1

A Literature Survey Report On Smart Grid Technologies

Jyothilal Nayak Bharothu, PhD Student, Dr. M Sridhar, Member, IEEE, and Dr R Srinivasa Rao,
Member, IEEE

Abstract-- The Smart Grid can be known as an electric

system that uses information, two-way, cyber-secure
communication
technologies,
and
computational
intelligence in an integrated fashion across electricity
generation, transmission, substations, distribution and
consumption to achieve a system that is clean, safe, secure,
reliable, resilient, efficient, and sustainable. In this paper,
providing a literature survey report on concerned and
facilitating technologies for the Smart Grid. It presenting
here with two major systems, namely the smart
infrastructure system and the smart management system.
This paper also proposes possible future guidelines in each
system.
Index Terms-- Smart Grid, smart management, smart
networking, distributed generation, smart protection systems
etc

THIS

I. INTRODUCTION

paper provides information about future grid.

Reliable and affordable electrical power is essential to the
modern society. The modern electrical power systems cater
the demands in wide range of areas which include the major
components such as generators, transformers, transmission
lines, motors and switch gear systems etc. The availability of
new advanced technologies has made a smarter, more efficient
and sustainable grid to ensure a higher reliability of electrical
power supplied to mankind. Regarded as the next generation
power grid, smart grid has transformed the interconnected
network between electricity consumers and electricity
suppliers. The smart grid system involves transmission,
distribution and generation of electricity. In a smart grid, the
operation of power systems infrastructure has evolved into a
dynamic design instead of a static design.
A smart grid, also called smart electrical/power grid,
Intelligent grid, intelligrid, future grid, intergrid, or intragrid,
is an enrichment of the 20th century power grid. The
conventional power grids are generally used to carry power
from a few central generators to a large number of users or
customers. In compare, the Smart grid uses two-way flows of
electricity and information to create an automated and
distributed advanced energy delivery network.
By utilizing present information technologies [15], the Smart
grid is competent of delivering power in more efficient ways
and responding to wide ranging conditions and events.
Generally stated, the smart grid could react to events that arise
anywhere in the grid, such as power generation, transmission,
978-1-4799-4103-2/14/$31.002014 IEEE

distribution, and consumption, and approve the related

strategies.
In a complex smart grid system, through wide deployment
of new smart grid components and the convergence of existing
information and control technologies applied in the legacy
power grid, it can offer sustainable operations to both utilities
and customers . It can also enhance the efficiency of legacy
power generation, transmission and distribution systems and
penetrate the usage of clean renewable energy by introducing
modern communication systems into smart grids.
In Section II; discussed about smart infrastructure
As smart grid technology and its adoption are expanding
throughout the world, realization in smart grid protection is
important. Protection plays an important role to ensure
realization of power grid reliability, security, and efficiency in
generation, transmission, distribution and control network. It
is a subsystem of Smart Grid which provides advance grid
reliability and security analysis in physical protection and
information protection services. In view of the enhanced
capability of Smart Grid with its smart infrastructure and
management, the role of Smart Grid in a protection system
which supports the failure protection mechanisms effectively
and efficiently. In Section III, the smart management
techniques are discussed. Finally, Section IV makes the
conclusion.
II. SMART INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM
The smart infrastructure system is the energy, information,
and communication infrastructure underlying the Smart Grid.
It ropes two-way run of electricity and information. Note that
it is clear-cut to understand the concept of two-way flow of
information. Two-way flow of electricity implies that the
electric energy release is not unidirectional anymore. For
example, in the conventional power grid, the electricity is
generated by the generation plant, then motivated by the
transmission grid, the distribution grid, and finally delivered to
users. In a Smart Grid [3], electricity can also be place back
into the grid by users. For example, users may be able to
generate electricity using solar panels at homes and place it
back into the grid, or electric vehicles may give power to help
balance loads by peak shaving (transfer power back to the
grid when demand is high). This backward flow is important.
For example, it can be very supportive in a microgrid [10],
that has been islanded due to power failures. The microgrid
can function, even though at a reduced level, with the help of
the energy fed back by the customers. In this survey, further
segregate this smart infrastructure into three subsystems: the
smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and
the smart communication subsystem. Before entering into
these let us have an overview on smart grid.

