Ch32 Giancoli7e Manual

32
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
Responses to Questions
1.
A reaction between two nucleons that would produce a is p + n p + p + .
2.
No, the decay is still impossible. In the rest frame of the proton, this decay is energetically impossible,
because the protons mass is less than the mass of the products. Since it is impossible in the rest frame,
it is impossible in every other frame as well. In a frame in which the proton is moving very fast, the
decay products must be moving very fast as well to conserve momentum. With this constraint, there
will still not be enough energy to make the decay energetically possible.
3.
Antiatoms would be made up of () charged antiprotons and neutral antineutrons in the nucleus with
(+) charged positrons surrounding the nucleus. If antimatter and matter came into contact, then the
particleantiparticle pairs would annihilate, converting their mass into energetic photons.
4.
The photon signals the electromagnetic interaction.
5.
(a)
Yes. If a neutrino is produced during a decay, then the weak interaction is responsible.
(b)
No. For example, a weak interaction decay could produce a Z0 instead of a neutrino.
6.
The neutron decay process also produces an electron and an antineutrino; the antineutrino will only be
present in a weak interaction.
7.
An electron takes part in the electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions. A neutrino takes
part in the weak and gravitational interactions. A proton takes part in the strong, electromagnetic,
weak, and gravitational interactions.
8.
The following chart shows charge and baryon conservation checks for many of the decays in
Table 322 of the textbook.
Particle
W
Z0
Decay
+
W
e + ve
(others are similar)
Z0 e + + e
Charge conservation
+1 = +1 + 0
Baryon conservation
0 = 0+0
0 = +1 + ( 1)
0 = 0+0
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32-1
32-2
Chapter 32
Particle
Higgs
Decay
Charge conservation
Baryon conservation
H0
b+b
0 = 13 + 13
0 = 13 + 13
H0
W+ + W
0 = +1 + ( 1)
0 = 0+0
H 0 Z0 + Z0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
muon
e + ve + v
1 = ( 1) + 0 + 0
0 = 0+0+0
tau
+ v + v
1 = (1) + 0 + 0
0 = 0+0+0
( )
( )
(other is similar)
pion
kaon
eta
rho
+ + v
+1 = +1 + 0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
+ + v
+1 = +1 + 0
0 = 0+0
K+
+ +0
+1 = +1 + 0
0 = 0+0
K S0
+ +
0 = +1 + ( 1)
0 = 0+0
K S0
0 +0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
K 0L
+ + e + ve
0 = +1 + ( 1) + 0
0 = 0+0+0
K 0L
+ + + v
0 = +1 + ( 1) + 0
0 = 0+0+0
K 0L
+ + +0
0 = +1 + ( 1) + 0
0 = 0+0+0
K 0L
0 +0 +0
0 = 0+0+0
0 = 0+0+0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
0 +0 +0
0 = 0+0+0
0 = 0+0+0
+ + +0
0 = +1 + ( 1) + 0
0 = 0+0+0
+ +
0 = +1 + (1)
0 = 0+0
0 +0
0 = 0+0
0 = 0+0
+ +0
+1 = +1 + 0
0 = 0+0
0 = +1 + ( 1) + 0
+1 = +1 + 0 + 0
neutron
n p + e + ve
lambda
p +
0 = +1 + ( 1)
+1 = +1 + 0
n +0
0 = 0+0
+1 = +1 + 0
p +0
+1 = +1 + 0
+1 = +1 + 0
n + +
+1 = 0 + 1
+1 = +1 + 0
0 +
0 = 0+0
+1 = +1 + 0
n +
1 = 0 + ( 1)
+1 = +1 + 0
sigma
Elementary Particles
Particle
Decay
Charge conservation
Baryon conservation
xi
0 + 0
0 = 0+0
+1 = +1 + 0
0 +
1 = 0 + ( 1)
+1 = +1 + 0
0 +
1 = 0 + ( 1)
+1 = +1 + 0
0 + K
1 = 0 + ( 1)
+1 = +1 + 0
+ 0
1 = ( 1) + 0
+1 = +1 + 0
omega
9.
32-3
Since decays via the electromagnetic interaction are indicated by the production of photons, the decays
in Table 322 that occur via the electromagnetic interaction are those of the Higgs boson, the 0 , the
0 , and the 0 .
10.
All of the decays listed in Table 322 with a neutrino or antineutrino as a decay product occur via the
weak interaction. These include the W, muon, tau, pion, kaon, K 0L , and neutron. In addition, the
Z particle and the Higgs boson both decay via the weak interaction. In each case, include both the
particle and the corresponding antiparticle.
11.
Since the baryon has B = 1, it is made of three quarks. Since the spin of the baryon is 3/2, none of
these quarks can be antiquarks. Thus, since the charges of quarks are either +2/3 or 1/3, the only
charges that can be created with this combination are q = 1( = 1/3 1/3 1/3), 0 ( = +2/3 1/3 1/3),
+1 ( = +2/3 + 2/3 1/3), and +2 ( = +2/3 + 2/3 + 2/3).
12.
Based on the lifetimes shown in Table 324 of the textbook, the particle decays that occur via the
electromagnetic interaction are J/ (3097) and (9460).
13.
All of the particles in Table 324 except for J/ (3097), (9460), and the sigma particles decay via
the weak interaction, based on their lifetimes.
14.
Baryons are formed from three quarks or antiquarks, each of spin
1
2
or 12 , respectively. Any
combination of quarks and antiquarks will yield a spin magnitude of either
1
2
or
3.
2
Mesons are
formed from two quarks or antiquarks. Any combination of two quarks or antiquarks will yield a spin
magnitude of either 0 or 1.
15.
If a neutrinolet was massless, then it would not interact via the gravitation force; if it had no electrical
charge, then it would not interact via the electromagnetic force; if it had no color charge, then it would
not interact via the strong force; and if it does not interact via the weak force, then it would not interact
with matter at all. It would be very difficult to say that it even exists at all. However, a similar
argument could be made for photons. Photons have no color, no mass, and no charge, but they do exist.
16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
No. Leptons are fundamental particles with no known internal structure. Baryons are made up of
three quarks.
Yes. All baryons are hadrons.
No. A meson is a quarkantiquark pair.
No. Hadrons are made up of quarks, and leptons are fundamental particles.
32-4
Chapter 32
17.
No. A particle made up of two quarks would have a particular color. Three quarks or a quark
antiquark pair is necessary for the particle to be white or colorless. A combination of two quarks and
two antiquarks is possible, as the resulting particle could be white or colorless. The neutral pion can in
some ways be considered a four-quark combination.
18.
In the nucleus, the strong interaction with the other nucleons does not allow the neutron to decay.
When a neutron is free, the weak interaction is the dominant force and can cause the neutron to decay.
19.
No, the reaction e + p n + ve is not possible. The electron lepton number is not conserved: The
reactants have Le = 1 + 0 = 1, but the products have Le = 0 1 = 1. Thus, this reaction is not possible.
If the product were an electron neutrino (instead of an antineutrino), then the reaction would be possible.
20.
The reaction 0 p + + e + ve proceeds via the weak force. We know that this is the case since an
antineutrino is emitted, which only happens in reactions governed by the weak interaction.
Responses to MisConceptual Questions

