Ch21 Giancoli7e Manual

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAYS LAW
21
Responses to Questions
1.
The advantage of using many turns ( N = large number) in Faradays experiments is that the emf and
induced current are proportional to N, which makes it easier to experimentally measure those
quantities. Many turns in the primary coil will make a larger magnetic flux, and many turns in the
output coil will produce a larger output voltage and current.
2.
Magnetic flux is proportional to the total number of magnetic field lines passing through an enclosed
loop area: B = BA cos , so the flux is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field. The
magnetic flux depends not only on the field itself, but also on the area and on the angle between the
field and the area. Thus, they also have different units (magnetic field = tesla = T; magnetic
flux = T m 2 = Wb). Another difference is that magnetic field is a vector, but magnetic flux is a scalar.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
A current is induced in the ring when you move the south pole toward the ring. An emf and
current are induced in the ring due to the changing magnetic flux. As the magnet gets closer to
the ring, more magnetic field lines are going through the ring. Using Lenzs law and the righthand rule, the direction of the induced current when you bring the south pole toward the ring is
clockwise. In this case, the number of magnetic field lines coming through the loop and pointing
toward you is increasing (remember that magnetic field lines point toward the south pole of the
magnet). The induced current in the loop will oppose this change in flux and will attempt to
create magnetic field lines through the loop that point away from you. A clockwise induced
current will provide this opposing magnetic field.
A current is not induced in the ring when the magnet is held steady within the ring. An emf and
current are not induced in the ring since the magnetic flux through the ring is not changing while
the magnet is held steady.
A current is induced in the ring when you withdraw the magnet. An emf and current are induced
in the ring due to the changing magnetic flux. As you pull the magnet out of the ring toward you,
fewer magnetic field lines are going through the ring. Using Lenzs law and the right-hand rule
again, the direction of the induced current when you withdraw the south pole from the ring is
counterclockwise. In this case, the number of magnetic field lines coming through the loop and
pointing toward you is decreasing. The induced current in the loop will oppose this change in
flux and will create more magnetic field lines through the loop that point toward you.
A counterclockwise induced current will provide this opposing magnetic field.
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21-1
21-2
4.
Chapter 21
(a)
(b)
5.
(a)
(b)
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
The magnetic field through the loop due to the current-carrying wire will be into the page. As the
wire loop is pulled away, the flux will decrease since the magnetic field is inversely proportional
to the distance from the wire. Current will be induced to increase the inward magnetic field,
which means that the induced current will be clockwise.
If the wire loop is stationary but the current in the wire is decreased, then the inward magnetic
field through the loop will again be decreasing, so again the induced current will be clockwise.
There will be no magnetic field lines piercing the loop from top to bottom or vice versa. All of
the field lines are parallel to the face of the loop. Thus there will be no magnetic flux in the loop
and no change of flux in the loop, so there will be no induced current.
Now, since the magnet is much thicker than the loop, there will be some field lines that pierce
the loop from top to bottom. The flux will increase as the magnet gets closer, so a current will be
induced that makes upward-pointing field lines through the loop. The current will be
counterclockwise.
Yes. As the battery is connected to the front loop and current starts to flow, it will create an
increasing magnetic field that points away from you and down through the two loops. Because
the magnetic flux will be increasing in the second loop, an emf and current will be induced in the
second loop.
The induced current in the second loop starts to flow as soon as the current in the front loop
starts to increase and create a magnetic field (basically, immediately upon the connection of the
battery to the front loop).
The current in the second loop stops flowing as soon as the current in the front loop becomes
steady. Once the battery has increased the current in the front loop from zero to its steady-state
value, the magnetic field it creates is also steady. Since the magnetic flux through the second
loop is no longer changing, the induced current goes to zero.
The induced current in the second loop is counterclockwise. Since the increasing clockwise
current in the front loop is causing an increase in the number of magnetic field lines down
through the second loop, Lenzs law states that the second loop will attempt to oppose this
change in flux. To oppose this change, the right-hand rule indicates that a counterclockwise
current will be induced in the second loop.
Yes. Since both loops carry currents and create magnetic fields while the current in the front
loop is increasing from the battery, each current will feel the magnetic field caused by the
other loop.
The force between the two loops will repel each other. The front loop is creating a magnetic field
pointed toward the second loop. This changing magnetic field induces a current in the second
loop to oppose the increasing magnetic field, and this induced current creates a magnetic field
pointing toward the front loop. These two magnetic fields will act like two north poles pointing
at each other and repel. We can also explain it by saying that the two currents are in opposite
directions, and opposing currents exert a repelling force on each other.
7.
Yes, a current will be induced in the second coil. It will start when the battery is disconnected from the
first coil and stop when the current falls to zero in the first coil. The current in the second loop will be
clockwise. All of the reasoning is similar to that given for Question 6, except now the current is
decreasing instead of increasing.
8.
(a)
The induced current in RA is to the right as coil B is moved toward coil A. As B approaches A,
the magnetic flux through coil A increases (there are now more magnetic field lines in coil A
pointing to the left). The induced emf in coil A creates a current to produce a magnetic field that
opposes this increase in flux, with the field pointing to the right through the center of the coil.
A current through RA to the right will produce this opposing field.
Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law
21-3
(b)
The induced current in RA is to the left as coil B is moved away from coil A. As B recedes from A,
the magnetic flux through coil A decreases (there are now fewer magnetic field lines in coil A
pointing to the left). The induced emf in coil A creates a current to produce a magnetic field that
opposes this decrease in flux, pointing to the left through the center of the coil. A current through
RA to the left will produce this opposing field.
(c)
The induced current in RA is to the left as RB in coil B is increased. As RB increases, the