A. Smart Grid overview

A typical smart grid structure is illustrated in Figure 1. It
contains four subsections which are generation, transmission,
distribution and control network. Each network interconnected
from various locations, information exchange and
communicates through smart communication subsystem such
as an access point with wired or wireless communication
infrastructure. Raw information [7], on the network
healthiness or performance is obtained from smart information
subsystem such as a smart meter, sensor and phasor
measurement unit. Real time network monitoring,
management and control are performed at the control network
such as the electric utility control center. Besides that, a
distribution network can be an individual when dispersed
generation (renewable energy resources) is embedded, that
allowing electricity supply from both Distributed Generation
and utility. The anticipated benefits and requirements of Smart
Grid are the following:
Getting better power reliability and quality;
Optimizing capability utilization and prevention
construction of back-up (peak load) power plants;
Enhancing capability and efficiency of live electric
power networks;
Getting better resilience to interruption;
Enabling analytical maintenance and self-healing
responses to system turbulence;
Facilitating extended use of renewable energy sources;
Cooperative distributed power sources;
Automating safeguarding and operation;
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enriching
electric vehicles and new power sources;
Reducing oil expenditure by reducing the need for
wasteful generation during peak usage periods;
Presenting opportunities to improve grid security;
Enabling change to plug-in electric vehicles and new
energy storage options;
Rising consumer choice;
Enabling fresh products, services, and markets.
B. Smart Energy Subsystem
Two-way flows of electricity and information place the
infrastructure base for the Smart Grid. The smart infrastructure
can be subdivided into the smart energy subsystem, the smart
information subsystem, and the smart communication
subsystem, correspondingly. In this section, explore existing
works on the smart energy subsystem and summarize some
future research guidelines and challenges.

Figure.1. Typical smart grid structures

The conventional power grid is unidirectional in natural
history. Electricity is frequently generated at a few central
power plants by electromechanical generators, mainly driven
by the force of flowing water or heat engines fuelled by
chemical combustion or nuclear power. In order to take
benefit of the economies of size, the generating plants are
generally quite large and situated away from heavily
populated areas. The generated electric power is stepped up to
a higher voltage for transmission on the transmission grid.
The transmission grid moves the power more than long
distances to substations. Upon coming at a substation, the
power will be stepped down from the transmission level
voltage to a distribution level voltage. As the power exits the
substation, it enters the distribution grid. Lastly [13], ahead
arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again
from the distribution voltage to the essential service
voltage(s). Figure. 2 shows an example of the conventional
power grid.
In compare with the conventional power grid, the electric
energy generation and the run pattern in a Smart Grid are
suppler. For example [6], the distribution grid may too be
competent of generating electricity by using solar panels or
wind turbines.
In this survey, still split the energy subsystem into
Power generation, transmission grid, and distribution grid.

Figure. 2. An Example of the Traditional Power Grid

C. Power Generation
Electricity generation is the practice of generating electricity
from other forms of energy, such as natural gas, coal, nuclear
power, the sun, and wind. During the 1820s and early 1830s,
British scientist Michael Faraday discovered the fundamental
principles of electricity generation: electricity can be
generated by the motion of a loop of wire or a disc of copper
between the poles of a magnet [1], a principle still being used
nowadays. There are lots of energy sources used to generate
electric power. As fossil fuels get exhausted and usually get
more costly, it is likely that renewable energy will play a more
significant role in the future power generation.
In compare to the power generation in the conventional power
grid, smarter power generation becomes likely as the two way
flows of electricity and information are supported. A solution
power generation paradigm enabled by Smart Grid will be the
distributed generation (DG). DG takes benefit of distributed
energy resource (DER) systems (e.g. solar panels and small
wind turbines), which are often small-scale power generators
(typically in the range of 3 kW to 10,000 kW), in order to get
better the power quality and reliability. For example, a
microgrid, which is a localized assemblage of electricity
generators and loads, can cut off from the macrogrid so that
distributed generators carry on to power the users in this
microgrid without obtaining power from outer. Thus, the
trouble in the macrogrid can be isolated and the electric power
supply quality is enhanced. A study from the global Energy
Agency pointed out that a power system based on a large
number of reliable little DGs can operate with the same
reliability and a lower capacity margin than a system of
likewise reliable large generators.
A review of diverse distributed energy technologies such
as micro turbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells, and wind power
turbines can be found. However, implementing DG(s) in
practice is not an easy plan due to a number of reasons. First,
DG involves bulky scale deployments for generation from
renewable resources, such as solar and wind, whose yield is,
though, subject to wide fluctuations. In general, the generation
patterns ensuing from these renewable and the electricity
demand patterns are distant from being equal. Therefore,
efficient utilization of the DG in a way that is aware of the
variability of the yield from renewable sources is significant.
In view of the DGs potential benefits on power quality, a
methodical research on how to balance the high capital costs
and the reliable power supplies bring by DG is essential. Even
though it can only see a limited saturation of DG in todays
power system, the future SG is expected to approve a large
number of distributed generators to form a much more
decentralized power system. It may develop from the present
system in three stages:
Accepting DGs in the present power system;
Introducing a decentralized system of DGs cooperating
with the centralized generation system;
Supplying largely power by DGs and a partial amount
by central generation.
Note that as DG enables the users to deploy their own

