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Integration
Bergmann and Niemann (2015)
Objectives
To provide a comprehensive review of the application
of EIT to the domain of EFP
To determine the ways in which integration theories
have been applied to EFP
To argue the added value of taking EIT perspective on
EFP
Neofunctionalism
Intergovernmentalism
The governance approach
Policy network analysis
FEDERALISM
Ultimate result of the European project:
A federal state of European federation as a sovereign state
in which central government incorporates regional units in its
decision-making procedure
FEDERALISM
BUT method differs among federalist scholars
CLASSICAL FEDERALISTS
Rapid constitutional approach integration as a
dramatic act of constitutional revolution, initiated by
political elites and decided through formal rules
FEDERALISM
BUT method differs among federalist scholars
Spinelli&Rossi (in Ventotene Manifesto):
integration should be cultivated as a popular movement
Monnet:
Incremental/functional federalism integration as a
gradual process (vs. radical) of forging functional links
between states in areas where national sovereignty was
not challenged
Criticism
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
1) integration processes evolve over time and
take on their own dynamics
NEOFUNCTIONALISM
Notion of change = spillover
Functional spillover
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM
The development of European integration is determined by
states interest and the outcomes of EU bargaining
Moravcsik:
Governments only transfer sovereignty to institutions where
potential joint gains are large, but efforts to secure compliance
by other governments through decentralized means are likely to
be ineffective
Further integration is possible when the member states see their
interest best served by such undertaking
Intergovernmentalism in EFP
CLASSICAL INTERGOVERNMENTALISM
Skeptical about FP and security integration because of high politics
(national sovereignty at issue); convergence of interest in unlikely
Grosspolitik
After the lift of the Iron Curtain = security and defence policy somewhat
converged
Intergovernmentalism in EFP
LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALISM
Sector-specific welfare interests of dominant interests groups determine
member-governments utility function in terms of
cooperation/integration
Koenig-Archibugi (2004): member-governments cooperate in common
foreign policy because a realization of their preferences at EU level
provides them with support vis--vis national opposition and societal
groups
2) agency-oriented perspective
*shifts away from state-centric view of European and international
politics; relationship of state and non-state actors are mutual, not
hierarchical
interaction of multiple
actors
existence of collectively
held norms and ideas that
structure the relationships
between actors , and
collective purpose
PNA in EFP
Decision within networks is determined by the ability of utility-maximizing
actors to change the preferences of their counterparts
All stages of policy cycle in the CFSP (agenda-setting => decision-making
=> implementation) experts from a wide range of institutions shaped the
decision-making (Winn&Lord 2001)
Conclusion
Intergovernmentalism has been the most dominant in EFP from the
1960s/70s until mid/late 90s but was taken over by governance approach
and institutionalist theories
Reason?
Conclusion
2) Contribute to our understanding of what actors drive
integration processes in the foreign policy domain and through
what channels and mechanisms they do so
3) TEI has the potential to explain European foreign policy nondecisions and inactions
sovereignty consciousness
domestic constraints
Can explain status-quo or disintegrative outcomes
Recommendation
EIT could be more explicitly drawn to explaining policy developments in EFP
fields such as
Development policy
External economic policy
Migration or security policy