current in coil B decreases, which also decreases the magnetic field coil B produces. As the
magnetic field from coil B decreases, the magnetic flux through coil A decreases (there are now
fewer magnetic field lines in coil A pointing to the left). The induced emf in coil A creates a
current to produce a magnetic field pointing to the left through the center of the coil, opposing
the decrease in flux. A current through RA to the left will produce this opposing field.
9.
The net current in the wire and shield combination is 0. Thus to the outside, there is no magnetic
field created by the combination. If there is an external magnetic field, it will not be influenced by the
signal current, and then by Newtons third law, the signal current will not be influenced by an external
magnetic field either.
10.
One advantage of placing the two insulated wires carrying ac close together is that the magnetic field
created by the changing current moving one way in one wire is approximately cancelled out by the
magnetic field created by the current moving in the opposite direction in the second wire. Also, since
large loops of wire in a circuit can generate a large self-induced back emf, by placing the two wires
close to each other, or even twisting them about each other, the effective area of the current loop is
decreased and the induced current is minimized.
11.
When the motor first starts up, there is only a small back emf in the circuit (back emf is proportional to
the rotation speed of the motor). This allows a large current to flow to the refrigerator. The power
source for the house can be treated as an emf with an internal resistance. This large current to the
refrigerator motor from the power source reduces the voltage across the power source because of its
internal resistance. Since the power source voltage has decreased, other items (like lights) will have a
lower voltage across them and receive less current, so may dim. As the motor speeds up to its
normal operational speed, the back emf increases to its normal level and the current delivered to the
motor is now limited to its usual amount. This current is no longer enough to significantly reduce the
output voltage of the power source, so the other devices then get their normal voltage. Thus, the lights
flicker just when the refrigerator motor first starts up. A heater, on the other hand, draws a large
amount of current (it is a very low-resistance device) at all times. (The heat-producing element is not a
motor, so has very little induction associated with it.) The source is then continually delivering a large
current, which continually reduces the output voltage of the power source. In an ideal situation, the
source could provide any amount of current to the whole circuit in either situation. In reality, though, the
higher current in the wires causes bigger losses of energy along the way to the devices, so the lights dim.
12.
Figure 2117 shows that the induced current in the upper armature segment points into the page. This
can be shown using the right-hand rule. The charges in the top metal armature segment are moving in
the direction of the velocity shown with the green arrow (up and to the right), and these moving
charges are in a magnetic field shown with the blue arrows (to the right). The right-hand rule says that
the charges experience a force into the page producing the induced current. This induced current is also
in the same magnetic field. Using another right-hand rule, a current-carrying wire, with the current
going into the page (as in the upper armature segment) in a magnetic field pointed to the right, will
experience a force in a downward direction. This downward force exerts a counterclockwise torque on
the armature while it is rotation in a clockwise direction. The back emf is opposing the motion of the
armature during its operation.
21-4
Chapter 21
13.
Eddy current brakes will work on metallic wheels, such as copper and aluminum. Eddy current brakes
do not need to act on ferromagnetic wheels. The external magnetic field of the eddy brake just needs to
interact with the free conduction electrons in the metal wheels in order to have the braking effect.
First, the magnetic field creates eddy currents in the moving metal wheel using the free conduction
electrons (the right-hand rule says moving charges in a magnetic field will experience a magnetic
force, making them move and creating an eddy current). This eddy current is also in the braking
magnetic field. The right-hand rule says these currents will experience a force opposing the original
motion of the piece of metal and the eddy current brake will begin to slow the wheel. Good
conductors, such as copper and aluminum, have many free conduction electrons and will allow large
eddy currents to be created, which in turn will provide good braking results.
14.
As a magnet falls through a metal tube, an increase in the magnetic flux is created in the areas ahead of
it in the tube. This flux change induces a current to flow around the tube walls to create an opposing
magnetic field in the tube (Lenzs law). This induced magnetic field pushes against the falling magnet
and reduces its acceleration. The speed of the falling magnet increases until the magnetic force on the
magnet is the same size as the gravity force. The opposing magnetic field cannot cause the magnet to
actually come to a stop, since then the flux would become a constant and the induced current would
disappear, as would the opposing magnetic field. Thus, the magnet reaches a state of equilibrium and
falls at a constant terminal velocity. The weight of the magnet is balanced by the upward force from
the eddy currents.
15.
The nonferrous materials are not magnetic, but they are conducting. As they pass by the permanent
magnets, eddy currents will be induced in them. The eddy currents provide a braking mechanism
which will cause the metallic materials to slide more slowly down the incline than the nonmetallic
materials. The nonmetallic materials will reach the bottom with larger speeds. The nonmetallic
materials can therefore be separated from the metallic, nonferrous materials by placing bins at different
distances from the bottom of the incline. The closest bin will catch the metallic materials, since their
projectile velocities off the end of the incline will be small. The bin for the nonmetallic materials
should be placed farther away to catch the higher-velocity projectiles.
16.
The slots in the metal bar prevent the formation of large eddy currents, which would slow the bars fall
through the region of magnetic field. The smaller eddy currents then experience a smaller opposing
force to the motion of the metal bar. Thus, the slotted bar falls more quickly through the magnetic field.
17.
This is similar to the situation accompanying Fig. 2120. As the aluminum sheet is moved through the
magnetic field, eddy currents are created in the sheet. The magnetic force on these induced currents
opposes the motion. Thus it requires some force to pull the sheet out.
18.
The speed of the magnet in case (b) will be larger than that in case (a). As the bar magnet falls through
the loop, it sets up an induced current in the loop, which opposes the change in flux. This current acts
like a magnet that is opposing the physics magnet, repelling it and so reducing its speed. Then, after
the midpoint of the magnet passes through the loop, the induced current will reverse its direction and
attract the falling magnet, again reducing its speed.
19.
As the metal bar enters (or leaves) the magnetic field during the swinging motion, areas of the metal
bar experience a change in magnetic flux. This changing flux induces eddy currents with the free
conduction electrons in the metal bar. These eddy currents are then acted on by the magnetic field, and
the resulting force opposes the motion of the swinging metal bar. This opposing force acts on the bar
no matter which direction it is swinging through the magnetic field, thus damping the motion during
both directions of the swing.
20.
21-5
To determine the ratio of turns on the two coils of a transformer without taking it apart, apply a known
ac input source voltage to one pair of leads and carefully measure the output voltage across the other
two leads. Then, Vsource /Voutput = Nsource /N output , which provides us with the ratio of turns on the two
coils. To determine which leads are paired with which, you could use an ohmmeter, since the two
source wires are in no way electrically connected to the two output wires. If the resistance between two
wires is very small, then those two wires are a pair. If the resistance between two wires is infinite, then
those two wires are not a pair.
21.
Higher voltages, such as 600 V or 1200 V, would be dangerous if they were used in household wires.
Having a larger voltage than the typical 120 V would mean that any accidental contact with a live
wire would send more current through a persons body. Such a large potential difference between
household wires and anything that is grounded (other wires, people, etc.) would more easily cause
electrical breakdown of the air, and then much more sparking would occur. Basically, this would
supply each of the charges in the household wires with much more energy than the lower voltages,
which would allow them to arc to other conductors. This would increase the possibility of more short
circuits and accidental electrocutions.
22.
When 120 V dc is applied to the transformer, there is no induced back emf that would usually occur
with 120 V ac. This means that the 120 V dc encounters much less resistance than the 120 V ac,
resulting in too much current in the primary coils. This large amount of current could overheat the
coils, which are usually wound with many loops of very fine, low-resistance wire, and could melt the
insulation and burn out or short out the transformer.
23.
(a)
(b)
24.
(a)
To create the largest amount of mutual inductance with two flat circular coils of wire, you would
place them face-to-face and very close to each other. This way, almost all of the magnetic flux
from one coil also goes through the other coil.
To create the least amount of mutual inductance with two flat circular coils, you would place
them with their faces at right angles. This way, almost none of the magnetic flux from one coil
goes through the other coil.
No. Although the current through an LR circuit is described by I =
substitute
1 e
(b)
25.
(a)
(b)
t
L /R
V0
1 e L /R
R
, we can
V0
= I max . Thus, a given fraction of a maximum possible current, I /I max , is equal to
R
and is independent of the battery emf.
V0
L
Yes. Since I =
1 e /R , if a given value of the current is desired, then it is dependent on
the value of the battery emf.
Yes.
Yes.
The rms voltages across either an inductor or a capacitor of an LRC circuit can be greater than the rms
source voltage because the different voltages are out of phase with each other. At any given instant, the
voltage across either the inductor or the capacitor could be negative, for example, thus allowing for a
very large positive voltage on the other device. (The rms voltages, however, are always positive by
definition.)
21-6
26.
Chapter 21
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
27.
The frequency of the source emf does not affect the impedance of a pure resistance.
The impedance of a pure resistance is independent of the source emf frequency.
The impedance of a pure capacitance varies inversely with the frequency of the source emf
according to X C = 1/2 fC. As the source frequency gets very small, the impedance of the
capacitor gets very large, and as the source frequency gets very large, the impedance of the
capacitor gets very small.
The impedance of a pure inductance varies directly with the frequency of the source emf
according to X L = 2 fL. Thus, as the source frequency gets very small, the impedance of the
inductor gets very small, and as the source frequency gets very large, the impedance of the
inductor gets very large.
The impedance of an LRC circuit with a small R near resonance is very sensitive to the
frequency of the source emf. If the frequency is set at resonance exactly, where X L = X C , then
the LRC circuits impedance is very small and equal to R. The impedance increases rapidly as
the source frequency is either increased or decreased a small amount from resonance.
The impedance of an LRC circuit with a small R very far from resonance depends on whether the
source frequency is much higher or much lower than the resonance frequency. If the source
frequency is much higher than resonance, then the impedance is directly proportional to the
frequency of the source emf. Basically, at extremely high frequencies, the circuit impedance is
equal to 2 fL. If the source frequency is much lower than resonance (nearly zero), then the
impedance is inversely proportional to the frequency of the source emf. Basically, at extremely
low frequencies, the circuit impedance is equal to 1/2 fC.
To make the impedance of an LRC circuit a minimum, make the resistance very small and make the
reactance of the capacitor equal to the reactance of the inductor: X L = X C , or
2 fL =
1
2 fC
f =
1
2 LC
28.
In an LRC circuit, the current and the voltage in the circuit both oscillate. The energy stored in the
circuit also oscillates and is alternately stored in the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field
of the capacitor.
29.
Yes. The instantaneous voltages across the different elements in the circuit will be different, but the
current through each element in the series circuit is the same.
Responses to MisConceptual Questions

