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The work done in this file is
satisfactorily performed by
Ms ____________ studying in
_____________
Class _______ Division _______ Roll No
_____ during the academic
year_______.
_____________
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signature
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Acknowledgem
ent
I owe a great many thanks to great many people who helped and
supported me during this project.
My deepest thanks to lecturer, Mrs. Bulbul, the guide of the project for
guiding and correcting my various documents with attention and care. She
has taken pain to go through the project and make correction as and when
needed.
I express my thanks to principle maam, Mrs. Anjali Bowen for extending
her support.
Why I chose
this topic?
I chose the topic How cigarettes affect your health? because its the most
common and well known thing among people. And through this project I
could help my friend to stop smoking. Through this topic we can spread
awareness about smoking and help people to quit smoking. Even if the
person has started smoking at an early age due to any reason, he /she can
still try to stop smoking.
Index
1) What is a cigarette?
2) Smoking.
3) How smoking affects your health?
4) Physical Addiction.
5) Side effects of smoking.
6) How to quit smoking?
7) Case study.
8) Reference.
What is a
cigarette?
A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder
of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed
to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to
the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder may be used as well. Most
modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include reconstituted
tobacco and other additives.
The term cigarette, commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can
apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cloves or cannabis.
A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size, use of
processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white, though other
colors are occasionally available. Cigars are typically composed entirely of
whole-leaf tobacco.
Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely, and have changed considerably
over the course of history - since cigarettes were first widely used in the
mid-20th century. While rates of smoking have over time leveled off or
Smoking
In the early times, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much
anywhere even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place.
Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking
is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies
are no longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many magazines.
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and
heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the
habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people
are still lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction.
Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop.
Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which
is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body and mind
quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to
have it just to feel normal.
People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks
cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke.
Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before they're 18
years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to
become addicted. That's why people say it's just so much easier to not start
smoking at all.
How smoking
affects your
health?
There are no physical reasons to start smoking. The body doesn't need
tobacco the way it needs food, water, sleep, and exercise. And many of the
chemicals in cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons that
can kill in high enough doses.
The body is smart. It goes on the defense when it's being poisoned. Firsttime smokers often feel pain or burning in the throat and lungs, and some
people feel sick or even throw up the first few times they try tobacco.
The consequences of this poisoning happen gradually. Over the long term,
smoking leads people to develop health problems like heart disease,
stroke, emphysema, and many types of cancer -including lung, throat,
stomach, and bladder cancer. People who smoke also have an increased
risk of infections like bronchitis and pneumonia.
These diseases limit a person's ability to be normally active, and they can
be fatal.
Smokers not only develop wrinkles and yellow teeth, they also lose bone
density, which increases their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes
older people to become bent over and their bones to break more easily.
Smokers also tend to be less active than nonsmokers because smoking
affects lung power.
Smoking can also cause fertility problems and can impact sexual health in
both men and women. Girls who are on the pill or other hormone-based
methods of birth control increase their risk of serious health problems, such
as heart attacks, if they smoke.
The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but long-term health
problems aren't the only hazard of smoking. Nicotine and the other toxins in
cigarettes, cigars, and pipes can affect a person's body quickly, which
means that teen smokers experience many of these problems:
Greater risk of injury and slower healing time. Smoking affects the
body's ability to produce collagen, so common sports injuries, such as
damage to tendons and ligaments will heal more slowly in smokers than
nonsmokers.
Physical
Addiction
Being physically addicted means a person's body actually becomes
dependent on a particular substance (even smoking is physically addictive).
It also means building tolerance to that substance, so that a person needs
a larger dose than ever before to get the same effects.
Someone who is physically addicted and stops using a substance like
drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes may experience withdrawal symptoms.
Signs that you or someone you know may have a cigarette addiction
include:
Psychological signals:
Side effects of
smoking
Dangers of Smoking with Nicotine:
One of the main dangers of smoking is due to Nicotine. Nicotine is found
naturally in tobacco. It has no odor and no color. It is, however, both
Carbon Monoxide:
One more of the dangers of smoking are Carbon monoxide. Smoking also
increases the level of carbon monoxide in the lungs. This poisonous gas is
quickly absorbed into the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen.
As a result, the smoker has to exert more physical effort to attain a given
task than does a nonsmoker. The heart in particular must work harder,
particularly during rigorous exercise. Increased levels of carbon monoxide
in the blood can impair vision, perception of time, and coordination.