1.
(a)
A common misconception is that all six quarks make up most of the known matter. However,
charmed, strange, top, and bottom quarks are unstable. Protons and neutrons are made of up and
down quarks, so they make up most of the known matter.
2.
(b, e) Quarks combine together, forming mesons (such as the meson) and baryons (such as the
proton and the neutron). The electron and Higgs boson are fundamental particles and therefore
cannot be made of quarks.
3.
(c)
All of the fundamental forces act on a variety of objects, including our bodies. Although the
strong and weak forces are very short range, the electromagnetic force is a long-range force, just
like gravity. One reason we notice the weak gravity force more than the electromagnetic force
is that most objects are electrically neutral, so they do not have significant net electromagnetic
forces on them. It is true that the gravitational force between people and other objects of similar
size is too small for us to notice, but due to the huge mass of the Earth, we are always aware of
the influence of the Earths gravitational force on us.
4.
(d)
A tau lepton has a tau lepton number of one. When it decays, the lepton number must be conserved,
so it cannot decay into only hadrons; at least a tau neutrino would have to be one of the by-products.
5.
(d)
In a circular accelerator, the beam can repeatedly pass through the same physical location each
time around. A single accelerating potential difference at one location can then be used to increase
the beam energy multiple times. In a linear accelerator, the beam passes each point only once, so
the beam path needs to be very long with many accelerating potential differences along its path.
6.
(b, e, f, g) Atoms are not fundamental, because they are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are not fundamental, as they are made up of quarks. The fundamental
particles are leptons (including electrons), quarks, and gauge bosons (including the photon and
Higgs boson).
7.
(a)
Unlike the electron, the positron has positive charge and a negative lepton number. Unlike the
charge and lepton number, the mass of the positron has the same sign (and magnitude) as the
mass of the electron.
8.
(e)
A common misconception is that the strong force is a result of just the exchange of mesons
between the protons and neutrons. This is correct on the scale of the nucleons. However, when
32-5
the quark composition of the protons, neutrons, and mesons is considered at the elementary
particle scale, it is seen that the transfer is due to the exchange of gluons. Therefore, both
answers can be considered correct at different scales. Students who answer (d) should be given
credit for their answer as well.
9.
(c)
Pions are not fundamental particles and are made up of quark and antiquark pairs. Leptons and
bosons (including photons) are fundamental particles, but are not a constituent of protons and
neutrons. Protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks.
10.
(d)
Quarks, gluons, neutrons, and the Higgs boson interact through the strong force. Electrons and
muons are charged particles and interact through the electromagnetic force. Neutrinos only
interact through the weak force.
Solutions to Problems
1.
The total energy is given by Eq. 266a.

E = mc 2 + KE = 0.938 GeV + 4.65 GeV = 5.59 GeV
2.
Because the energy of the electrons is much greater than their mass, we have
that with Eq. 321 for the de Broglie wavelength.
E = pc; p =
3.
hc (6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

=
= 4.4 1017 m
9
19
E
(28 10 eV)(1.60 10
J/eV)
qB
2(1.60 1019 C)(1.7 T)
=
= 1.3 107 Hz = 13 MHz
27
2 m
2 [4(1.67 10
kg)]
2 r
2 (1.0 103 m)
3.0 108 m/s
= 2.1 105 s
The frequency is related to the magnetic field by Eq. 322.

f =
6.
hc
The time for one revolution is the period of revolution, which is the circumference of the orbit divided
by the speed of the protons. Since the protons have very high energy, their speed is essentially the
speed of light.
T=
5.
E=
= E = pc. Combine
Use Eq. 322 to calculate the frequency.

f =
4.
KE
(a)
qB
2 m
B=
2 mf 2 (1.67 1027 kg)(3.1 107 Hz)

=
= 2.0 T
q
1.60 1019 C
q2 B2 R2 1
= 2 m 2 . Compared to Example 322, the charge
2m
has been doubled and the mass has been multiplied by 4. These two effects cancel each other in
the equation, so the maximum kinetic energy is unchanged (8.653 MeV).
The maximum kinetic energy is
KE
= 8.7 MeV
KE
2 KE
=
m
2(8.653 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

4(1.66 1027 kg)
= 2.0 107 m/s
32-6
Chapter 32
(b)
q2 B2 R2 1
= 2 m 2 . Compared to Example 322, the charge
2m
is unchanged and the mass has been multiplied by 2. Thus the kinetic energy will be half of what
it was in Example 322 (8.654 MeV).
The maximum kinetic energy is
= 4.3 MeV
KE
KE
2 KE
=
m
2(4.327 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

2(1.66 1027 kg)
= 2.0 107 m/s
The alpha and the deuteron have the same charge to mass ratio, so they move at the same speed.
(c)
qB
. Since the charge to mass ratio of both the alpha and the
2 m
deuteron is half that of the proton, the frequency for both the alpha and the deuteron will be half
the frequency found in Example 322 for the proton (25.94 MHz).
The frequency is given by f =
f = 13 MHz
7.
From Eq. 301, the diameter of a nucleon is about d nucleon = 2.4 1015 m. The 25-MeV alpha
particles and protons are not relativistic, so their momentum is given by p = m = 2mKE . The
wavelength is given by Eq. 321, =
=
p =
h
2mp KE
2mKE
6.63 1034 J s
2m KE
h
=
p
2(4)(1.66 10
27
kg)(25 10 eV)(1.6 10
6.63 10
2(1.67 10
27
34
19
J/eV)
J s
kg)(25 10 eV)(1.6 10
19
J/eV)
= 2.88 1015 m
= 5.75 1015 m
We see that d nucleon and p 2d nucleon . Thus, the alpha particle will be better for picking out
details in the nucleus.
8.
Because the energy of the protons is much greater than their mass, we have KE = E = pc. Combine
that with Eq. 321 for the de Broglie wavelength. That is the minimum size that protons of that energy
could resolve.
E = pc;
9.
p=
E=
hc
hc (6.63 1034 J s)(3.0 108 m/s)

=
= 1.8 1019 m
E (7.0 1012 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
If the speed of the protons is c, then the time for one revolution is found from uniform circular motion.
The number of revolutions is the total time divided by the time for one revolution. The energy per
revolution is the total energy gained divided by the number of revolutions.
2 r
T
T=
2 r
Engergy/revolution =
2 r
c
n=
t
ct
=
T 2 r
E (E )2 r (1.0 1012 eV 150 109 eV)2 (1.0 103 m)