generators, the major deployment of DG will also alter the

conventional power grid design tactic, in which the generators
are coupled to the transmission grid.
The growth and deployment of DG further leads to a idea,
namely Virtual Power Plant (VPP), which manages a large
group of distributed generators with a total capacity similar to
that of a usual power plant.
This group of distributed generators is jointly run by a central
controller. The rigorous operational mode delivers extra profit
such as the capability to deliver crest load electricity or loadaware power generation at little notice. Such a VPP can put
back a usual power plant while providing higher efficiency
and additional flexibility. Note that more flexibility allows the
system to respond better to fluctuations. However, a VPP is
also a composite system requiring a complicated optimization,
control, and secure communication tactic.
D. Transmission Grid
On the power transmission side, factors such as infrastructure
challenges (increasing load demands and rapidly aging
components) and novel technologies (new materials, advanced
power electronics [2], and communication technologies) drive
the growth of smart transmission grids. The smart
transmission grid can be regarded as an included system that
functionally consists of three interactive components: smart
control centers, smart power transmission networks, and
smart substations.
Based on the offered control centers, the future smart control
centers allow many new features, such as systematic
capabilities for analysis, monitoring, and idea. The smart
power transmission networks are abstractly built on the
offered electric transmission infrastructure. However, the
surfacing of new technologies (e.g new materials, electronics,
sensing, communication, computing, and signal processing)
can help get better the power utilization, power quality, and
system security and reliability, thus drive the growth of a new
structure architecture for transmission networks.
The dream of the smart substation is built on the offered
complete automation technologies of substations. Although
the essential configurations of high-voltage substations have
not altered much over the years, the monitoring, measurement,
and control equipment have undergone a sea change in current
years. Major characteristics of a smart substation shall take in
digitalization, atomization, coordination, and self-healing. By
supporting these features, a smart substation is able to respond
quickly and provide improved operator safety.
In short, with a common digitalized platform, in the smart
transmission grid it is likely to enable more flexibility in
control and operation, let for embedded intelligence, and
promote the resilience and sustainability of the grid.
E. Distribution Grid
For the distribution grid, the most significant problem is how
to bring power to serve the end users better. Still, as many
distributed generators will be included into the smart
distributed grid, this, on one hand, will boost the system
flexibility for power generation, and on the additional hand,
also makes the power run control a lot more complicated, in
turn, necessitating the study of smarter power distribution and
delivery mechanisms.

The primary one is a circuit switching system based on

alternating current (AC) power distribution, and the other is a
direct current (DC) power dispatching system via power
packets. Note that the packetization of energy is an interesting
but tough task since it requires high power switching devices.
More purposely, complete electricity from energy sources is
separated into several units of payload. A header and subtitle
are attached to the unit to form an electric energy packet.
When the router receives packets, they are sorted according to
the addresses in the headers and then sent to the parallel loads.
Using energy packet, as long as power is easily synchronized
by controlling the number of sent packets. In adding, many inhome electric devices are driven by DC power and have builtin power change circuits to commutate AC input voltage. Thus
[11], DC based power distribution is possible. These systems
will make in-home power distribution systems more
competent and easier to control energy run.
F. Microgrid
Distributed generation promotes the growth of a new grid
model, called microgrid [2], which is seen as one of the
cornerstones of the future Smart Grid. The natural
development of the SG is expected to come through the plugand-play mixing of microgrids. A microgrid is a contained
grouping of electricity generations, energy storages, and loads.
In the usual operation, it is connected to a conventional power
grid (macrogrid). The users in a microgrid can produce low
voltage electricity using distributed generation, such as solar
panels, wind turbines, and fuel cells. The single point of
common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected,
with the microgrid performance autonomously. This operation
will result in an islanded microgrid, in which distributed
generators carry on to power the users in this microgrid
without obtaining power from the electric utility situated in the
macrogrid. Figure. 3 shows an case of the microgrid. Thus, the
many distributed generators and the capability to isolate the
microgrid from a larger network in disturbance will give
highly consistent electricity supply. This planned islanding of
generations and loads has the potential to give a higher local
reliability than that provided by the power system as a whole.
Note that even though these users do not obtain the power
from outside in the islanding mode, they may still exchange
some information with the macrogrid. For example, they may
want to know the position of the macrogrid and decide
whether they should reconnect to the macrogrid and obtain
power from the electric service. This includes improved
reliability, high access of renewable sources, self-healing,
active load control, and better efficiencies. For case, in order
to understand self-healing during outages, microgrids can
switch to the islanding mode and as a result the users in
microgrids will not be precious by outages.

