow and constant heat flux conditions and concluded that

increased concentration of nanoparticles in the solution increased
Nusselt number (Nu) and friction coefficient. Additionally, the use
of twisted tape instead of straight tubes significantly increases the
Nusselt number.
Tajik Jamal-Abad et al. [11] have investigated the heat transfer
and pressure drop characteristics of water-based copper and aluminum nanofluid in spiral coils at constant wall temperature and
laminar flow conditions and found that the thermal conductivity
of copper nanofluid is about 18% higher than that of the aluminum
nanofluid. They have also shown that an increase in the nanoparticle concentration leads to an increase in the thermal conductivity
and pressure drop.
Sajadi and Kazemi [12] have experimentally studied turbulent
convective heat transfer and pressure drop of titanium oxide nanofluid in circular tubes under constant wall temperature and concluded that the increased concentration of nanoparticles had no
significant effect on the rate of heat transfer and pressure drop.
Fakoor-Pakdaman et al. [13] have conducted an experimental
study on the pressure drop due to the flow of water-based carbon
nanotubes in helical coils at laminar flow and constant wall temperature conditions. They have shown that pressure drop increased
with increased nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number,
while pressure drop decrease occured with increased coil diameter
with regard to tube diameter. Furthermore, the dependence of
pressure drop on the step length was negligible, and they reported
increased pressure drop by 3.5 times with the concentration of
0.45% compared to the base fluid in the regular tube.
Although a lot of researches have been conducted on single-step
nanofluids, there is very limited information on the performance of
nanocomposites. Synthesis and preparation of nanocomposites
have been recently considered due to their special attraction.
Nanocomposite generally refers to a nanofluid composed of two different materials with nanoscale particles. Suresh et al. [14] have
studied the effect of water-based aluminacopper hybrid nanofluid
on the heat transfer rate and pressure drop at laminar flow and constant heat flux conditions. The results indicate that at the 0.1% volume concentration of nanoparticles, the maximum increase in heat
transfer rate and pressure drop are 13.6% and 16.97% respectively.
Baghbanzadeh et al. [15] have studied the thermal conductivity
of silica-nanotube hybrid nanofluid and shown that the thermal
conductivity of multi-walled nanotubes nanofluid and silica

Greek letters
DP
axial pressure drop (Pa)
g
thermal performance factor
q
density (kg m
3)
l
dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
k
curvature ratio (=D/d)
u
nanoparticle volume fraction (%)
Subscripts
C
coiled tube
exp
experimental
f
base fluid
nf
nanofluid
p
particle
S
straight tube
th
theoretical
w
wall

nanofluid is about 23.3% and 8.85% more than the base fluid,
respectively. The most enhancement and the least enhancement
in the effective thermal conductivity of the fluids were associated
with MWCNTs (23.3%) and silica nanospheres (8.8%), while the
enhancement for the hybrid nanomaterial was a value between
MWCNT and silica nanoparticles. Furthermore, the hybrid consisting of higher percentage of MWCNTs showed more increase in
effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, compared with
the other hybrid. Syam Sundar et al. [16] have also conducted an
experimental investigation on heat transfer coefficient and friction
coefficient at the conditions of fully developed turbulent flow and
constant flux and reported 9.35% and 22.62% increase in heat transfer rate and friction coefficient respectively.
In the present work, the thermal performance and pressure
drop in a helical coil under laminar flow and constant wall temperature conditions employing a hybrid nanofluid (prepared by using
aluminasilver nanocomposite) are experimentally investigated
and the obtained results are compared to those of a single-step
nanofluid (alumina).

2. Experimental setup and procedure

The schematic diagram of the employed setup is shown in
Fig. 1. The system is kept at isothermal operating condition by
using a PID control system. The tank is fully insulated with rock
wool in order to avoid heat loss and a 2 kW heater is immersed
in the tank to supply the required heat. For measuring inlet and
outlet pressures, very sensitive pressure transmitters (model PSCH
0.5BCIA SENSYS) have been employed. Two accurate T-type thermocouples are inserted so as to measure the inlet and outlet temperature of the fluid in the tube. Furthermore, six K-type
thermocouples are installed at different positions to measure the
surface temperature distribution of the tested part (tube). The flow
rate is estimated by an ultrasonic system with an accuracy of
0.05 l/m. The physical characteristics of the copper coil are shown
in Table 1. In this work a water based single-step nanofluid containing alumina with an average diameter of 55 nm and a waterbased hybrid nanoparticle containing aluminasliver with an average diameter of 80 nm composed of 97.5% alumina and 2.5% silver
(purchased from Nano Pooshesh Felez Co) have been employed,
both of which have spherical shape. There are numerous ways to

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H.R. Allahyar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 324329

Fig. 1. The device used in the experiment.

