Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
GEOLOGIA ESTRUCTURAL
AVANZADA
Dr. Luis Mariano Cerca Martnez
Consultor de CAMIPER
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INDICE
1. Introduccin
5. Introduccin a la deformacin.
Cinemtica.
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I. INTRODUCCION
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VISUALIZACION
Grficas
Mapas
Animaciones
SOLUCION
Analtica
Numrica
Analgica
Inversin
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U ndifferential rocks
Miocene-Recent
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Major Thrus t
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2. orden: SECCION
Silicic and andes itic
Volcanic centers
Eocene-Olgacene
Intrus ives
U ndiferentiated in agel
Inferred Thrus t
S - Stratification
Anticline
Continental s ediments
And volcanic rocks
Overtumed anidine
S - Foliation
Maas trichtian-Ecoene
Telecingo Bals as and Oapan Fm
Camparian - Eocene
Arcelia-Palmar Chico
Reeal Limes tone
And redbeds
Aptian-Cenomarian
Tejulpico Anticlinorium
Amabepac Petagic
Limes tone
Aptian-Cenomanian
Metamorphic
Volcanic rocks
Early Cretaceous
PGM
18 00
Teloloapan Arc
Guerrero-Morelos Platform
Metamorphic Paleozoic
basement
Tejupilco Anticlinorium
Metamorphic
Volcanic las tic rocks
Early Cretaceous ?
TejupilcoSchis t
Juras s ic ?
Tecocoyunca G roup
Juras s ic
Acatilan complex
Paleoz oic
3.er orden:
CONCEPTUAL
TEORICO
Cerca et al., 2007
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wide inversion
lower crust
detachment
and foreland transport
of
The inverted basin
basin
1
narrow
inversion
weak zone
1
Model Laramide
04
cratonic
area
opposite vergence
of the narrow basin
advancing wall
Simulated materials
Brittle upper crust
Lower ductile
crust
Weak ductile lower crust
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Geometra.
Cinemtica.
Dinmica (reolgico).
Evolucin trmica.
Cambios de fases.
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EL CONTINUUM
Una idealizacin o abstraccin de la naturaleza.
Tiempo y espacio como continuos.
Material continuo.
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lattice
defect
molecular
continuum mass
density
pore
grain
rock
Length Scale
crustal
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segundo.
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Unidad
Nombre
(smbolo)
Simbolo
Equivalencia
ngulo plano
plano
Angulo
radian
radin
rad
m/m=1
Angulo
ngulo slido
slido
estereorradian
estereorradi
sr
m2/m2 =1
Velocidad
m/s
Aceleracin
m/s2
Velocidad angular
rad/s
Aceleracin angular
rad/s2
Frecuencia
hertz
Hz
s-1
Fuerza
newton
kgm/s2
Presin, esfuerzo
pascal
Pa
N/m2
grado Celsius
lumen
lm
cdsr
lux
lx
lm/m2
becquerel
Bq
s-1
Temperatura Celsius
Flujo luminoso
Iluminancia
Radioactividad
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Prefijos del SI
Factor
Prefijo
Simbolo
Smbol
Factor
Prefijo
Simbolo
Smbol
1024
yotta
10-1
deci
1021
zetta
10-2
centi
1018
exa
10-3
milli
1015
peta
10-6
micro
1012
tera
10-9
nano
109
giga
10-12
pico
106
mega
10-15
femto
103
kilo
10-18
atto
102
hecto
10-21
zepto
101
deka
da
10-24
yocto
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Unidad
Nombre
Simbolo
Smbol
Definicin
minuto
min
1 min = 60 s
hora
1 h=60 min=3600 s
da
grado
1=(/180) rad
minuto
segundo
Volumen
litro
Masa
Ton
mtrica
1 t=1000 kg
Tiempo
ngulo plano
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unit weight
= 26,670 N/m3
1m
Newton y Pascal, en
contexto geolgico.
stress on base
= 26,670 N/m2
1000m
998
999
1000
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rea,
L2
Volumen,
L3
Desplazamiento,
Velocidad,
T-1
Aceleracin,
T-2
Densidad,
M L -3
Fuerza,
M L T -2
Esfuerzo,
M L -1 T -2
Expansin trmica,
-1
3.14159265,
A {=}
V {=}
u {=} L
v {=} L
a {=} L
{=}
F {=}
{=}
{=}
{=} 1
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ANALISIS DIMENSIONAL
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100 m
Offset, O, is
exaggerated.