Figure 3. Microgrid connection

G. Smart Information Subsystem
The development of Smart Grid relies on not only the progress
of power equipment technology, but also the upgrading of
complicated computer monitoring, analysis, optimization, and
control from fully central utility locations to the distribution
and transmission grids. A lot of of the concerns of distributed
automation should be addressed from an information
technology perspective, such as interoperability of statistics
exchanges and integration with existing and future devices,
systems, and applications. So, a smart information subsystem
is used to hold information generation, modelling, integration,
study, and optimization in the context of the Smart Grid.
In this section, focus on the smart information subsystem. First
explore the information metering and measurement, which
generates information from end entities (e.g. smarter meters,
sensors, and phasor measurement units) in a Smart Grid. This
information is frequently used for billing, grid status
monitoring, and user appliance control. Then look at the
information management, including data modelling,
information analysis, integration, and optimization. Finally
outline some future research directions and challenges.
H. Information Metering and Measurement
Study in information metering and measurement can be
classified into smart metering, and smart monitoring and
measurement. In the following, explain this classification in
point.
a) Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important
mechanism used in the Smart Grid for obtaining information
from end users devices and appliances, while also controlling
the performance of the devices. Automatic metering
infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are themselves built
upon automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, are broadly
regarded as a sound strategy to realize Smart Grid. AMR is the
technology of routinely collecting analytical, expenditure, and
status data from energy metering devices and transferring that
data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and
analyzing. AMI differs from traditional AMR in that it enables
two-way communications with the meter. So almost all of this
information is available in real time and on demand, allowing
for better system operations and customer power demand
organization.

b) Smart meters, which carry two-way communications amid

the meter and the central system, are like in many aspects to
AMI meters, or occasionally are regarded as part of the AMI.
A smart meter is typically an electrical meter that records use
in intervals of an hour or less and sends that information at
least every day back to the utility for monitoring and billing
purposes. Also [12], a smart meter has the capability to
disconnect-reconnect slightly and organize the user appliances
and devices to manage loads and demands within the future
smart-buildings. Figure. 4 show a typical usage state for
smart meters.
From a consumers outlook, smart metering offers a figure of
potential profit. For example, end users are able to estimate
bills and thus direct their energy consumptions to decrease
bills. From a utilitys viewpoint, they can use smart meters to
understand real-time pricing, which tries to encourage users to
reduce their demands in peak load periods, or to optimize
power flows according to the information sent from demand
sides.
c) Smart Monitoring and Measurement: An important function
in the dream of Smart Grid is monitoring and measurement of
grid status. It review the following two main monitoring and
measurement approaches, i.e. sensors and phasor
measurement units.
Sensors: Sensors or sensor networks have previously been
used as a monitoring and measurement approach for dissimilar
purposes. In order to notice mechanical failures in power grids
such as conductor failures, tower collapses, hot spots, and
extreme mechanical conditions [18], That sensor networks
should be fixed into the power grid and help to evaluate the
real-time mechanical and electrical situation of transmission
lines, obtain a complete physical and electrical image of the
power system in real time, analyze coming up as well as
permanent faults, and determine appropriate control measures
that could be mechanically taken and/or suggested to the
system operators once an extreme mechanical condition
appears in a transmission line. Wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) in exacting, given their low cost, can provide a
feasible and cost-effective sensing and communication stage
for remote system monitoring and diagnosis. Reviewed the
application of WSNs for electric power systems along with
their opportunities and challenges and accessible a complete
trial study in different electric power system environments.
They finished that with the help of WSN, a single system
incident in the power grid could be detected and isolated
before it causes cascading property and leads to more tragic
system-wide breakdowns.
I. Information Management
In Smart Grid, a large quantity of data and information will be
generated from metering, sensing, monitoring, etc. Smart grid
must support sophisticated information management. The task
of the information management is information modeling,
information analysis, integration, and optimization.