Table 1
Physical properties of the helical coil (mm).
Tube

Helical coil

2600

65

15

10

bility for 48 h. Fig. 2 shows that the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of nanoparticles dispersed in the distilled
water. The cooling system comprises cooling urban water as well
as a fan for increasing the cooling system efficiency. After preparing and setting up all the equipments, the device is fully calibrated
with pure water and then the main experiments are carried out
with nanofluid at different concentrations. The experiments are
started by turning on the heater, pump and cooling system simultaneously and the flow is controlled using the return system
embedded after the pump. As soon as the tank temperature
reaches saturation (constant temperature of 95 C) point, the pressure, inlet and outlet temperatures, and the surface temperature
are recorded via a data logger system. The experiments have been
performed at least twice to fully ensure the data accuracy (see
Tables 2 and 3).
3. Modeling section
The thermophysical characteristics of the nanofluid are calculated according to the following equations [1719]:

qnf 1
u  qf u  qP

lnf
Fig. 2. TEM images of hybrid nanoparticles.

lf

1
u2:5

q  C P nf 1
u  q  C P f u  q  C p P

prepare nanoparticles, one of which is Solgel method. One of the

advantages of this method is to prepare nanocomposites with high
purity. At first a homogenous suspension including solvent and
precursor (which is going to form the final solution) is solved
and then the homogenous solution is turned into Sol by hydrolysis.
After provoking the particles in Sol by HCL and NaOH, they join
together and form a wet gel. After separating the solution and drying it, the nanoparticles are formed. The produced nanoparticles
are then dispersed in the base fluid by using an ultrasonic device
for 30 min. It is found that the prepared nanofluid preserves its sta-

Thermal conductivity is also calculated using the following

equation [20]:

knf kP 2kf
2kf
kP  u

kf
kP 2kf kf
kP  u

Since the fluid passes through a pipe at a constant temperature,

the convective heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number at
thermal equilibrium is as follows:

m  cp  T b1
T b2

hexp

A  T w
T b M

Table 2
Thermophysical characterizations of nanopowders.
Particle/base fluid

Average diameter (nm)

Purity (%)

Actual density (kg/m3)

CP (J/kg K)

k (W/m K)

Al2O3
Ag
Nanocomposite

55
25
80

99
99
99

3690
9320
3830.75

780
233
766

30.5
429
41

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327

Table 3
Uncertainty of measurement instruments.
Parameter

Instrument

Uncertainty
TM

Fluid flow rate

Flownetix 100series

Steam temperature sensors

Wall temperature sensors

PT-100X thermo resistance

K-type Omega
Thermocouples
PT-100X thermo resistance

Inlet/outlet temperature
sensors
Pressure transmitters

Nuexp

Keller, Series 35X-Bullet

type


hexp
d
k

1% of
reading
0.1 K
0.1 K
0.1 K
1% of
reading

Fig. 3. Nusselt number versus Reynolds number at different concentrations of

nanofluids.

where T W
T b M is a logarithmic temperature difference. Several

important parameters required for description of fluid flow through
the coil include the following:

Re q  U  d=l

Pr cp  l=k

De Re  d=D

1=2

The theoretical equations for predicting the Nusselt number in

straight and helical tubes are estimated by Eqs. (10) and (11)
[21,22]:

NuS 3:66

d=L  Re  Pr  0:0668
1 0:04d=L  Re  Pr

NuC 0:13  f  Re2  Pr

1=3

2=3

10

11

Eq. (12) can be used for determination of pressure drop in the

straight tube where for laminar flow inside a tube, the theoretical
values of Darcy friction factor (f) are evaluated by [21]:

DPS f S  L=d  q  U 2

12

64
Re

13

f S;laminar

After replacing f c with f S and also Lc with L, the above equation

can be used to estimate the pressure drop in the coil. The following
equation can be used for predicting friction coefficient in the coil
[23]:

