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Documenti di Professioni
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Earthquake-resistant
design
Francisco Lpez Almansa
Objectives
Earthquake-resistant design of buildings and
bridges
19/07/2015
Index
Effects of seismic inputs on buildings
Effects of seismic inputs on bridges
Conceptual seismic design of buildings
Estimation of fundamental period
Types of seismic analyses
Single-mode linear static analysis
Multi-mode linear static analysis
Nonlinear static analysis
Performance-based design
Nonlinear dynamic analysis
Nonstructural components
Bibliography
Internet Sites
4
13
14
36
43
45
56
60
75
90
96
99
101
x
xg
Normal
x
y
xg
x
xg
Stiff
xg
xg
x
Flexible
xg
4
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Def.
Def.
19/07/2015
No bracing
Diagonal bracing
Chevron bracing
8
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No bracing
Diagonal bracing
Chevron bracing
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
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11
Shear
behavior
12
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13
Lateral resistance
Plan (mechanical) symmetry
Regularity (mechanical and geometrical) along height
Compact plan configuration
Lightweight (mainly in top stories)
Torsion strength and stiffness
In-plane rigidity of slabs (rigid diaphragm effect)
Ductility
Damping
Structural redundancy
Strong column-weak beam
No short columns
Subjection and strengthening of non-structural elements
Tying of footings and pile caps
No long cantilevers, no interrupted columns
Simple structural behavior
Separation to adjoining buildings
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
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15
RG
16
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17
Weak
first floor
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19
20
10
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NO
YES
21
22
11
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23
24
12
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25
26
13
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27
28
14
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29
xg
xg
30
15
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31
32
16
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33
34
17
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35
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
z
36
18
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Singlestory
buildings
Low-rise
buildings
High-rise
buildings
Mid-rise
buildings
Longspan,
highrise
bridges
Shortspan,
lowrise
bridges
37
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
z
x
y
38
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10
9
8
7
6
5
TF = N / 10 s (N 12, h 3 m)
For masonry or concrete shear wall structures:
4
3
2
z
x
y
39
16
0.075
Aw: area of walls per story, G: shear modulus of walls, H/B: building height/length
(m), W: building weight, n: number of stories
EC-6 states that G = 0.4 E; E = 1000 fk = 1000 K fb fm (MPa)
fb and fm are brick and mortar strength, coefficient K ranges between 0.25 and 0.8,
depending on the type of brick units and mortar, for ordinary situations = 0.7,
= 0.3
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
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20
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agS0/q
agS
TA = 0
D
A
TB
TC
TD
41
. Since modal vectors are orthogonal to
Eigenvalue problem:
mass and stiffness matrices (
0, i j):
; fi is the vector that contains the forces that generate i
shape deformation
This expression can be used to estimate any natural frequency, provided that we
guess the modal shape; for the first mode (i = 1), we can assume that fi
correspond to the equivalent static forces
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Energy-based formulations
Commercial software codes: ETABS, MIDAS, PERFORM-3D, ROBOT,
RUAUMOKO, SAP, SOFISTIK, STAAD, STRAND7, TEKLA
Advanced commercial software codes: ABAQUS, ANSYS, DIANA
These lists are non comprehensive
Scientific software codes: OPENSEES, SEISMOSOFT (several
programs), ZEUSNL, IDARC
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
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W S ag S a , TF
The dynamic effect of a given
V
horizontal ground motion in each
R
direction is represented by static
equivalent forces Fk determined to
generate displacements equal to the
m z
Fk V N k k
maximum dynamic ones (actual)
V: base shear
mk z k
k 1
W: building weight
S: soil coefficient
m
m
: importance factor
Fk V N k 1k V Tk 1k
1 M r
ag: seismic acceleration
mk 1k
Fk
V Fk