=
=
n
ct
(3.00 108 m/s)(20 s)
= 8.9 105 eV/rev 0.9 MeV/rev
10.
(a)
The magnetic field is found from the maximum kinetic energy as derived in Example 322.
KE
B=
(b)
q2 B2 R2
2m
B=
2mKE
qR
2(2.014)(1.66 1027 kg)(12 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

(1.60 1019 C)(1.0 m)
= 0.7082 T 0.71 T
The cyclotron frequency is given by Eq. 322.

f =
(c)
32-7
qB
(1.60 1019 C)(0.7082 T)
=
= 5.394 106 Hz 5.4 MHz
2 m 2 (2.014)(1.66 1027 kg)
The deuteron will be accelerated twice per revolution, so it will gain energy equal to twice its
charge times the voltage on each revolution.
number of revolutions = n =
12 106 eV
2(1.60 1019 C)(22 103 V)
(1.60 1019 J/eV)
= 273 revolutions 270 revolutions
(d)
The time is the number of revolutions divided by the frequency (which is revolutions per
second).
t =
(e)
n 273 revolutions
=
= 5.1 105 s
f 5.394 106 rev/s
If we use an average radius of half the radius of the cyclotron, then the distance traveled is the
average circumference times the number of revolutions.
distance = 12 2 rn = (1.0 m)(273) = 860 m
11.
Start with an expression from Section 321, relating the momentum and radius of curvature for a
particle in a magnetic field, with q replaced by e.
eBr
m
m = eBr
In the relativistic limit, p = E /c, so
p = eBr
E
= eBr. To get the energy in electron volts, divide the energy by
c
the charge of the object.

E
= eBr
c
12.
E
= Brc
e
The energy released is the difference in the mass energy between the products and the reactant.
E = m0 c 2 mn c 2 m 0 c 2 = 1115.7 MeV 939.6 MeV 135.0 MeV = 41.1 MeV
13.
The energy released is the difference in the mass energy between the products and the reactant.
E = m + c 2 m + c 2 mv c 2 = 139.6 MeV 105.7 MeV 0 = 33.9 MeV
14.
Use Eq. 323 to estimate the range of the force based on the mass of the mediating particle.
mc 2
hc
2 d
hc
2 mc
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

6
2 (497.7 10 eV)(1.60 10
19
J/eV)
3.98 1016 m
32-8
15.
Chapter 32
The energy required is the mass energy of the two particles.

E = 2mn c 2 = 2(939.6 MeV) = 1879.2 MeV
16.
The reaction is multistep and can be written as shown here. The energy
released is the initial rest energy minus the final rest energy of the proton and
pion, using Table 322.
0 +

p +
E = (m0 mp m ) c 2 = 1192.6 MeV 938.3 MeV 139.6 MeV = 114.7 MeV
17.
Because the two protons are heading toward each other with the same speed, the total momentum of
the system is 0. The minimum kinetic energy for the collision would result in all three particles at rest,
so the minimum kinetic energy of the collision must be equal to the mass energy of the 0 . Each
proton will have half of that kinetic energy. From Table 322, the mass of the 0 is 135.0 MeV/c 2 .
2(KE proton ) = m 0 c 2 = 135.0 MeV
18.
KE proton
= 67.5 MeV
Because the two particles have the same mass and they are traveling toward each other with the same
speed, the total momentum of the system is 0. The minimum kinetic energy for the collision would
result in all four particles at rest, so the minimum kinetic energy of the collision must be equal to the
mass energy of the K + K pair. Each initial particle will have half of that kinetic energy. From
Table 322, the mass of each K + and K is 493.7 MeV/c 2 .
2(KE p or p ) = 2mK c 2
19.
KE p or p
= mK c 2 = 493.7 MeV
The energy of the two photons (assumed to be equal so that momentum is conserved) must be the
combined mass energy of the proton and antiproton.
2mc 2 = 2hf = 2h
20.
hc
mc 2
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

(938.3 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
(a)
n +
Charge conservation is violated, since 0 0 1.

Strangeness is violated, since 1 0 + 0.
(b)
p + K
Energy conservation is violated, since
= 1.32 1015 m
1115.7 MeV/c 2 < 938.3 MeV/c 2 + 493.7 MeV/c 2 = 1432.0 MeV/c 2 .
(c)
21.
+ +
Baryon number conservation is violated, since 1 0 + 0.

Strangeness is violated, since 1 0 + 0.
Spin is violated, since 12 0 + 0.
The total momentum of the electron and positron is 0, so the total momentum of the two photons must
be 0. Thus each photon has the same momentum, so each photon also has the same energy. The total
energy of the photons must be the total energy of the electronpositron pair.
c
Ee+ /e pair = Ephotons 2(mc 2 + KE) = 2hf = 2h
hc
2
mc + KE
234
(6.63 10
6
J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

3
(0.511 10 eV + 420 10 eV)(1.60 10
19
J/eV)
= 1.335 1012 m 1.3 1012 m
22.
(a)
32-9
For the reaction + p n + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 0 + 0
Charge is conserved.
Baryon number: 0 + 1 = 1 + 0
Baryon number is conserved.
Lepton number: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0
Lepton number is conserved.
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0
Strangeness is conserved.
The reaction is possible.

(b)
For the reaction + + p n + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 0 + 0
Charge is NOT conserved.
The reaction is forbidden, because charge is not conserved.
(c)
For the reaction + + p p + e + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
Lepton number: 0 + 0 0 + 1
Lepton number is NOT conserved.
The reaction is forbidden, because lepton number is not conserved.

(d)
For the reaction p e + + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 = 1 + 0
Baryon number: 1 0 + 0
Baryon number NOT conserved.
Mass energy is fine, because mp > me + mv .

The reaction is forbidden, because baryon number is not conserved.
(e)
For the reaction + e + + v , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 = 1 + 0
Baryon number: 0 = 0 + 0
Electron lepton number: 0 1 + 0
Mass energy is fine, because m > me + mv .

The reaction is forbidden, because lepton number is not conserved.
(f)
For the reaction p n + e + + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

Mass energy:
938.3 MeV/c 2 < 939.6 MeV/c 2 + 0.511 MeV/c 2
Mass energy is NOT conserved.