1.
(b, d) The right-hand rule shows that a clockwise current will create a flux in the loop that points into
the page. Since the initial magnetic flux is into the page, the current will be induced when the
magnetic flux decreases. This happens when the size of the coil decreases or the magnetic field
becomes tilted. Increasing the magnetic field, as in answer (a), will create a counterclockwise
current. Moving the coil sideways, as in answer (c), does not change the flux, so no current
would be induced.
2.
(c)
A common misconception is that a moving loop would experience a change in flux. However, if
the loop is moving through a constant field without rotation, then the flux through the loop will
remain constant and no current will be induced.
21-7
3.
(d)
A current is induced in the loop when the flux through the loop is changing. As the loop passes
through line J it enters a region with a magnetic field, so the flux through the loop increases and
a current will be induced. When the loop passes line K, the flux remains constant, as there is no
change in field, so no current is induced. As the loop passes line L, the magnetic field flux
through the loop decreases and a current is again induced.
4.
(c, a) The magnetic field near a long straight wire is inversely proportional to the distance from
the wire. For C, the loop remains at the same distance from the wire, so the magnetic flux
through the wire remains constant and no current is induced in the loop. For D, the magnetic
field from the long wire points into the page in the region of the loop. As the loop moves away
from the wire, the magnetic flux decreases, so a clockwise current is induced in the loop to
oppose the change in flux.
5.
(c)
The induced current creates a magnetic field that opposes the motion of the magnet. The result is
that the magnet has less kinetic energy than it would have had if the loop were not present. The
change in gravitational potential energy provides the energy for the current.
6.
(c)
Since the flux through the loop is increasing, an emf will be produced. However, since plastic is
not a conductor, no current will be induced. The emf is produced regardless of whether there is a
conducting path for current or not.
7.
(b)
A current will be induced in the loop whenever the magnetic flux through the loop is changed.
Increasing the current in the wire will increase the magnetic field produced by the wire and
therefore the magnetic flux in the loop. Rotating the loop changes the angle between the loop
and wire, which will change the flux. Since the magnetic field strength decreases with distance
from the wire, moving the loop away from the wire, either with or without rotation, will decrease
the flux in the wire. If the loop is moved parallel to the wire, then the flux through the loop will
not change, so no current will be created in the loop.
8.
(c)
When a steady current flows in the first coil, it creates a constant magnetic field and therefore a
constant magnetic flux through the second coil. Since the flux is not changing, a current will not
be induced in the second coil. If the current in the first coil changes, then the flux through the
second will also change, inducing a current in the second coil.
9.
(b)
A generator converts mechanical energy into electric energy. The generators magnetic field
remains unchanged as the generator operates, so energy is not being pulled from the magnetic
field. Resistance in the coils removes electric energy from the system in the form of heatit
does not provide the energy. In order for the generator to work, an external force is necessary to
rotate the generators axle. This external force does work, which is converted to electric energy.
10.
(c)
Increasing the rotation frequency increases the rate at which the flux changes; therefore, answer (a)
will increase the output voltage. Answers (b), (d), and (e) all increase the maximum flux in the
coil. Since the generators voltage output is proportional to the rate of change of the flux through
the coil, increasing the maximum flux results in a greater voltage output. When the magnetic
field is parallel to the generators axis, little to no flux passes through the coil. With less flux
passing through the coil, there will be a lower output voltage.
11.
(d)
A common misconception is that a transformer only changes voltage. However, power is