Oxides of nitrogen:
Animal experiments showed that nitrogen oxides lungs. It is believed that
nitrogen oxides are some specific chemicals in tobacco that causes lung
disease and efizem.
Hydrogen cyanide:
The lungs have some hairs (cilia) that help to clean lungs by removing the
foreign substances. Hydrogen cyanide prevents the development process
of clearing. The substances of cigarette smoke remains in the lungs.
Ammonia:
Ammonia is a powerful chemical found in household products, it is used to
preserve human bodies in the morgue, which is also harmful to the lungs.
How to quit
smoking?
There are many different methods that have successfully helped people to
quit smoking, including:
Quitting smoking cold turkey.
Acupuncture
One of the oldest known medical techniques, acupuncture is believed to
work by triggering the release of endorphins (natural pain relievers) that
allow the body to relax. As a smoking cessation aid, acupuncture can be
helpful in managing smoking withdrawal symptoms. Ask your doctor for a
referral or search for a local practitioner at the American Association of
Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (AAAOM).
Behavioral Therapy
Nicotine addiction is related to the habitual behaviors (the rituals) involved
in smoking. Behavior therapy focuses on learning new coping skills and
breaking those habits. The American Lung Association offers afree online
smoking cessation program that focuses on behavioral change. To find a
local behavioral therapist, check with your doctor or search at
the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT).
Motivational Therapies
Self-help books and websites can provide a number of ways to motivate
you to quit smoking. One well known example is calculating the monetary
savings. Some people have been able to find the motivation to quit just by
calculating how much money they will save after they quit. It may be
enough to pay for a summer vacation.
Filters
Filters that reduce tar and nicotine in cigarettes do not work. In fact, studies
have shown that smokers who use filters tend to smoke more.
Smoking deterrents
Other methods have been used to help stop smoking, such as over-thecounter products that change the taste of tobacco, stop-smoking diets that
curb nicotine cravings, and combinations of vitamins. At this time there is
little scientific evidence that any of these work.
Case study
(I) Basic Information
Name: Monang Patel
Age: 17 years
Sex: Male
Religion: Hindu
Ref by:
The client by far has never been hospitalized but has suffered from
jaundice in standard VII due to eating of junk food. The client has also
suffered from chicken pox in standard VIII. He usually gets severe
headaches and even feels like puking after smoking when he doesnt have
any food intake.
(VI) Family History
The client lives in a joint family of 6 members. The client is very close to his
mother and shares everything with her. His mother expects him to
understand their perception and follow their opinion rather than doing
things by him wish. His father is very friendly with him but the client doesnt
share his problems as much as he does with his mother. The client finds
his brother as a supporter and helper when needed. He has clear bonding
with his brother. The client is also very close to his grandparents.
Shivram Patel
68
yrs
Bharat Patel
Businessman
Vatsal Patel
Student
67
yrs
46
yrs
20
yrs
Pushpa Patel
46
yrs
17
yrs
Urmila Patel
Homemaker
Prenatal & Postnatal: The client was a full term normal baby. The
milestones were perfect according to the age.
Social history: The client is enthusiastic and positive about going to new
places and meeting new people. He has an understanding nature, gets
easily attached to new people and values others feelings. He easily loses
confidence while talking to new person if betrayed before by someone else.
(VIII) Childhood history
The client was stubborn during his childhood. He was always pampered by
his family. He was a mischievous and naughty student in his school. The
client had a habit of nail biting.
(IX) Educational history
The client studied in St. Annes High School till 10th std. Now the client is
in Vartak College and has opted for science stream. The client had been an
average student in his academics.
(X) Current living situation
The clients current living situation is very good. He is given all the
amenities that he wishes from his parents.
(XI) Drug and alcohol addiction
The client has smoking addiction. He started smoking after the 10th std
boards. He tried smoking due to peer pressure. He didnt like smoking at
first but due to peer pressure he kept trying and eventually learned to love
it. Usually the client has 15 16 cigarettes per day. If he doesnt smoke for
a day, hell have a headache as hes addicted to smoking.
The client tried to stop smoking but most of the failed to do so, cause of the
peers around him.
Other than cigarette, the client also has hookah but mostly hes switched to
smoking through cigarettes.
(XII) Mental status examination
Reference
1) www.google.com
2) www.esmokingsideeffects.com
3) www.causesofsmoking.net
4) http://www.helpguide.org/mental/quit_smoking_cessation.htm