The reaction is forbidden, because energy is not conserved.
23.
p + p p + p:
This reaction will not happen because charge is not conserved (2 0),
and baryon number is not conserved (2 0).
p + p p + p + p:
This reaction will not happen because charge is not conserved (2 1),
and baryon number is not conserved (2 1).
32-10
Chapter 32
p + p p + p + p + p:
This reaction is possible. All conservation laws are satisfied.
p + p p + e + + e + + p:
This reaction will not happen. Baryon number is not conserved (2 0),
and lepton number is not conserved (0 2).
24.
Since the pion decays from rest, the momentum before the decay is zero. Thus the momentum after the
decay is also zero, so the magnitudes of the momenta of the positron and the neutrino are equal. We
also treat the neutrino as massless. Use energy and momentum conservation along with the relativistic
relationship between energy and momentum.
m + c 2 = Ee+ + Ev ;
(pe2+ c 2 ) = (pv2 c 2 ) Ee2+ me2+ c 4 = Ev2
pe+ = pv
Ee2+ me2+ c 4 = (m + c 2 Ee+ ) 2 = m2 + c 4 2 Ee+ m + c 2 + Ee2+

Ee+ = 12 m + c 2 +
KE
me2+ c 2
2m +
= 12 m + c 2 me+ c 2 +
KE
me2+ c 2
2m +
+ me+ c 2 = 12 m + c 2 +
2 Ee+ m + c 2 = m2 + c 4 + me2+ c 4
me2+ c 2
2m +
= 12 (139.6 MeV) 0.511 MeV +
(0.511 MeV/c 2 )(0.511 MeV)

2(139.6 MeV/c 2 )
= 69.3 MeV
Here is an alternate solution, using the momentum.

Q = [m + (me+ + mv )]c 2 = 139.6 MeV 0.511 MeV = 139.1 MeV
KE
e+
= Ee+ me+ c 2 = (pe+ c) 2 + (me+ c 2 ) 2 me+ c 2 ;
Q = KE e+ + KE v
KE v
= Ev = pv c;
pe+ = pv = p
139.1 MeV = (pc) 2 + (0.511 MeV) 2 (0.511 MeV) + pc
139.6 pc = ( pc )2 + (0.511 MeV) 2
(139.6) 2 2(139.6)pc + p 2 c 2 = (pc ) 2 + (0.511 MeV) 2
(139.6 MeV) 2 (0.511 MeV) 2

= pc = 69.8 MeV
2(139.6 MeV)
Ev = KE v = 69.8 MeV; Q KE v = KE e+ = 139.1 MeV 69.8 MeV = 69.3 MeV
25.
(a)
The Q-value is the mass energy of the reactants minus the mass energy of the products.
Q = m0 c 2 (mp c 2 + m c 2 ) = 1115.7 MeV (938.3 MeV + 139.6 MeV) = 37.8 MeV
(b)
Energy conservation for the decay gives the following.

m0 c 2 = Ep + E
E = m0 c 2 Ep
Momentum conservation says that the magnitudes of the momenta of the two products are equal.
Then convert that relationship to energy using E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 , with energy conservation.
pp = p
(pp c) 2 = (p c) 2
Ep2 mp2 c 4 = E2 m2 c 4 = (m 0 c 2 Ep ) 2 m2 c 4
Ep2 mp2 c 4 = (m2 0 c 4 2Ep m 0 c 2 + Ep2 ) m2 c 4
Ep =
m2 0 c 4 + mp2 c 4 m2 c 4
2m 0 c 2
(1115.7 MeV) 2 + (938.3 MeV)2 (139.6 MeV) 2

= 943.7 MeV
2(1115.7 MeV)
32-11
E = m 0 c 2 Ep = 1115.7 MeV 943.7 MeV = 172.0 MeV

KE p
KE
26.
= Ep mp c 2 = 943.7 MeV 938.3 MeV = 5.4 MeV
= E m c 2 = 172.0 MeV 139.6 MeV = 32.4 MeV
The two neutrinos must move together, in the opposite direction of the electron, in order for the
electron to have the maximum kinetic energy, and thus the total momentum of the neutrinos will be
equal in magnitude to the momentum of the electron. Since a neutrino is (essentially) massless, we
have Ev = pv c. The muon is at rest when it decays. Use conservation of energy and momentum, along
with their relativistic relationship.
pe = pve + pv
m c 2 = Ee + Eve + Ev = Ee + pve c + pv c = Ee + (pve + pv )c = Ee + pe c
m c 2 Ee = pe c (m c 2 Ee ) 2 = (pe c)2 = Ee2 me2 c 4
4
m c 2m c
KE
27.
me2 c 4
me c 2 =
2m c 2
Ee =
m2 c 4 + me2 c 4
2m c 2
= KE e + me c 2
(105.7 MeV) 2 + (0.511 MeV) 2

(0.511 MeV) = 52.3 MeV
2(105.7 MeV)
h
(6.63 1034 J s)
=
= 9420 eV 0.009 MeV
2 t 2 (7 1020 s)(1.60 1016 J/eV)
h
2 t
h
=
2 E
6.63 1034 J s
1.60 1019
2 (300 103 eV)
1 eV
Apply the uncertainty principle, which says that E

E
30.
m2 c 4 + me2 c 4
Ee2
We estimate the lifetime from the energy width and the uncertainty principle.
E
29.
Ee + Ee2
We use the uncertainty principle to estimate the uncertainty in rest energy.

E
28.
(a)
h
2 t
h
=
2 E
= 2 1021 s
h
.
2t
6.63 1034 J s
1.60 1019
2 (88 103 eV)
1 eV
= 7.5 1021 s
For B = b u, we have
Charge:
1 = 13 32
Spin:
0 = 12 12
Baryon number:
0 = 13 13
Strangeness:
0 = 0+0
Charm:
0 = 0+0
Bottomness:
1 = 1 + 0
Topness:
0 = 0+0
32-12
Chapter 32
(b)
Because B+ is the antiparticle of B , B+ = b u . The B0 still must have a bottom quark but
must be neutral. Therefore, B0 = b d . Because B0 is the antiparticle to B0 , we must have
B0 = b d .
31.
We find the energy width from the lifetime in Table 322 and the uncertainty principle.
(a)
32.
t = 5.1 1019 s E
h
6.63 1034 J s
=
= 1293 eV 1300 eV
2 t 2 (5.1 1019 s)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
(b) t = 4.4 1024 s E
h
6.63 1034 J s
=
= 1.499 108 eV 150 MeV
2 t 2 (4.4 10224 s)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
(a)
Charge:
(0) = ( + 1) + ( 1)
Baryon number:
( + 1) = ( + 1) + (0)
Lepton number:
(0) = (0) + (0)
Strangeness:
(2) (1) + (0)
Strangeness is NOT conserved.
Spin:
( 12 ) = ( 12 ) + (0)
Spin is conserved.
1314.9 Mev/c 2 > 1189.4 Mev/c 2 + 139.6Mev/c 2 = 1329Mev/c 2

Energy is NOT conserved.
Energy:
The decay is not possible. Neither strangeness nor energy is conserved .