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1-v
u:= 2
a - x
u {=} L
Coordenada: x {=} L
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(a)
o(m)
u/a
fault #3
C3
0.4
fault #2
0.2
fault #1
x(m)
0.0
0
(b)
100
C1
x/a
-1.0
C2
(d)
0.4 m
0.0
+1.0
a. Graficar datos de
campo o
laboratorio.
uG/2a(1 - v)
+1.0
0.2 m
x(m)
-192m
0.0
+192m -1.0
x/a
0.0
+1.0
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(a)
o(m)
u/a
fault #3
C3
0.4
fault #2
0.2
fault #1
x(m)
0.0
100
u(m)
C1
x/a
-1.0
(b)
C2
(d)
0.4 m
+1.0
0.0
uG/2a(1 - v)
+1.0
0.2 m
x(m)
-192m
0.0
+192m -1.0
x/a
+1.0
0.0
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(a)
o(m)
u/a
fault #3
C3
0.4
fault #2
0.2
fault #1
x(m)
0.0
0
(b)
100
C1
x/a
-1.0
C2
(d)
0.4 m
0.0
+1.0
uG/2a(1 - v)
+1.0
0.2 m
x(m)
-192m
0.0
x/a
+192m -1.0
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+1.0
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(a)
u/a
fault #3
o(m)
C3
0.4
fault #2
0.2
fault #1
x(m)
0.0
0
(b)
100
C1
x/a
-1.0
C2
0.0
(d)
+1.0
uG/2a(1 - v)
0.4 m
+1.0
0.2 m
x(m)
-192m
x/a
+192m -1.0
0.0
0.0
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+1.0
31
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Qu son?
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a)
b)
c)
d)
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Fuerza.
Momento de una fuerza, torque.
Traccin.
Tensor de esfuerzos.
a)
b) y
c)
zy
x
point
yz
a
z
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r x
T
d)
yy
yx
xy
zx
zz
xz
xx
volumen
t(n)
x
z
t(n)
area
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i =1
b)
i =2
i =3
dv
v
f3
f 2 f
1
z2 y2 x2
z1 y1 x1
fn
b := lim
n
PnVn
pb dx dy dz
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bx = 0
by = 0
bz = -g*
g* = 9.80665 m/s2
pbZ
z2 y2 x2
z1 y1 x1
dx dy dz = -pgxyz
= - V
bx = 0, by =0, bz = -g*
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t (n) =
lim
lim
fn
A n
A
P
A n = 0
P
Rock mass
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b)
t[n(1)]
part 2
Surface, S
n(1)
part 2
part 1
Surface, S
part 1 P
n(2)
t[n(2)]
t[n(2)] = -t[n(1)]
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20
40
60
80
1000
v = 0.027z
2000
3000
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h1
Horizontal
tunnel
3
8
1.2
0.6
1.2 1.0
1.0
0.8
h1equal to 3v
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La presin de
magma es
suficiente para
fracturar la roca
encajonante.
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EL TENSOR DE ESFUERZOS
Cuando la t(a) empuja, el esfuerzo es compresivo
(negativo).
Cuando t(b) jala, el esfuerzo de tensin (positivo).
El tensor tiene componentes normales de esfuerzo,
cambio de direccin y magnitud de los esfuerzos.
El elemento C, tiene tracciones oblicuas.
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Tensin (+)
Compresin (-)
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EQUILIBRIO DE FUERZAS
Las fuerzas en los tres ejes
coordinados se balancean en un
estado homogneo de esfuerzos.
La condicin de equilibrio de fuerzas
no restringe los componentes de
esfuerzo.
Fuerzas en el lado x:
Fuerzas en el lado x:
- xx y z
- xy y z
xx y z
xy y z
- xz y z
x=-x
xz y z
x= x
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EQUILIBRIO DE MOMENTOS
Momento alrededor del eje z: esfuerzo
x rea x brazo.
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xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
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EL ESTADO DE ESFUERZOS
Tensor de segundo orden.
ij = ji
i=1,2,3
j=1,2,3
11
12
13
21
22
23
31
32
33
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FORMULA DE CAUCHY
=0
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Componentes de n:
(nx)2 +(ny)2+(nz)2
A = A .|nx|
A = A .|ny|
A = A .|nz|
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tx(n) = t1nx
ty(n) = t2ny
ty(n) = t3nz
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t1 = t2 t3
t1 = t2 = t3
Esfera.