Figure 4. Smart metering system

a) Data Modeling: The goal of SG information technology
data modeling is to provide a guide to creating constant,
displayable, compatible, transferable, and editable data symbol
for use inside the emerging Smart Grid. In other words, the
aim is to make it as interoperable as probable using relevant
standards. That is specifically addressing the data that
represent state information about the grid and entity items in
it. This would include nearly all connected items from
generation down to entity consuming devices. They all have
state information that may need to be read, stored, transmitted,
etc. Why is data modeling key? Let us look at the following
two reasons. First, the information exchange between two
application elements is significant only when both of them can
use the information exchanged to perform their individual
tasks. Therefore, the structure and meaning of the exchanged
information must be implicit by both application elements.
b) Information Analysis, Integration, and Optimization:
Information analysis is needed to support the giving out,
explanation, and correlation of the overflow of new grid
observations, since the widely deployed metering and
monitoring systems in Smart Grid will generate a big amount
of data for the utility. One part of the analytics would be
performed by accessible applications, and another part of the
analytics dimension is with new applications and the ability of
engineers to use a workbench to create their modified
analytics dashboard in a self-service model.
Information integration aims at the merging of information
from different sources with differing theoretical, contextual,
and typographical representations. In Smart Grid, a large
amount of information has to be integrated. First, the data
generated by new components enabled in Smart Grid may be
included into the existing applications, and metadata stored in
birthright systems may also be used by new applications in
Smart Grid to provide new interpretations. Second, at present
most value companies have limited installed capability for
integration across the applications linked with system
planning, power release, and customer operations. In most
cases, this information in each department is not easily nearby
by applications and users in other departments or
organizations. These islands of information communicate to
islands of independent business activities. So, the emerging
Smart Grid calls for enterprise level integration of these
islands to develop and optimize information utilization all
through the organization.

III. SMART MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In Smart Grid two-way flows of electricity and information
are supported, which lay the base for realizing a variety of
functions and management objectives, such as energy
efficiency development, operation cost reduction, demand and
supply balance, emission control, and utility maximization. A
common surface understanding about Smart Grid is that only
the energy, information and communication infrastructure
underlying the Smart Grid is smart. This is not true. The more
accurate assessment is: With the development of new
management applications and services that can leverage the
technology and capability upgrades enabled by this advanced
infrastructure the grid will keep becoming smarter.
For example, let us consider demand response [20], one of the
most important concepts supported by Smart Grid.
Traditionally, the electric utilities try to match the supply to
the demand for energy. Though, this may be not only
expensive but also impractical, maybe impossible in the longer
run. This is because the total amount of power demand by the
users can have an extremely extensive probability distribution,
which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to
respond to the rapidly changing power usage. The last 10% of
generating capacity may be required in as little as 1% of the
time. The attempts to meet the demand could fail, resulting in
brownouts (i.e. a drop in voltage), blackouts (i.e. electrical
power outage), and even cascading failures. In Smart Grid,
demand response manages the customer consumption of
electricity in response to supply conditions. More specifically,
by using demand response, Smart Grid does not need to match
the supply to the demand, but in contrast, to match the demand
to the obtainable supply by using control technology or
convincing the consumers (such as through variable pricing)
thus achieving better capacity utilization. In this section,
explore smart management in Smart Grid. First classify smart
management techniques according to their management
objectives and then according to their management methods
and tackle.
A. Management Objectives
Within the framework of Smart Grid, many management
goals, which are difficult and possibly infeasible to realize in
conventional power grids, become possible and easy. So far,
the works for smart management mainly focus on the
following three objectives:
Energy competence and demand profile development;
Effectiveness and cost optimization, and price
stabilization;
Emission organizes.
The research on energy efficiency and demand profile mostly
focuses on two topics. The first one can be categorized as
demand profile shaping. It can help match the demand to the
available supply. The usual way to form demand profile is
shifting, scheduling, or dipping demand in order to reshape a
demand profile full of peaks to a nicely smoothed demand
profile, or reduce the peak-to-average ratio or peak demand of
the total energy demand. As discussed before, since electrical
generation and transmission systems are generally sized to
correspond to peak demand, lowering peak demand and
smoothing demand outline reduces generally plant and capital
cost requirements, and also increases the system reliability.
Next , briefly describe these research works.