(b)
Charge:
( 1) = (0) + ( 1) + (0)
Baryon number:
( + 1) = ( + 1) + (0) + (0)
Lepton number:
(0) = (0) + (0) + (1)
Strangeness:
( 3) ( 1) + (0) + (0)
Spin:
( 32 ) ( 12 ) + (0) + ( 12 )
Spin is NOT conserved.
Energy:
1672.5 Mev/c 2 > 1192.6Mev/c 2 + 139.6 Mev/c 2 + 0 = 1332.2 Mev/c 2

Energy is conserved.
The decay is not possible. Lepton number, strangeness, and spin are not conserved .
(c)
Charge:
(0) = (0) + (0) + (0)
Baryon number:
(0) = (0) + (0) + (0)
Lepton number:
(0) = (0) + (0) + (0)
Strangeness:
( 1) = ( 1) + (0) + (0)
Spin:
( 12 ) = ( 12 ) + (1) + ( 1)
Spin is conserved, if the gammas have

opposite spins.
1192.6 Mev/c 2 > 1115.7 Mev/c 2 + 0 + 0 = 1115.7 Mev/c 2

Energy is conserved.
The decay is possible.
Energy:
33.
The expected lifetime of the virtual W particle is found from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
E t U t
34.
32-13
(a)
U
6.63 1034 J s
1 eV
=
= 8.20 1027 s 8 1027 s

E 2 (80.385 109 eV) 1.60 1019 J
The 0 has a strangeness of 2, so it must contain two strange quarks. In order to make a neutral
particle, the third quark must be an up quark. So 0 = u s s .
(b)
The has a strangeness of 2, so it must contain two strange quarks. In order to make a
particle with a total charge of 1, the third quark must be a down quark. So, = d s s .
35.
(a)
The neutron has a baryon number of 1, so there must be three quarks. The charge must be 0, as
must be the strangeness, the charm, the bottomness, and the topness. Thus, n = u d d .
(b)
The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron, so n = u dd .
(c)
The 0 has a strangeness of 1, so it must contain an s quark. It is a baryon, so it must contain

three quarks. And it must have charge, charm, bottomness, and topness equal to 0. Thus
0 = u d s .
(d)
The 0 has a strangeness of +1, so it must contain an s quark. It is a baryon, so it must contain
three quarks. And it must have charge, charm, bottomness, and topness equal to 0. Thus
0
= uds .
36.
(a)
The combination u u d has charge = +1, baryon number = +1, and strangeness, charm,
bottomness, and topness all equal to 0. Thus, u u d = p .
(b)
The combination u u s has charge = 1, baryon number = 1, strangeness = +1, and charm,
bottomness, and topness all equal to 0. Thus, u u s = .
(c)
The combination u s has charge = 1, baryon number = 0, strangeness = 1, and charm,

bottomness, and topness all equal to 0. Thus, u s = K .
(d)
The combination d u has charge = 1, baryon number = 0, and strangeness, charm, bottomness,
and topness all equal to 0. Thus, d u = .
(e)
The combination c s has charge = 1, baryon number = 0, strangeness = 1, charm = 1, and

bottomness and topness of 0. Thus, c s = D S .
37.
To form the D 0 meson, we must have a total charge of 0, a baryon number of 0, a strangeness of 0,
and a charm of +1. We assume that there is no topness or bottomness. To get the charm, we must have
a c quark with a charge of + 32 e. To have a neutral meson, there must be another quark with a charge
of 23 e. To have a baryon number of 0, that second quark must be an antiquark. The only candidate
with those properties is an anti-up quark. Thus, D 0 = c u .
32-14
38.
Chapter 32
To form the DS+ meson, we must have a total charge of +1, a baryon number of 0, a strangeness of +1,
and a charm of +1. We assume that there is no topness or bottomness. To get the charm, we must have
a c quark with a charge of + 32 e. To have a total charge of +1, there must be another quark with a
charge of + 13 e. To have a baryon number of 0, that second quark must be an antiquark. To have a
strangeness of +1, the other quark must be an antistrange. Thus, DS+ = c s .
39.
Here is a Feynman diagram for the reaction + p 0 + n. There are

other possibilities, since the 0 also can be represented as a d d
combination or as a mixture of d d and u u combinations.
40.
Since leptons are involved, the reaction n + v p + is a weak

interaction. Since there is a charge change in the lepton, a W boson
must be involved in the interaction. If we consider the neutron as having
emitted the boson, then it is a W , which interacts with the neutrino. If
we consider the neutrino as having emitted the boson, then it is a W + ,
which interacts with the neutron.
41.
The total energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and the mass energy.
The wavelength is found from the relativistic momentum.
E = KE + mc 2 = 15 109 eV + 938.3 106 eV = 1.5938 1010 eV 16 GeV
42.
h
=
p
h
2
2 2
E (mc )
c
hc
2
E (mc 2 ) 2
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

10
(1.5938 10
eV) (938.3 10 eV) (1.60 10

2
19
J/eV)
= 7.8 1017 m
To find the length in the lab, we need to know the speed of the particle that is moving relativistically.
Start with Eq. 265a.
KE
1
1
1
= mc 2
1 = c 1
= c 1
= 0.7585c
2
2
2 2
KE
950 MeV
1 /c
+ 1
2 + 1
mc
1777 MeV
tlab =
t0
2
1 /c
2.91 1013 s
1 (0.7585)
= 4.465 1013 s
xlab = tlab = (0.7585)(3.00 108 m/s)(4.465 1013 s) = 1.02 104 m
43.
44.
32-15
By assuming that the initial kinetic energy is approximately 0, the total energy released is the mass
energy of the annihilating pair of particles.
(a)
Etotal = 2mc 2 = 2(0.511 MeV) = 1.022 MeV
(b)
Etotal = 2mc 2 = 2(938.3 MeV) = 1876.6 MeV
(a)
At an energy of 4.0 TeV, the protons are moving at practically the speed of light. From uniform
circular motion, we find the time for the protons to complete one revolution around the ring.
Then the total charge that passes any point in the ring during that time is the charge of the entire
group of stored protons. The current is then the total charge divided by the period.
(b)
2 R
T
I=
Ne Nec (2 1014 protons)(1.60 1019 C/proton)(3.0 108 m/s)

=
=
= 0.355A 0.4 A
T
2 R
2 (4.3 103 m)
T=
2 R
2 R
c
The 4.0 TeV is equal to the KE of the proton beam. We assume that the car would not be moving
relativistically.
KE beam
= KE car
2KE beam
=
m
KE beam = 12 m 2
2(4.0 1012 eV/proton)(2 1014 protons)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

= 413 m/s
1500 kg
400 m/s
Our assumption that the car is not relativistic is confirmed. This is about 900 mi/h.
45.
These protons will be moving at essentially the speed of light for the entire time of acceleration. The
number of revolutions is the total gain in energy divided by the energy gain per revolution. Then the
distance is the number of revolutions times the circumference of the ring, and the time is the distance
of travel divided by the speed of the protons.
N =
E
(4.0 1012 eV 450 109 eV)
=
= 4.44 105 rev
E /rev
8.0 106 eV/rev
d = N (2 R ) = (4.44 105 )2 (4.3 103 m) = 1.199 1010 m 1.2 1010 m

t=
46.
(a)
d 1.199 1010 m
=
= 4.0 101 s
c 3.00 108 m/s
For the reaction + p K 0 + p + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 0 + 1 + 0
The reaction is not possible, because charge is not conserved.
Also, we note that the reactants would have to have significant kinetic energy to be able to
create the K 0 .
(b)
For the reaction K + p 0 + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 0 + 0
Spin: 0 + 12 = 12 + 0
Spin is conserved.
32-16
Chapter 32
Strangeness: 1 + 0 = 1 + 0
The reaction is possible, via the strong interaction.