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ELIPSOIDE DE LAME
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t = (t*n)n + nx(txn).
Descompone t en normal
tangente a la superficie.
t(n)
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COMPONENTE NORMAL DE T
tn = x (nx) 2 + yy(ny)2 + zz(nz)2 + 2xynxny + 2yznynz = 2zxnztn = xx(nx)2 + yy(ny)2 + zz(nz)2 + 2xynxny +2yznynz + 2zxnznx
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COMPONENTE DE CIZALLA DE T
|t x n| = |t| |n| sen = |t | sen = |ts|.
Esta cantidad es siempre positiva, no podemos distinguir signos positivos o
negativos.
|t x n| es perpendicular al plano definido por t y n, y est sobre el rea en la que
acta t.
t x n = (tynz-tzny)ex+(tznx-txnz)ey+(txny-tynx)ez
n x (t x n) =
[1-(nx)2]tx-nxnztz-nxnztz]ex+[-nxnytx+[1-(ny)2]ty-nynztz]ey+[-nznxtx-nznyty+[1-(nz)2]tz]ez
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SOLUCION 2D
tn = tx cosx + ty sen x
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zx
xy
yy nn
zy
xz
yz
zz nn
xx nn
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x + x
Deformed
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Sample
Fumace
Atmospheric
Pressure
Press Compesator
Hysteresis
Loop
40
20
0.5
1.0
1.5
Strain (in%)
2.0
2.5
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67
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Stress
dx
E (mdulo de Young). Mide la firmeza del material en
experimentos.
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69
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ij = c ijkl e kl
Donde
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c ijkl = c jikl
c ijkl = c jilk
c ijkl = c klij
Lo cual reduce el problema a 21 constantes; este es el caso
conocido como anisotropa general, pero notar que sigue
siendo elstico lineal.
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, G ;
11 Aos Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global
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Entonces:
- dp ij = d ij + 2deij
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Stress
X
Fracture
Plastic region
Plstico: Deformacin
no recuperable en un
material.
Elastic region
Strain
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MODELOS REOLOGICOS
4
2
3
A
P
E
1
0.2%
=I/L
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COMPORTAMIENTO QUEBRADIZO
Un material es
quebradizo si tiende a
la ruptura cuando se le
aplica un esfuerzo.
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E1
E1
Comportamiento
quebradizo.
E1
Comportamiento
dctil con suavizado de
la deformacin.
Comportamiento
dctil (plstico), sin
cambio.
E1
Comportamiento
dctil con
endurecimiento de la
deformacin.
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50
MPa
Ley de fractura
de Coulomb
en compresin.
tan
2
n
-20
MPa
Cul es el
ngulo
observado entre
la superficie de
fractura y 1 ()?
-50
MPa
S
~30
grados
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Extension test
a)
2= 3
b)
d)
c)
e)
1= 2
Extension
fracture
Splitting
fracture
Shear
fracture
1 - 5%
2 - 8%
Distributed
shearing
Shear
zone
5 - 10%
> 10%
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Confinamiento
0.1 MPa
Confinamiento
98 MPa
Confinamiento
49 MPa
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Crecimiento de microfracturas.
Acuamiento de granos.
Extensin lateral en granos ms
suaves, propicia el fracturamiento
de granos ms duros.
Deslizamiento
de
fracturas
inclinadas.
b)
wedge
flaw
d)
c)
softer
sliding
crack
stiffer
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Normal
Horizontal
Inversa
Mixta
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3
1
strike-slip faults
2
3
2
3
return to menu
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89
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Fallas normales
Conjugadas.
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120
Yield Strength
Yield Strength
100
Rupture
Elastic
Limit
80
60
40
20
0.5
C 140
Differential Stress (in MPa)
B 140
Resistencia de fluencia
1.0
1.5
Strain(in%)
2.0
2.5
120
100
Fricitional Sliding
Along Fault
80
60
40
20
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0
Strain (in%)
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2.5
3.0
92
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MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
slider block
spring
table
top
pull
increases ...
block yet
to move
and
increases ...
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MODELOS DE FALLAMIENTO
stress
fault is formed
elastic
strain
stress
fault is formed
elastic
strain
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Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening
C
300
Yield
Strength
Ultimate
Strength
A
Rupture
Strength
200
100
3
4
Strain (%)
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No Strain
until this
stress level
is reached
Figure 3.53
Protrayal of ideally plastic
deformation. Stress () is raised, but no strain
() accrues until a critical threshold is exceeded.