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
k 1 45
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47
48
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agS0/q
agS
TA = 0
D
A
TB
TC
TD
49
W S ag S a , TF
R
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W S ag S a , TF
R
; si is the
; hi is the
Fk V
mk 1k
N
m
k 1
1k
mk 1k
1T M r
Fk
V Fk
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
k 1 51
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0.1
0.1
53
TA = 0
D
A
TB
TC
TD
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F4
F3
F2
F1
1 1200 1312.5
488.37 kN
0.25 1350 0.50 1350 0.75 1350 1 1200
Verification: F1 +F2 + F3 + F4 = Fb
Fb
55
mi*
*
i
Fik Vi
( i M r )
iT M i
Vik FiN Fi k 1
10
10
4
3
4
3
2
1
Vi
ik
mk ik
iT M r
S
R
Vk V12k Vrk2
Fik Wk i S a i , Ti ik
10
mk ik
k 1
Wi * S ag S a i , Ti
Vi
6
5
4
3
Fk Vk 1 Vk
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ij
2
2
2
ij = ji
T
1 i 4 2 Ti 1 Ti
If Ti = Tj, ij = 1 (therefore, ii = 1)
T
Tj Tj
Since ij 0, VjkVik must be positive too
j
This criterion is just necessary in irregular
buildings
1
10
6
4
3
5
4
0.6
2
x
9
8
6
0.2
=0.05
0.4
2
1
10
0.8
ij
10
5
3
2
0.51
0.6
0.7
0.8
Ti /Tj
0.9
57
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Fx ik Wk i S a Ti , i x ik
S
R
r (1,...,1, 0
,...,0, 0,...,0)
N
Fy ik Wk i S a Ti , i y ik
S
R
S
Fxik: Force in x direction, mode i, story k
R Fyik: Force in y direction, mode i, story k
Tik: Torque, mode i, story k
a2 b2
Wk mk g I k mEarthquake-resistant
design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
k
59
12
Tik I k i S a Ti , i g ik
V/W
Fk
Vu / W
Capacity
curve
Vy / W
V Fk
/H
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Residual
strength
61
62
31
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My
My
Beam
63
64
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66
33
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68
34
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70
35
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72
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Force(kN)
400
300
and?
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
Displacement(mm)
73
Fe Fe Fu Fe
Fy Fu Fy Fu
q
FEMA-356
e e u
1 u 1
EC-8
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76
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77
72
225
475
2475
78
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IO
CP
Performance
points
79
SD
MD
ED
HD
ND
LS
CP
IO
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Sv(,T) = Sa(,T) (T / 2)
Sd
TB
TC
TD
TB
TC
TD
Sa
2.50
1
81 T
Sa(T)
T < TB
T = TB
T = TC
2.50
T > TC
< 0.05
= 0.05
> 0.05
T = TD
Sd(,T) = Sa(,T) (T /
Sd(TB;0.05)
Sd(TC;0.05)
2)2
Sd(TD;0.05)
Sd(T)
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V/W
Capacity
curve
*
2
m1 / mT
Mr
T
/r Mr
M 1
Sd T
1 M r
1 1N 1
T
1 M 1
T
1
T
1
/H
= 0.05
= 0.08
= 0.10
Sa(T)
< 0.05
= 0.05
> 0.05
Sd(T)
Earthquake-resistant design. Francesc Lpez Almansa. Barcelona
83
N2 method (EC-8) M r
T M
f = M ; N = 1
m* = T M r
V = V* ; N = *
A: collapse point
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Demanding
ADRS
(elastic)
If f
(anelastic)
If f
1
1
Capacity
curve
Demanding
ADRS
Capacity
curve
85
N2 method (EC-8)
If (the
considered input does
not generate collapse),
an iterative procedure
might be used:
In the bilinear capacity
curve is replaced by
; is accordingly
modified
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88
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90
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91
92
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93
94
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NOWALLS
Displacement(mm)
LOWWALLDENSITY
HIGHWALLDENSITY
50
0
0
10
Time(s)
50
100
95
96
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3 1 z
H
Sa S
0.5
2
1 1 Ta
T1
Floor spectrum
Sa
3
2
1
0
0
Ta / T1
97
; 0.3
1.6
Fp: seismic design force; ap: component amplification factor (ranges between 1
and 2.5, plays the role of spectral ordinate); Wp: component operating weight; Rp:
component response modification factor (1 to 12); Ip: importance factor
Alternative:
; 0.3
1.6
98
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Bibliography. Books
99
Bibliography. Codes
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Internet Sites
http://www.asce.org/
http://www.concrete.org/
http://www.aisc.org/
https://www.atcouncil.org/
http://www.fema.gov/
http://peer.berkeley.edu/
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/
http://eurocodes.org.ua/
http://www.roseschool.it/
http://mae.cee.illinois.edu/software_and_tools/zeus_nl.html
http://www.civil.canterbury.ac.nz/eq/eqeng.shtml
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51