(c)
For the reaction K + + n + + 0 + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 + 0
1
2
Spin: 0 + =
12
+ 0 +1
Spin is conserved.
Baryon number: 0 + 1 = 1 + 0 + 0
Lepton number: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
Strangeness: 1 + 0 1 + 0 + 0
The reaction is not possible via the strong interaction because strangeness is not conserved.
It is possible via the weak interaction.
(d)
For the reaction K + 0 + 0 + + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 = 0 + 0 + 1
Spin: 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
Spin is conserved.
Baryon number: 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
Lepton number: 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
Strangeness: 1 0 + 0 + 0
The reaction is not possible via the strong interaction because strangeness is not conserved.
It is possible via the weak interaction.
(e)
For the reaction + e + + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 = 1 + 0
Spin: 0 = 12 + 12
Spin is conserved.
Lepton number: 0 = 1 + 1
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
The reaction is possible, via the weak interaction.
47.
(a)
For the reaction + p K + + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 1 1
1
2
Spin: 0 + = 0 +
1
2
Spin is conserved.
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 1 1
(b)
32-17
For the reaction + + p K + + + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
1
2
Spin: 0 + = 0 +
1
2
Spin is conserved.
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 1 1

(c)
For the reaction + p 0 + K 0 + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 0 + 0 + 0
Spin: 0 + 12 = 12 + 0 + 0
Spin is conserved.
Baryon number: 0 + 1 = 1 + 0 + 0
Lepton number: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 21 + 1 + 0
(d)
For the reaction + + p 0 + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 0 + 0
The reaction is not possible, because charge is not conserved.
(e)
For the reaction + p p + e + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge: 1 + 1 = 1 1 + 0
Spin: 0 + 12 = 12 + 12 12
Spin is conserved.
Baryon number: 0 + 1 = 1 + 0 + 0
Lepton number: 0 + 0 = 0 + 1 1
Strangeness: 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0
The reaction is possible, via the weak interaction.

Note that we did not check mass conservation, because in a collision, there is always some
kinetic energy brought into the reaction. Thus the products can be heavier than the reactants.
48.
The is the antiparticle of the + , so the reaction is + v . The conservation rules are
as follows:
Charge: 1 = 1 + 0
Lepton number: 0 = 1 1
Strangeness: 0 = 0 + 0
1
2
Spin: 0 =
1
2
Spin is conserved.
32-18
49.
Chapter 32
Use Eq. 323 to estimate the mass of the particle based on the given distance.
mc 2
hc
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.0 108 m/s)
1
11
=
= 1.98 10 eV 200 GeV
18
19
2 d
.
2 (10
m)
1
60
10
J/eV
This value is of the same order of magnitude as the mass of the W .

50.
For the first reaction, p + p p + p + 0 :
Q = 2mp c 2 (2mp c 2 + m 0 c 2 ) = m 0 c 2 = 135.0 MeV
For the second reaction, p + p p + n + + :

Q = 2mp c 2 (mp c 2 + mn c 2 + m + c 2 ) = mp c 2 mn c 2 m + c 2
= 938.3 MeV 939.6 MeV 139.6 MeV = 140.9 MeV
51.
The fundamental fermions are the quarks and electrons. In a water molecule there are 2 hydrogen
atoms consisting of 1 electron and 1 proton each, and 1 oxygen atom, consisting of 8 electrons,
8 protons, and 8 neutrons. Thus there are 18 nucleons, consisting of 3 quarks each, and 10 electrons.
The total number of fermions is thus 18 3 + 10 = 64 fundamental fermions.
52.
We assume that the interaction happens essentially at rest, so that there is no initial kinetic energy or
momentum. Thus the momentum of the neutron and the momentum of the 0 will have the same
magnitude. From energy conservation we find the total energy of the 0 .
m c 2 + mp c 2 = E 0 + mn c 2 + KE n
E 0 = m c 2 + mp c 2 (mn c 2 + KE n ) = 139.6 MeV + 938.3 MeV (939.6 MeV + 0.60 MeV)

= 137.7 MeV
From momentum conservation, we can find the mass energy of the 0 . We utilize Eq. 269 to relate
momentum and energy.
pn = p 0
(pn c)2 = (p 0 c) 2
En2 mn2 c 4 = E20 m2 0 c 4
m2 0 c 4 = E20 En2 + mn2 c 4
m 0 c 2 = E20 En2 + m2 0 c 4 = [(137.7 MeV) 2 (939.6 MeV + 0.60 MeV) 2 + (939.6 MeV) 2 ]1/2
= 133.5 MeV m 0 = 133.5 MeV/c 2
The reference value is 135.0 MeV.

53.
(a)
First we use the uncertainty principle, Eq. 281. The energy is so high that we assume E = pc,
so p =
E
.
c
x p
E
h
2
E
h
c
2
hc
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s) (1 GeV/109 eV)
=
= 2 1015 GeV
31
19
2 x
2 (10 m)
(1.60 10
J/eV)
32-19
Next, we use de Broglies wavelength formula. We take the de Broglie wavelength as the unification
distance.
=
E=
h
h
=
p Ec
hc
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s) (1 GeV/109 eV)

(1031 m)
(1.60 1019 J/eV)
= 1 1016 GeV
Both energies are reasonably close to 1016 GeV. This energy is the amount that could be violated in
conservation of energy if the universe were the size of the unification distance.
(b)
From Eq. 138, we have E = 32 kT .