conserved across a transformer, where power is the product of the voltage and current. When a
transformer increases the voltage, it must also proportionately decrease the current.
21-8
Chapter 21
12.
(d)
If the charger unit had a battery, then it could run the laptop without being plugged in. A motor
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, but the laptop charger output is electrical
energy, not mechanical energy. A generator converts mechanical energy into electric energy, but
the input to the laptop is electrical, not mechanical. The cables to and from the charger unit can be
considered transmission lines, but they are not the important component inside the charger unit.
A transformer can convert a high-voltage input into a low-voltage output without power loss.
This is a significant function of the charger unit.
13.
(a)
In a transformer with no lost flux, the power across the transformer (product of current and
voltage) is constant across the transformer. Therefore, if the voltage increases, then the current
must decrease across the transformer. If the current increases, then the voltage must decrease
across the transformer. A transformer works due to the induced voltage created by the changing
flux. A dc circuit does not have a changing flux, so a transformer does not work with dc current.
14.
(e)
It may appear that (b) is the correct answer if the problem is interpreted as an ac step-up
transformer with twice as many loops in the secondary coil as in the primary. It is true that an ac
current would double the voltage and cut the current in half; however, this is a dc current. A dc
current does not produce a changing flux, so no current or voltage will be induced in the
secondary coil.
15.
(b)
Many people may not realize that generators (rotating coils in a magnetic field) are the heart of
most electric power plants that produce the alternating current in wall outlets.
16.
(b)
A common misconception by users of credit card readers is that they are swiping their cards too
quickly, so they slow down the swipe. The credit card has a magnetic stripe with information
encoded in the magnetic field. Swiping the card more rapidly increases the induced emf, due to
the greater rate of change of magnetic flux.
17.
(b)
In a series circuit (whether ac or dc), the current is the same at every point in the circuit. In an ac
circuit, the current is out of phase with the voltage across an inductor and the voltage across a
capacitor, so (a) is incorrect. In nonresonant ac circuits, there is a phase difference between the
current and the voltage source, so (c) is not correct. The current and voltage across a resistor are
always in phase, so the resistor does not change the phase in a circuit, so (d) is incorrect.
Solutions to Problems
1.
The magnitude of the average induced emf is given by Eq. 212b.