fC
0:47136  De1=4
fS

nanofluid versus Reynolds number in helical coil at different concentrations of nanofluid is shown. The presented results clearly
show that an increase in Nusselt number is accompanied by
increasing concentration of nanoparticles and Reynolds number.
It should be noted that the distribution and the proportional movement of nanoparticles near to the wall of the pipe due to Brownian
movement and particles migration lead to a fast increase in heat
transfer from the wall of the pipe to nanoparticles. Thus, an
increase in concentration of particles leads to an increase in the
heat transfer rate. The employed helical coil causes a centrifugal
force and secondary flow such that a further dispersion of nanoparticles in the base fluid leads to a decrease in thickness of the
boundary layer. Thus an increase in the heat exchange between
the nanoparticles and the wall of the pipe enhances the Nusselt
number. At a high flow rate, the effects of dispersion of nanoparticles in the base fluid will intensify the vacillation and consequently
the heat transfer is increased. In general, the increase in heat transfer rate in the presence of hybrid nanofluid in helical coil can be
attributed to the increasing rate of Brownian movement of
nanoparticles, migration of the nanoparticles and reduction in
thickness of boundary layer. According to Fig. 3 the employed
hybrid nanofluid in this work leads to a higher Nusselt number
at different operating conditions.
According to Fig. 4, the hybrid nanofluid shows a greater
increase in heat transfer than in the single-step nanofluid. When
the hybrid nanofluid is employed, a maximum increase in Nusselt
number (31.58%) with respect to pure water at the concentration
of 0.4 vol% and Reynolds number 4687 is observed which is higher
than that of the single-step nanofluid (28.42%) at the same

14

The criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent region is

specified by the following equation [24]:

Recri

12; 730
k3:2

15

In this article, the critical Reynolds number is equivalent to 5600

such that for Re < 5500 the laminar flow prevails.
4. Results and discussion
The experiments have been performed at constant wall temperature and laminar flow conditions in a helical coil. The compositions of aluminum and silver in the employed nanocomposite are
97.5% and 2.5% respectively and the nanofluid concentrations are
in the range of 0.10.4 vol%. In Fig. 3, the Nusselt number of

Fig. 4. Nusselt number enhancement in the helical coil at different concentrations

of nanofluids.

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H.R. Allahyar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76 (2016) 324329

operating condition. With increasing nanoparticle contents and

Reynolds number, physical properties of nanofluid undergo
change too. At lower Reynolds number, thermal conductivity of
nanoparticle is the main reason for variation of heat transfer coefficient and consequently it leads to the increase in the rate of heat
transfer. With increasing Reynolds number, the importance of
thermal conductivity on enhancement of heat transfer becomes
less considerable [25,26]. On the other hand, the other mechanisms
including Brownian movement of nanoparticles, migration of the
nanoparticles and reduction of thickness of boundary layer affect
the heat transfer rate [2729]. The Nusselt number enhancement
reaches to its maximum value at the Reynolds number of 4678
as shown in Fig 4. It should be noted that an increase in the Reynolds number leads to an increase in the rate of particle collision
such that the aggregation of nanoparticles may occur. Thus at the
Reynolds numbers higher than 4678, the advantage of using the
nanofluid gradually diminishes such that the Nu number in the
presence of nanoparticles approaches to that of pure water as
shown in Fig. 4 [30,31].
For studying the thermal performance of industrial units, measuring pressure drop of nanofluid is necessary. In Fig. 5, the pressure drop in the presence of nanofluid is shown at different
concentrations. The pressure drop is increased as the Reynolds
number and concentration of particles are increased. This can be
attributed to the increase in the nanofluid viscosity and density.
The Brownian movement of particles and dispersion and vacillations of nanoparticles lead to increase the momentum transfer
between the particles especially near the wall of the pipe such that
the axial pressure drop is increased. It should be noted that an
increase in pressure drop in the presence of hybrid nanofluid
may be due to the formation of particle agglomerates and clusters
which affect the suspension viscosity [32,33].
The thermal performance factor is defined according to the following equation [34]:

g

NuC;nf
NuS;f

DP C;nf
DP S;f

0:1666

Fig. 6. Performance factor versus Reynolds number employing hybrid and singlestep nanofluids.

5. Conclusion
In the present work, the thermal performance and pressure
drop in a helical coil under laminar flow and constant wall temperature conditions employing a hybrid nanofluid (prepared by using
aluminasilver nanocomposite) are experimentally investigated
and the obtained results are compared to those of a single-step
nanofluid (alumina) and pure water. The maximum rate of heat
transfer can be obtained by using the hybrid nanofluid at a concentration of 0.4 vol% which is 31.58% higher than that of the distilled
water. Overall, the maximum thermal performance factor for
hybrid nanofluid is about 2.55 suggesting the superior performance of the proposed hybrid nanocomposite for enhancing the
thermal performance of heat exchangers in chemical and petroleum industries.

References

16

The thermal performance factor of nanofluid is calculated at constant wall temperature and laminar flow in the helical coil with
respect to the straight tube. As shown in Fig. 6, the performance factor is always greater than one. This means that by using the hybrid
nanofluid in the helical, the thermal performance of the system
improves significantly. As shown in this figure, the maximum thermal performance factor for hybrid nanofluid at the nanoparticle
concentration of 0.4 vol% and Re = 4687 is about 2.55.

Fig. 5. The pressure drop versus Reynolds number at different concentrations of

nanofluids.

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