E = 32 kT
54.
T=
2 E 2(1025 eV)(1.6 1019 J/eV)

=
= 7.7 1028 K 1029 K
23
3k
3(1.38 10
J/K)
Q = m c 2 + mp c 2 (m0 c 2 + mK 0 c 2 ) = 139.6 MeV + 938.3MeV (1115.7 MeV + 497.6 MeV)
= 535.4 MeV
We consider the products to be one mass M = m0 + mK 0 = 1613.3 MeV/c 2 since they have the same
velocity. Energy conservation gives the following: E + mp c 2 = EM . Momentum conservation says
that the incoming momentum is equal to the outgoing momentum. Then convert that relationship to
energy using the relativistic relationship that E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 .
p = pM
(p c) 2 = (pM c) 2
2
E2 m2 c 4 = EM
M 2c4
E2 m2 c 4 = (E + mp c 2 ) 2 M 2 c 4 = E2 + 2 E mp c 2 + mp2 c 4 M 2 c 4
E =
KE
M 2 c 4 m2 c 4 mp2 c 4
=
=
55.
2mp c 2
M 2 c 4 m2 c 4 mp2 c 4
2mp c
m c 2
(1613.3 MeV)2 (139.6 MeV) 2 (938.3 MeV) 2

(139.6 MeV) = 767.8 MeV
2(938.3 MeV)
Since there is no initial momentum, the final momentum must add to zero. Thus each of the pions must
have the same magnitude of momentum and therefore the same kinetic energy. Use energy
conservation to find the kinetic energy of each pion.
2mp c 2 = 2KE + 2m c 2
56.
= KE + m c 2
KE = mp c 2 m c 2 = 938.3 MeV 139.6 MeV = 798.7 MeV
The Q-value is the energy of the reactants minus the energy of the products. We assume that one of the
initial protons is at rest and that all four final particles have the same speed and therefore the same
kinetic energy, since they all have the same mass. We consider the products to be one mass M = 4mp
since they all have the same speed.
Q = 2mp c 2 4mp c 2 = 2mp c 2 Mc 2 = 2mp c 2
32-20
Chapter 32
Energy conservation gives the following, where
KE th
is the threshold energy.
(KE th + mp c 2 ) + mp c 2 = EM = KE M + Mc 2
Momentum conservation says that the incoming momentum is equal to the outgoing momentum. Then
convert that relationship to energy using the relativistic relationship E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 .
pp = pM
2
(pp c) 2 = (pM c) 2
(KE th + mp c 2 ) 2 mp2 c 4 = (KE M + Mc 2 ) 2 M 2 c 4
+ 2KE th mp c 2 + mp2 c 4 mp2 c 4 = KE 2th + 4KE th mp c 2 + 4mp2 c 4 (4mp ) 2 c 4
KE th
2KE th mp c 2 = 4KE th mp c 2 + 4mp2 c 4 16mp2 c 4
= 6mp c = 3 Q
KE th
57.
2KE th mp c 2 = 12mp2 c 4
We use 0 to represent the actual wavelength and to define the approximate wavelength. The
approximation is to ignore the mass in the expression for the total energy, E = KE + mc 2 . We also use
Eqs. 265a, 266b, 269, and 321.
mc 2
p 2 c 2 = E 2 (mc 2 ) 2 = (KE + mc 2 ) 2 (mc 2 ) 2 = KE 2 1 + 2
KE
h
hc
hc
hc
hc
; =
0 = =
> 0 ; = 1.010
= 1.01
1/2
KE
KE
p
2mc 2
2mc 2
KE 1 +
KE 1 +
KE
KE
KE
=
KE
2mc 2
(1.01) 2 1
hc
KE
2(9.38 108 eV)

= 9.333 1010 eV 9.3 1010 eV
0.0201
(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

(9.33 1010 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
1
=
1 mc 2
2 2
1 /c
KE
= c 1 2 + 1
mc
58.
1/2
= 1.332 1017 m 1.3 1017 m
9.333 1010 eV
+ 1
= c 1
9.38 108 eV
= 0.99995c
As mentioned in Example 328, the 0 can be considered as either u u or d d. There are various
models to describe this reaction. Four are shown here.
Another model that shows the 0 as a combination of both u u and d d is also shown.
59.
(a)
32-21
To conserve charge, the missing particle must be neutral. To conserve baryon number, the
missing particle must be a meson. To conserve strangeness, charm, topness, and bottomness, the
missing particle must be made of up and down quarks and antiquarks only. With all this
information, the missing particle is 0 .
(b)
60.
This is a weak interaction since one product is a lepton. To conserve charge, the missing particle
must be neutral. To conserve the muon lepton number, the missing particle must be an
antiparticle in the muon family. With this information, the missing particle is v .
A relationship between total energy and speed is given by Eq. 266b.

E=
mc 2
1 2 /c 2
mc 2
= 1
E
c
1 2 /c 2 =
mc 2
E
mc 2
=
c 2 E
9.38 108 eV
= 1
= 1 (to 8 digits)
12
7.0 10 eV
=c
Use the binomial expansion to express the answer differently.

2
8
9.38 108 eV
9
1 9.38 10 eV
1
= 1
= 1 9.0 10
2
12
12
c
7.0 10 eV
7.0 10 eV
= c(1 9.0 109 )
This is about 3 m/s slower than the speed of light.

61.
According to Section 321, the energy involved in the LHCs collisions will reach 14 TeV. Use that
with the analysis used in Example 321. From Eq. 301, nuclear sizes are on the order of
1.2 1015 m.
hc (6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

=
= 8.9 1020 m
E (14 1012 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
rnucleus
62.
(a)
8.9 1020 m
1.2 10
15
= 7.4 105
The nucleus undergoes two beta decays, so in the nucleus 2 neutrons change into protons. The
daughter nucleus must have 2 more protons than the parent but the same number of nucleons.
Thus the daughter nucleus is
(b)
1
13,500
96
42 Mo .
The reaction would be
96
40 Zr
96
0
42 Mo + 2 1 e .
Since the reaction is neutrinoless, lepton conservation would be violated in this decay. Checking
isotope mass values at www.nist.gov/pml/data/comp.cfm shows that the reaction is energetically
possible.
32-22
Chapter 32
(c)
If the
96
40 Zr
would undergo two beta decays simultaneously and thereby emit 2 electron
antineutrinos, then it could decay to

63.
96
42 Mo
without violating any conservation laws.
The width of the bump in Fig. 3219 is about 5 GeV/c 2 . Use that value with the uncertainty
principle to estimate the lifetime of the Higgs boson.
E t
h
2
(6.63 1034 J s)
1
h
=
1 1025 s
9
2 E
2 (5 10 eV) (1.60 1019 J/eV)
Solutions to Search and Learn Problems