=N
B
38 Wb (58 Wb)
=2
= 564.7 V 560 V
t
0.34 s
A direction for the emf cannot be specified without more information.

2.
As the magnet is pushed into the coil, the magnetic flux increases to the right. To oppose this increase,
flux produced by the induced current must be to the left, so the induced current in the resistor will be
from right to left.
3.
As the coil is pushed into the field, the magnetic flux through the coil increases into the page.
To oppose this increase, the flux produced by the induced current must be out of the page, so the
induced current is counterclockwise.
21-9
4.
As the solenoid is pulled away from the loop, the magnetic flux to the right through the loop decreases.
To oppose this decrease, the flux produced by the induced current must be to the right, so the induced
current is counterclockwise as viewed from the right end of the solenoid.
5.
The flux changes because the loop rotates. The angle between the field and the normal to the loop
changes from 0 to 90. The magnitude of the average induced emf is given by Eq. 212a.
=
6.
We choose up as the positive direction. The average induced emf is given by Eq. 212a.
=
7.
B
AB cos
(0.0925 m) 21.5 T( cos 90 cos 0)
=
=
= 0.20 V
t
t
0.20 s
(a)
B
AB
(0.054 m)2 (0.25 T 0.48 T)
=
=
= 4.2 102 V
t
t
0.16 s
When the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the field lines, the flux is given by the maximum
of Eq. 211.
B = BA = B r 2 = (0.50 T) (0.080 m) 2 = 1.005 102 Wb 1.0 102 Wb
(b)
The angle is = 90 42 = 48 .
(c)
Use Eq. 211.

B = BA cos = B r 2 = (0.50 T) (0.080 m) 2 cos 48 = 6.7 103 Wb
8.
9.
(a)
As the resistance is increased, the current in the outer loop will decrease. Thus the flux through
the inner loop, which is out of the page, will decrease. To oppose this decrease, the induced
current in the inner loop will produce a flux out of the page, so the direction of the induced
current will be counterclockwise.
(b)
If the small loop is placed to the left, then the flux through the small loop will be into the page
and will decrease. To oppose this decrease, the induced current in the inner loop will produce a
flux into the page, so the direction of the induced current will be clockwise.
(a)
Because the velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the rod, we find the induced emf
from Eq. 213.
= BA = (0.800 T)(0.120 m)(0.180 m/s) = 1.73 102 V

(b)
Because the upward flux is increasing, the induced flux will be into the page, so the induced
current is clockwise. Thus the induced emf in the rod is down, which means that the electric field
will be down. The electric field is the induced voltage per unit length.
E=
10.
1.73 102 V
=
= 0.144 V/m, down
0.120 m
A
(a)
The magnetic flux through the loop is into the page and decreasing, because the area is
decreasing. To oppose this decrease, the induced current in the loop will produce a flux into the
page, so the direction of the induced current will be clockwise.
(b)
The average induced emf is given by Eq. 212a.

avg =
B B A (0.65 T) [(0.100 m) 2 (0.030 m) 2 ]

=
=
t
t
0.50 s
= 3.717 102 V 3.7 102 V

21-10
Chapter 21
(c)
We find the average induced current from Ohms law.