From that point on, under ideal conditions,
deformation continues as long as the stress
level is maintained.
Como el
chicle.
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stress
inelastic
elastic
weaking
strength drop
snap
becomes
harder
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300
140
80
70
60
200
40
20
100
Crown Point Limistone
8
10
Strain, percent
12
14
16
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Berea Sandstone
All Runs at 24C
Pf = 0 MPa
400
Pf = 50 MPa
300
Pf = 100 MPa
200
100
Pf = 150 MPa
Pf = 200 MPa
10
12
14
Strain (in %)
16
18
20
22
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100
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260
= 4.0 x 10
240
= 4.0 x 10
220
-2 /sec
-3 /sec
200
= 3.3 x 10
-4/sec
180
160
Differential Stress, MPa
LA RESISTENCIA
AUMENTA AL
AUMENTAR LA TASA DE
DEFORMACION.
-1 /sec
= 4.0 x 10
= 3.3 x 10
-5 /sec
140
= 3.3 x 10
120
100
= 3.3 x 10
-6 /sec
-7/sec
80
= 3.3 x 10
-8 /sec
60
Yule Marble
40
20
0
8
10
Strain (%)
12
14
16
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Quartzite
Granite
Quartz-cemented
0
sandstone
Meters
Basalt
Limestone
Calcite-cemented
10
sandstone
a.
Schist
Marble
Sahle/mudstone
Anhydrite
Weakest
Salt
0
1
2
3
4
5
b.
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Ms fuertes.
Rocas ultramficas y mficas.
Granitos.
Esquistos.
Dolomitas.
Calizas.
Cuarcitas.
Ms dbiles.
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2000
LA TEMPERATURA
DISMINUYE LA
RESISTENCIA.
25C
1500
300C
1000
500C
500
700C
800C
0
10
15
Strain (in%)
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COMPORTAMIENTO
VISCOSO (FLUIDO).
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Stress ( )
Yield Stress
Strain Rate ( )
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Air
Water
Olive oil
Honey
Glycerin
Lava
Asphalt
Pitch
Ice
Rock salt
Sandstone slab
Asthenosphere (upper mantle)
Lower mantle
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TRANSICION FRAGIL-DUCTIL
Figure 5.7-14: Strength envelopes as a funcion of depth and material
H
500
(MPa)
-500
DR
Y
.42
=0
= 0.7
D
BYHY
Depth(km)
Quartz
.7
40
BY
-H
Y
=0
30
DR
Y
=0
10
20
-1000
-1500
=0
0.
42
=1
Olivine
50
Extension
Compression
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A
B
3 km/s
A
SHEAR
RESISTANCE
FR
FR
10
DEPTH
QP
QR
20
DEPTH
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IMPLICACIONES
No hay sismos por debajo de la transicin.
La corteza inferior puede fluir!...
La corteza inferior est desacoplada de la superior.
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VETAS EN ECHELON
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s1
s3
s3
s1
Elipse de deformacin instantnea.
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s1
1s
s3
s1
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s1
1s
113
2
n
s3
s1
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ESFUERZO Y DEFORMACION
Vamos a explorar las condiciones de esfuerzo, bajo las cuales las
rocas fallan. Por ejemplo, por fractura, y la orientacin de la falla
respecto a las direcciones principales de esfuerzo.
1. Ley de Coulomb de falla.
2. Ley de Byerlee.
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B
3
Uniaxial
3
2
Axial Extension
(Tensile)
(Comprenssive)
s
1
2
C
C
Axial Stress
33
Tensile
3
2=
2=
3
2=
3
s
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Hidrostatic
s
2=
1=
(Low)
1=
2=
(High)
Uniaxial
2
(Tensile)
(Comprenssive)
s
N
2=
Axial Stress
2=
2=
3
s
Triaxial Stress
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GE
DA N
R-
E
ure
Fail
IL
L FA
WIL
K
OC
nve
lope
RELAX
REST EASY
DAN
GER
-
ROC
KW
ILL
FAI
L
Fai
lure
E
nve
lo
pe
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e
ilur
Fa
mb
ulo
o
C
e
lop
ve
En
Axial Compression
n
-20
MPa
=6
0
10
20
30
3
MPa MPa MPa Values
-50
MPa
s
Co
ulo
mb
- 60
100
MPa
3
2
Fa
ilu
re
En
ve
lop
e
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