1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The two major classes of fundamental particles are quarks and leptons.
Quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.
Leptons: electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino.
Gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear.
Gravity is carried by the graviton; the electromagnetic force is carried by the photon; the weak
nuclear force is carried by the W + , W , and Z0 bosons; the strong nuclear force is carried by
the gluon. The gravitational force is much weaker than the other three forces.
2.
3.
(a)
Hadrons interact via the strong nuclear force (as well as the other three fundamental forces) and
are made up of quarks.
(b)
(c)
Baryons are hadrons, are made of three quarks, and have a baryon number of either +1 or 1.
Mesons are hadrons, are made of one quark and one antiquark, and have a baryon number of 0.
The conservation laws that must hold are the conservation of momentum, angular momentum (spin),
massenergy, charge, baryon number, and lepton number. Momentum can be conserved by the two
decay products having equal but opposite momentum in the rest frame of the parent particle. There are
no measurements given to enable us to check conservation of momentum, so we assume that it holds.
The other conservation laws are evaluated for each decay. Spin can of course be positive or negative,
so our check means seeing if there is a way for spins to add up, using either positive or negative
values for the spin. For the massenergy to be conserved, the mass of the initial particle must be
greater than the mass of the resulting particles, with the remaining mass becoming kinetic energy of
the particles. Those values are in GeV/c 2 , but units are omitted here.
For the reaction t W + + b:
( )
Spin:
1
2
= 1 + 12
Massenergy:
173 > 80.4 + 4.18
Charge:
2
3
= 1 + 13
Baryon number:
1
3
= 0 + 13
( )
Spin is conserved.
Massenergy is conserved.
32-23
For the reaction t W + b:
( )
Spin:
1
2
Massenergy:
173 > 80.4 + 4.18
Charge:
Baryon number:
= 1 + 12
Spin is conserved.
( 32 ) = ( 1) + 13
13 = 0 + ( 13 )
For the reaction W
u+d:
Spin:
1 = 12 + 12
Spin is conserved.
Massenergy:
80.4 > 0.0023 + 0.0048
Charge:
1 = 32 + 13
( )
For the reaction W
4.
(a)
+ v :
Spin:
1 = 12 + 12
Spin is conserved.
Massenergy:
80.4 > 0.1057 + 0
Charge:
1 = ( 1) + 0
Lepton number: 0 = 1 + ( 1)
Each tau will carry off half of the released kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is the difference in
massenergy of the two tau particles and the original Higgs boson.
Q = (mH0 2m )c 2 = 125 103 MeV 2(1777 MeV) = 121.4 103 MeV = 121.4 GeV
KE
(b)
(c)
5.
(a)
= 12 Q = 60.7 GeV
The total charge must be zero, so one will have a positive charge and the other will have a
negative charge.
No. The mass of the two Z bosons is greater than the mass of the initial Higgs boson, so the
decay would violate the conservation of energy.
We work in the rest frame of the isolated electron, so that it is initially at rest. Energy
conservation gives the following.
me c 2 = KE e + me c 2 + E
KE e
= E
KE e
= E = 0
Since the photon has no energy, it does not exist, so it has not been emitted.
Here is an alternate explanation: Consider the electron in its rest frame. If it were to emit a single
photon of energy E , then the photon would have a momentum p = E /c. For momentum to
be conserved, the electron would move away in the opposite direction as the photon with the
same magnitude of momentum. Since the electron is moving (relative to the initial frame of
reference), the electron will now have kinetic energy in that frame of reference, with a total
32-24
Chapter 32
energy given by Eq. 269, E = (mc 2 ) 2 + (p c) 2 = (mc 2 ) 2 + E2 . With the added kinetic
(b)
6.
energy, the electron now has more energy than it had at rest, and the total energy of the photon
and electron is greater than the initial rest energy of the electron. This is a violation of the
conservation of energy, so an electron cannot emit a single photon.
For the photon exchange in Fig. 328, the photon exists for such a short time that the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle allows energy conservation to be violated during the exchange. So if t is
the duration of the interaction and E is the amount by which energy is not conserved during the
interaction, then as long as E t > =, the process can happen.
Because the energy of the protons is much greater than their mass, we have KE = E = pc. Combine
this with the expression from Problem 11 that relates the momentum and radius of curvature for a
charged particle in a synchrotron.
B (in T) =
E (in eV)
(7.0 1012 eV)
=
= 5.5 T
rc
(4.25 103 m)(3.00 108 m/s)
Alternate derivation: In Chapter 26, Problem 46, it is stated that m 2 /r = q B for a relativistic
charge executing circular motion in a magnetic field. It is also stated in Eq. 264 that p = m .
Combine those relationships with the fact that E = pc for highly relativistic particles.
m 2
r
B=
= q B
p
= qB
r
E
= qB
cr
E
(7.0 1012 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
=
= 5.5 T
qrc (1.60 1019 C)(4.25 103 m)(3.00 108 m/s)

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32

A reaction between two nucleons that would produce a is p + n p + p + .

The photon signals the electromagnetic interaction.

Baryons are formed from three quarks or antiquarks, each of spin

combination of quarks and antiquarks will yield a spin magnitude of either

Responses to MisConceptual Questions

The total energy is given by Eq. 266a.

hc (6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

The frequency is related to the magnetic field by Eq. 322.

Use Eq. 322 to calculate the frequency.

2 mf 2 (1.67 1027 kg)(3.1 107 Hz)

The maximum kinetic energy is

2(8.653 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

= 2.0 107 m/s

The maximum kinetic energy is

2(4.327 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

= 2.0 107 m/s

The frequency is given by f =

hc (6.63 1034 J s)(3.0 108 m/s)

E (E )2 r (1.0 1012 eV 150 109 eV)2 (1.0 103 m)

= 8.9 105 eV/rev 0.9 MeV/rev

2(2.014)(1.66 1027 kg)(12 106 eV)(1.60 1019 J/eV)

The cyclotron frequency is given by Eq. 322.

(1.60 1019 J/eV)

= 273 revolutions 270 revolutions

In the relativistic limit, p = E /c, so

the charge of the object.

(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

The energy required is the mass energy of the two particles.

E = (m0 mp m ) c 2 = 1192.6 MeV 938.3 MeV 139.6 MeV = 114.7 MeV

(6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

Charge conservation is violated, since 0 0 1.

Energy conservation is violated, since

1115.7 MeV/c 2 < 938.3 MeV/c 2 + 493.7 MeV/c 2 = 1432.0 MeV/c 2 .

Baryon number conservation is violated, since 1 0 + 0.

J s)(3.00 108 m/s)

(0.511 10 eV + 420 10 eV)(1.60 10

= 1.335 1012 m 1.3 1012 m

For the reaction + p n + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Baryon number is conserved.

Lepton number is conserved.

The reaction is possible.

For the reaction + + p n + 0 , the conservation laws are as follows:

Charge is NOT conserved.

The reaction is forbidden, because charge is not conserved.

For the reaction + + p p + e + , the conservation laws are as follows:

Lepton number is NOT conserved.

The reaction is forbidden, because lepton number is not conserved.

For the reaction p e + + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

Baryon number NOT conserved.

Mass energy is fine, because mp > me + mv .

For the reaction + e + + v , the conservation laws are as follows:

Baryon number is conserved.

Electron lepton number: 0 1 + 0

Lepton number is NOT conserved.

Mass energy is fine, because m > me + mv .

For the reaction p n + e + + ve , the conservation laws are as follows:

938.3 MeV/c 2 < 939.6 MeV/c 2 + 0.511 MeV/c 2

Mass energy is NOT conserved.

This reaction is possible. All conservation laws are satisfied.

(pe2+ c 2 ) = (pv2 c 2 ) Ee2+ me2+ c 4 = Ev2

Ee2+ me2+ c 4 = (m + c 2 Ee+ ) 2 = m2 + c 4 2 Ee+ m + c 2 + Ee2+

= 12 (139.6 MeV) 0.511 MeV +