The second topic of energy efficiency and demand profile is

minimizing energy loss. However, using distributed energy
generation in Smart Grid makes this problem more
complicated. In order to minimize the system energy loss,
proposed to determine the optimal accommodation of
distributed renewable energy generation for minimizing
energy loss by using an optimal multi-period alternating
current power flow.
B. Management Methods and Tools
In order to resolve management objectives, researchers have
adopted various methods and tools. Thus far, researchers
mainly use optimization, machine learning, game theory, and
auction as tools to solve various management problems. For
optimization approaches [19], the commonly used
mathematical tools are convex programming and dynamic
programming. Since the renewable energy supply is often a
time-varying process, other optimization techniques such as
stochastic programming and robust programming are also
widely used. In addition, since the particle swarm optimization
can solve complex constrained optimization problems quickly,
with accuracy and without any dimensional limitation and
physical computer memory limit, it is also a widely used
optimization tool. Machine learning focuses on the design and
development of algorithms that allow control systems to
evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor
or Phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. used online learning
application to implicitly estimate the impact of future energy
prices and consumer decisions on long term costs, and thus
schedule residential device usage. Used online machine
learning to examine the renewable energy resource use
strategy in islanded microgrids. More specifically, a customer
tries to decide among multiple renewable energy sources
which should be used to maximize profit. Although the power
pattern of the renewable energy source is not known in
advance, they proved that when the time horizon is
sufficiently large [14], on average the upper bound on the gap
between the expected profit obtained at each time slot by
using the optimal renewable energy source and that by
following their strategies is arbitrarily small. Allowing for that
a large number of smart meters, sensors, and PMUs will be
deployed, believe that machine learning will play an important
role in analysis and processing of user data and grid states.
Game theory is also a strong analysis tool for SG
management. One reason is that it cannot always suppose and
require all the users to be cooperative. Game theory can help
us design effective schemes to cope with this case.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this article, the literature review of current state-of-art in
Smart infrastructure & smart management techniques is
presented. These includes
Energy subsystem, more specially,
Power generation, transmission, and distribution.
This as well described new grid paradigms: microgrid
Smart information subsystem, especially information
metering, measurement, and management in Smart
Grid.

Smart communication subsystem, together with

wireless technologies, wired technologies, and endto-end communication management.
Many management goals, which are difficult and even
infeasible to understand in conventional power grids,
develop into easy and possible.
In order to realize a reliable and stable smart grid operation,
the article also focuses in system reliability analysis and
failure in protection mechanism. Although smart grid enable
power grid to be empowered with intelligent and advanced
capabilities, it also opens up many new challenges and risks.
Hence some challenges and risks in both topics are also briefly
discussed, along with possible solution to overcome it.
However, more in depth and throughout research in the
physical protection system is required to ensure the operation
of smart grid to be reliable and stable.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Ph. D work
supervisor Dr M Sridhar & co supervisor Dr R Srinivasa Rao
for their extensive guidance.
I thank to our Institute Executive directors Mr. T Sai kumar
& Mr. D Baba for providing creative environment for this
work. Also I am very much thankful to our Institute principal
Dr. K Ramesh for his kind permission and encouragement to
write research paper. I would like to extend my heartfelt
thanks to my colleagues. And finally I am very much obliged
to my respected parents who inspiring me around the clock.
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VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Jyothilal
Nayak
Bharothu
received
the
B.E(Electrical
&Electronics Engg.) from S.R.K.R
Engg.
College
Bhimavaram
(Andhra University) in 2006,
M.Tech.( High Voltage Engg) from
JNTU Kakinada University in2009.
And pursuing PhD from JNTUK,
Kakinada. He has five years of
teaching experiences in the field of Electrical Engg. In India,
his field of interest is power systems operation and control.
Presently, he is Associate professor of EEE Dept at Sri
Vasavi Institute of Engineering and Technology Nandamuru
(A.P.), INDIA.
Dr. M Sridhar received B. E. from Madras University, M.
Tech from J N T U Kakinada and PhD from Andhra
University. He is having 15 years teaching experience in the
field of Electrical engineering. He is the member of IEEE, at
present he is working as Professor and HOD of EEE at GIET,
Rajahmundry, (A.P.) INDIA. His area of
interest is power systems and High voltage
Engineering.

Dr.R.Srinivasa Rao, Received M E from IISc Bangalore and

PhD from JNTU, Hyderabad. He is having 16 years of
experience in teaching in the area of Electrical Engineering.
He has received best Teacher in the department adjudged by
B.Tech student consequently 7 times from 2005 to 2011. He is
member of IEEE, at present is an Associate Professor in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Jawaharlal

Nehru Technological university Kakinada,

Kakinada, AP, India. His area of interest
includes electrical power distribution
systems and power system operation and
control.