I=
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
12.
3.717 102 V
=
= 1.5 102 A
R
2.5
Because the current is constant, there will be no change in flux, so the induced current will be
zero.
The decreasing current in the wire will cause a decreasing field into the page through the loop.
To oppose this decrease, the induced current in the loop will produce a flux into the page, so the
direction of the induced current will be clockwise.
The decreasing current in the wire will cause a decreasing field out of the page through the loop.
To oppose this decrease, the induced current in the loop will produce a flux out of the page, so the
direction of the induced current will be counterclockwise.
The increasing current in the wire will cause an increasing field out of the page through the loop.
To oppose this increase, the induced current in the loop will produce a flux into the page, so the
direction of the induced current will be clockwise.
The emf induced in the short coil is given by Eq. 212b, where N is the number of loops in the short
coil, and the flux change is measured over the area of the short coil. The magnetic flux comes from the
B field created by the solenoid. The field in a solenoid is given by Eq. 208, B = 0 INsolenoid /A solenoid ,
and the changing current in the solenoid causes the field to change.
IN
Nshort Ashort 0 solenoid

N
A B
A solenoid = 0 Nshort Nsolenoid Ashort I
= short short
=
t
t
A solenoid
t
=
(4 107 T m/A)(14)(600) (0.0125 m)2 (5.0 A)

= 1.7 104 V
(0.25 m)
(0.60 s)
The induced emf will oppose the emf that is being used to create the 5.0-A current.
13.
Since the antenna is vertical, the maximum emf will occur when the car is traveling perpendicular to
the horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field. This occurs when the car is traveling in the
east or west direction. We calculate the magnitude of the emf using Eq. 213, where B is the
horizontal component of the Earths magnetic field.
= Bx A = [(5.0 105 T) cos 38](0.55 m)(30.0 m/s) = 6.501 104 V = 0.65 mV
14.
As the loop is pulled from the field, the flux through the loop decreases, causing an induced emf whose
magnitude is given by Eq. 213, = BA. Because the inward flux is decreasing, the induced flux
will be into the page, so the induced current is clockwise, given by I = /R. Because this current in
the left-hand side of the loop is in a downward magnetic field, there will be a magnetic force to the
left. To keep the rod moving, there must be an equal external force to the right, given by F = I AB.
F = I AB =
15.
(a)
B A
B 2 A 2 (0.550 T) 2 (0.350 m) 2 (3.10 m/s)
AB =
AB =
=
= 0.499 N
R
R
R
0.230
There is a conventional current flowing in the rod, from top to bottom, equal to the induced emf
divided by the resistance of the bar. That current is in a magnetic field and, by the right-hand
rule, will have a force on it (and the bar) to the left in Fig. 2111a. The external force must equal
that magnetic force in order for the bar to move with a constant speed.
Fexternal = Fmagentic = I AB =
B A
B 2 A 2
AB =
AB =
R
R
R
(b)
The power required is the external force times the speed of the rod.
P = F =
16.
B 2 A 2 2
R
From the derivation in Problem 15a, we have an expression relating the external force to the magnetic
field.
Fexternal =
17.
21-11
(a)
B 2 A 2
R
B=
Fexternal R
2
(0.350 N)(0.25 )
(0.200 m) 2 (1.50 m/s)
= 1.208 T 1.2 T
Because the velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the rod, we find the induced emf
from Eq. 213.
= BA = (0.35 T)(0.300 m)(1.6 m/s) = 0.168 V 0.17 V
(b)
Find the induced current from Ohms law.

0.168 V
I= =
= 7.149 103 A 7.1 103 A
R 21.0 + 2.5
(c)
The induced current in the rod will be down. Because this current is in an upward magnetic field,
there will be a magnetic force to the left. To keep the rod moving, there must be an equal
external force to the right, given by Eq. 202.
F = I AB = (7.149 103 A)(0.300 m)(0.35 T) = 7.506 104 N 7.5 104 N
18.
(a)
There is an emf induced in the coil since the flux through the coil changes. The current in the
coil is the induced emf divided by the resistance of the coil. The resistance of the coil is found
from Eq. 183.
B
A
R=
= NAcoil
t
Awire
I= =
R
=
(b)
B
t = NAcoil Awire B
A
A
t
Awire
NAcoil
30[ (0.110 m) 2 ][ (1.3 103 m)](8.65 103 T/s)

(1.68 108 m)30(2 )(0.110 m)
= 0.1504 A 0.15 A
The rate at which thermal energy is produced in the wire is the power dissipated in the wire.
P = I 2R = I 2
A
Awire
= (0.1504 A) 2
(1.68 108 m)30(2 )(0.110 m)
(1.3 103 m)2
= 1.484 103 W 1.5 103 W
19.
The charge that passes a given point is the current times the elapsed time, Q = I t. The current will be
A
. The resistance is given by Eq. 183, R =
, and the
R
Awire
emf is given by Eq. 212b. Combine these equations to find the charge during the operation.
Aloop B
A
B
Aloop Awire B
B
A
loop
t
=
=
=
; R=
; I= =
A
t
t
Awire
R
At
Awire
the emf divided by the resistance, I =
21-12
Chapter 21
Q = I t =
=
Aloop Awire B
2
2
rloop
rwire
B
(2 )rloop
(0.066 m) (1.125 103 m) 2 (0.670 T)

2(1.68 108 m)
2
rloop rwire
B
= 5.23 C
20.
From Eq. 215, the induced voltage is proportional to the angular speed. Thus their quotient is a constant.
1 2
2500 rpm
=
2 = 1 2 = (12.7 V)
= 28.86 V 29 V
1100 rpm
1 2
1
21.
(a)
The rms voltage is found from the peak induced emf. The peak induced emf is calculated from
Eq. 215.
peak = NB A
Vrms =
peak
2
NB A
2
(550)(0.55 T)(2 rad/rev)(120 rev/s) (0.040 m) 2

2
= 810.7 V 810 V
22.
(b)
To double the output voltage, you must double the rotation frequency to 240 rev/s.
(a)
The peak current is found from the rms current.

