Rr.

Salma Wafiana
X MIA 5
Bahasa Inggris Wajib

Whats on this
chapter?
Preposition of
place....3
Degrees of
comparison..
5
Adverbial phrase.
..6
Grammar
focus
7
Writing a descriptive
text..11
Compound
adjective.
12

 Participle phrase.
...13

A. Preposition of place
What is a preposition of place?

A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer

to a place where something or someone is located. There are only
three prepositions of place, however they can be used to discuss
an almost endless number of places.
N
o.
1.

Preposition of
place
In

Explanation

Example
-I watch TV in the living
room
-I live in New York
-She is in the car

-Inside

At

-Used to show an
exact position or
particular place
-Table
-Events

-I met her at the

entrance, at the bus
stop
-She sat at the table
-at a concert, at the
party

3.

On

-Attached
-Next to or along
the
side of (river)

4.

By, next to,

beside, near

-Look at the
picture on the
wall
-Cambridge is on the
River
Cam
-The girl who is by/next
to/beside the house
-The town lies

5.

Between

6.

Behind

2.

7.

In front of

8.
Under
9.

10

Below

Over

-Not far away in

distance
-In or into the
space
which separates
two
places, people
or
objects
-At the back (of)
-Further forward
than
someone or
something else
-Lower than (or
covered by)
something else
-Lower than
something else.
-Above or higher
than
something else,
4

halfway between Rom

e and
Florence
-I hung my
coat behind the
door
-She started talking to
the
man in front of her
-The cat is under the
chair
-The plane is
just below the
the cloud
-She held the
umbrella over both of

11
.

12
.

Above

Accros

13
.

Through

14
.

To

15
.

Into

16
.

From

sometimes so
that
one thing covers
the
other.
-More than.
-Higher than
something else,
but
not directly over
it
-From one side to
the
other of
something
with clear limits/
getting to the
other
side
-From one end or
side
of something to
the
other
-In the direction
of
-Bed
-Towards the
inside or
middle of
something
and about to be
contained,
surrounded or
enclosed by it
-Used to show the
place where
someone or
something starts
5

us.
-Most of the carpets
are over $100

-A path above the lake

-She walked across the

field/road

-They walked
slowly through the
woods
-We went to Prague last
year
-I go to bed at ten.
-Shall we go into the
garden?

-What time does the

flight from
Amsterdam
arrive?

B. Degrees of comparison
What is a degrees of comparison?
Adverbs are often used to make the meaning of a verb or
other adverbs stronger or weaker.
N
o.
1.

2.

3.

Degrees of
comparison
Positive degree

Explanation

-The simple
from
of the adverb
-Used to
compare
Comparative
two actions.
degree
-From the
comparative
by
adding er or

more
-Used to
compare
Superlative degree
three or more
-From the
superlative
by
adding est
or
most

Example
-He walked slowly

- Your design is simpler

than
his design.
-This park looks more
beautiful than the
other
park.

-My brother is the

fattest in
our family
-He is the most
dilligent
student in my class

Watch out! There are exceptions :

-Badly : worse (comparative) worst (superlative)
-Well : better (comparative) best (superlative)
-Far : farther (comparative) farthest (superlative)

C. Adverbial Phrase
What is a adverbial phrase?
Adverbial phrase is the term for two or more words which
play the role of an adverb.
N
o.

1.

2.

Adverbial phrase

Time

Place

Explanation
-An adverbial
phrase of
time
states when
something
happens or
how
often
-An adverbial
phrase of
place
states where
something
happens

Example
-Ill do it in a minute
-After the game, the
king and
pawn fo into the same
box
-Do not wait for the last
judgment. It takes
place
every day
-I used to work in a fire
hydrant factory. You
couldnt park
anywhere
near the place.

3.

Manner

-An adverbial
phrase of
manner
states
how
something
is done

-He would always talk

with a
nationalistic tone.

D. Grammar focus
What is a grammar focus?
Grammar focus is a systematic approach to learning
important rules for standardized tests of English.
No
.

1.

Grammar

Pronoun

Explanation
Word or phrase that
may be substituted
for a noun or noun
phrase, which once
replaced, is known as
the pronouns
antecedent

Example

I, you, they, we,

she, he, it, us, her,
his, them, mine,
yours, its

2.

Noun

3.

Verb

4.

Adjective

5.

Adverb

6.

Determiner

Word that identifies a

person, animal,
place, thing, or idea.
An action, an
occurrence, or a
state of being.
Whether mental,
physical, or
mechanical, verbs
always express
activity.
Words that describe
or modify other
words.
Word that is used to
change or qualify the
meaning of
an adjective, a verb,
a clause,
another adverb, or
any other type of
word or phrase with
the exception of
determiners and
adjectives that
directly modify
nouns.
Word, phrase, or affix
that occurs together
with a noun or noun
phrase and serves to
express the
reference of that
noun or noun phrase
in the context

Jakarta, student,
table, cat, mother,
money
Go, went, gone,
study, eat, watch,
sleep, run, hear,
call

Easy, excited,
satisfying,
beautiful

Carefully, fast,
very, slowly,
terribly

The, a, an, some,

any

7.

Preposition

8.

Conjunction

N
o.

1.

2.