I peak = 2 I rms = 2(70.0 A) = 99.0 A
(b)
The area can be found from Eq. 215.

peak = NB A = 2 Vrms
A=
23.
2 Vrms
2 (150 V)
=
= 0.01394 m 2 1.4 102 m 2
NB
(950)(0.030 T)(85 rev/s)(2 rad/rev)
We assume that the voltage given is an rms value and that the power is an average power, as in Eq. 189a.
We calculate the resistance of the wire on the armature using Eq. 183.
Rwire =
I rms =
A
A
(1.68 108 m)[85(4)(0.060 m)]
[ 12 (5.9 104 m)]2
= 1.254
P
25.0 W
=
= 2.083 A
Vrms 12.0 V
Vcircuit = Vbulb + Vwire = Vbulb + IRwire = 12 V + (2.083 A)(1.254 ) = 14.61 V
So the generators rms emf must be 14.61 volts. We find the frequency of the generator from Eq. 215.
2 fNBA
=
= 14.61 V
2
2
f =
24.
(14.61 V) 2
(14.61 V) 2
=
= 16.54 Hz 17 Hz = 17 cycles/s
2 NBA
2 (85)(0.65 T)(0.060 m) 2
When the motor is running at full speed, the back emf opposes the applied emf, to give the net voltage
across the motor.
applied back = IR back = applied IR = 120 V (8.20 A)(3.65 ) = 90 V
(2 significant figures)
21-13
25.
From Eq. 215, the induced voltage (back emf) is proportional to the angular speed. Thus their
quotient is a constant.
f
2 f 2
1 2
2300 rpm
=
2 = 1 2 = 1
= 1 2 = (72 V)
= 92 V
2 f1
f1
1800 rpm
1 2
1
26.
The back emf is proportional to the rotation speed (Eq. 215). Thus if the motor is running at half
speed, then the back emf is half the original value, or 54 V. Find the new current from writing a loop
equation for the motor circuit, from Fig. 2119.
back 120 V 54 V
back IR = 0 I =
=
= 13 A
R
5.0
27.
We find the number of turns in the secondary from Eq. 216.

VS NS
=
VP N P
NS = N P
VS
13,500 V
= (148 turns)
17,100 turns
VP
117 V
28.
Because NS < N P , this is a step-down transformer. Use Eq. 216 to find the voltage ratio and
Eq. 217 to find the current ratio.
VS NS 120 turns 1
IS N P 360 turns
=
=
= or 0.33
=
=
= 3.0
VP N P 360 turns 3
I P NS 120 turns
29.
Use Eqs. 216 and 217 to relate the voltage and current ratios.
VS NS IS N P
=
=
;
VP N P I P NS
30.
VS I P
=
VP IS
IS VP
25 V
=
=
= 0.21
I P VS 120 V
We find the ratio of the number of turns from Eq. 216.

NS VS 12, 000 V
=
=
= 50 (2 significant figures)
N P VP
240 V
If the transformer is connected backward, then the role of the turns will be reversed:
NS VS
VS
1
1
=
=
VS = (240 V) = 4.8 V
N P VP
50 240 V
50
31.
(a)
VS NS IS N P
;
=
=
VP N P I P NS
32.
VS I P
=
VP IS
VS = VP
IP
0.35 A
= (120 V)
= 6.2 V
IS
6.8 A
(b)
Because VS < VP , this is a step-down transformer.
(a)
We assume 100% efficiency and find the input voltage from P = IV .

P 95 W
P = I PVP VP =
=
= 3.8 V
I P 25 A
Since VP < VS , this is a step-up transformer.
(b)
33.
VS 12 V
=
= 3.2
VP 3.8 V
VS NS
=
VP N P
VS = VP
NS
1240 turns
= (120 V)
= 450.9 V 450 V
NP
330 turns
21-14
Chapter 21
IS N P
=
I P NS
34.
(a)
I P = IS
NS
1240 turns
= (15.0 A)
= 56 A
NP
330 turns
The current in the transmission lines can be found from Eq. 189a, and then the emf at the end of
the lines can be calculated from Kirchhoffs loop rule.
P
35 106 W
Ptown = Vrms I rms I rms = town =
= 778 A
Vrms
45 103 V
IR + Voutput = 0
= IR + Voutput =
(b)
Ptown
35 106 W
(4.6 ) + 45 103 V = 48,578 V 49 kV(rms)
R + Vrms =
Vrms
45 103 V
2
The power loss in the lines is given by Ploss = I rms
R.
Fraction wasted =
2
Ploss
Ploss
I rms
R
(778 A) 2 (4.6 )
=
=
=
2
Ptotal Ptown + Ploss Ptown + I rms
R 35 106 W + (778 A) 2 (4.6 )
= 0.074 = 7.4%
35.
At the power plant, 100 kW of power is delivered at 12,000 V. We first find the initial current from
Eq. 189a.
P 100 103 W
P = VI I = =
= 8.333 A
V
12 103 V
Then we have a step-up transformer, which steps up the voltage by a factor of 20, so the current is
stepped down by a factor of 20.
IS N P
N
1
=
IS = I P P = (8.333 A)
= 0.4167 A
I P NS
NS
20
The power lost is given by Eq. 186a.
Plost = I 2 R = 50 103 W = (0.4167 A) 2 (5 105 /m)( x)
x=
50 103 W
2
(0.4167 A) (5 10
/m)
= 5.76 109 m 6 109 m
Note that we are not taking into account any power losses that occur after the step-down transformers.
36.
37.
(a)
At the power plant, the voltage is changed from 12,000 V to 240,000 V.