Tenses

Word used to
link nouns, pronouns, At, in, dan on
or phrases to other
words within a
sentence.
Part of speech that is
used to connect
words, phrases,

And, because,
clauses, or
or, but, For, so, yet
sentences.

Explanation

To express
habits,
general
Simple present truths,
tense
repeated
actions or
unchanging
situations,
emotions and
wishes
To express
the idea that
Present
something is
continuous
happening
tense
now, at this
very moment

10

Formula

S + Verb 1

S + Be +
Verb ing

Example
-I work in
London
-She knows
what I
feel
-The rain falls
from the sky

-I
am driving a
car
to Bandung
now
-The buses are
arriving in
an
hour

3.

4.

5.

6.

Present
perfect tense

To say that
an action
happened at
an
unspecified
time before
now

To show that
something
Present pefect started in the
continuous
past and has
tense
continued up
until now

Simple past
tense

To express
the idea that
an action
started and
finished at a
specific time
in the past

To indicate
Past continuos that a longer
tense
action in the
past was
interrupted

S+
Has/Have +
Verb 3

-I have
read this
book
-She
has lived in
Cilegon for 3
months

-They have
been
talking for
S+
the
Has/Have +
last hour
Been + Verb
-James has
ing
been
teaching at
the
university
since
June
-The party
started at
S + Verb 2 10.00
a.m
- I saw a
movie
yesterday

S+
Was/Were +
Verb ing

-I was
watching
TV when she
called.
-You were
studying whe
n

11

she called

7.

8.

Past perfect
tense

Past perfect
continuous
tense

To xpresses
the idea that
something
occurred
before
another
action in the
past
To show that
something
started in the
past and
continued up
until another
time in the
past
Has two
different
forms in
English: "will"
and "be
going to."
Although the
two forms
can
sometimes
be used
12

-You had
S + Had +
Verb 3

studied Englis
h
before you
moved to
New
York
-You had been

S + Had + waiting there

been + Verb
for
ing
more than
two
hours when
she
finally arrived

9.

10
.

Simple future
tense

Future
continuous
tense

interchangea
bly, they
often express
two very
different
meanings.
These
different
meanings
might seem
too abstract
at first, but
with time and
practice, the
differences
will become
clear. Both
"will" and "be
going to"
refer to a
specific time
in the future
To indicate
that a longer
action in the
future will be
interrupted
by a shorter
action in the
future

13

-S + Will +
Verb 1
-S + Be +
Going to +
Verb 1

-S + Will be
+ Verb ing
-S + Be +
Going to be
+ Verb ing

-You will
help him
Later
- You are
going to
meet Jane
tonight

- You will be
waiting for
her
when her
plane
arrives
tonight
- You are
going to
be
waiting for
her

E. Writing a descriptive text

What is a writing a descriptive text?
You write descriptive text when you want your reader to
picture what youre describing. Read through the factsheet writing
descriptive text and then have a go at writing your own
descriptive text. Write the description of place you know well. You
can use the following grid and questions to help you plan your
writing.
What place do you want to describe? (For example, your home
town).
Who do you want to describe it to? (For example, people you met
on holiday).
Could you compare the place to somewhere the reader knows
already?
What describing words could you use? Think of suitable adverbs
and adjective.
What would they.
See?
Hear?
Taste?
Feel?
Smell?
Think about what youve planned. Well your reader be able to
create a picture in their minds of the place youre describing?
You might like to ask someone to read what youve written and
then ask them how they imagine the place youre describing.

14

F. Compound adjective
What is a compound adjective?
A compound adjective is formed when two or
more adjectives are joined together to modify the same noun.
These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or
ambiguity.

Examples of compound adjective

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

This is a four-foot table.

Daniella is a part-time worker.
This is an all-too-common error.
Beware of the green-eyed monster.
He is a cold-blooded man.
I love this brightly-lit room!
Dannys dog is well-behaved.
You have to be open-minded about things.

15

G. Participle Phrase
What is a participle phrase?
A participle phrase is an adjective phrase that starts with a
participle.

Participle phrase can start with past

participles or present participles
Past participles (ending ing)
Present participles (usually ending ed, -d, -t, -en, -n)
The
The
The Past
Example of a Participle
Verb
Present
Participle
Phrase
Participle
To
the rising
the risen sun Rising out of the sea in
rise
sun
front of us, the sun started
to warm our faces
To
the printing
the printed
Printed on the very first
print
document
document
press, the document was
extremely valuable
To
the
Broken by a government
break
breaking
the broken
whistle blower, the news is
news
news
all over the media.

Placement of participle phrase

A participle phrase will often appear at the start of a
sentence to describe something in the main clause. For example :
-Removing his glasses, the professor shook his head with
disappointment. (When
a sentence is structured this away, use a comma to separate the
participle
phrase from whatever its modifying (the professor in this
example)).
16

A participle phrase can also appear immediately after

whatever its modifying. For example :
-I saw Arthur running for the bus. (There is no comma when a
participle phrase is placed immediately after its noun (Arthur in
this example)).
It is also possible to use a participle phrase at the end of a
clause and not immediately after whatever its modifying. For
example :
-Paul loved his boxing gloves, wearing team even to bed. (There
is a comma when the participle phrase is used farther down the
sentence than its noun (Paul in this example)).

Rr. Salma Wafiana

X MIA 5
Bahasa Inggris (wajib)

17