NS VS 240,000 V
=
=
= 20 (2 significant figures)
N P VP
12,000 V
(b)
At the house, the voltage is changed from 7200 V to 240 V.

NS VS
240 V
=
=
= 3.3 102
N P VP 7200 V
Without the transformers, we find the delivered current, which is the current in the transmission lines,
from the delivered power and the power lost in the transmission lines.
Pout = Vout I line
I line =
Pout 2.0 106 W

=
= 1.667 104 A
Vout
120 V
2
Plost = I line
Rline = (1.667 104 A) 2 2(0.100 ) = 5.556 107 W
21-15
Thus there must be 2.0 106 W + 5.556 107 W 5.756 107 W of power generated at the start of the
process.
With the transformers, to deliver the same power at 120 V, the delivered current from the step-down
transformer must still be 1.667 104 A. Using the step-down transformer efficiency, we calculate the
current in the transmission lines and the loss in the transmission lines.
Pout = 0.99 Pline Vout I out = 0.99Vline I line
end
I line =
Vout I out
(120 V)(1.66 104 A)
=
= 1.684 103 A
0.99Vline
(0.99)(1200 V)
2
Plost = I line
Rline = (1.684 103 A) 2 2(0.100 ) = 5.671 105 W = 0.5671 MW
The power to be delivered is 2.0 MW. The power that must be delivered to the step-down transformer
2.0 MW
= 2.0202 MW. The power that must be present at the start of the transmission must be
is
0.99
2.0202 MW + 0.5671M = 2.5873MW to compensate for the transmission line loss. The power that
must enter the transmission lines from the 99% efficient step-up transformer is
2.5873 MW
= 2.6134 MW. So the power saved is as follows.
0.99
5.756 107 W 2.6134 106 W = 5.495 107 W 55 MW
38.
We set the power loss equal to 2.5% of the total power. Then, using Eq. 186a, we write the power
loss in terms of the current (equal to the power divided by the voltage drop) and the resistance. Then,
using Eq. 183, we calculate the cross-sectional area of each wire and the minimum wire diameter. We
assume there are two lines to have a complete circuit.
2
P A
Ploss = 0.025P = I 2 R =

V A
d=
4
PA
=
0.025 V 2
A=
P A
0.025 V 2
d2
4
4(925 106 W)(2.65 108 m)2(185 103 m)

0.025 (660 103 V) 2
= 0.03256 m 3.3 cm
The transmission lines must have a diameter greater than or equal to 3.3 cm.
39.
Find the induced emf from Eq. 219.

I
(10.0 A 25.0 A)
= (0.16 H)
= 6.9 V
= L
t
0.35 s
40.
Because the current is increasing, the emf is negative. We find the self-inductance from Eq. 219.
I
t
0.0140 s
L =
= (2.50 V)
= 0.593 H
= L
t
I
[0.0310 A (0.0280 A)]
41.
Use the relationship for the inductance of a solenoid, as given in Example 2113.
L=
42.
0 N 2 A
A
(4 107 T m/A)(8500)2 (1.45 102 m) 2

= 0.10 H
0.60 m
N2A
LA
(0.13 H)(0.300 m)
L= 0
N=
=
3400 turns
A
0 A
(4 107 T m/A) (0.029 m) 2
21-16
43.
Chapter 21
(a)
L=
(b)
44.
45.
0 N 2 A
A
(4 107 T m/A)(2600) 2 (0.0125 m) 2

= 0.01479 H 0.015 H
(0.282 m)
Apply the same equation again, solving for the number of turns but using the permeability of
iron.
N2A
LA
(0.01479 H)(0.282 m)
L=
N=
=
75 turns
A
A
(1200)(4 107 T m/A) (0.0125 m) 2
R
L
We draw the coil as two elements in series, a pure resistance and a
pure inductance. There is a voltage drop due to the resistance of the
+
coil, given by Ohms law, and an induced emf due to the

induced
I increasing
inductance of the coil, given by Eq. 219. Since the current is
increasing, the inductance will create a potential difference to
b
oppose the increasing current, so there is a drop in the potential due
to the inductance. The potential difference across the coil is the sum of the two potential drops.
I
= (3.00 A)(2.25 ) + (0.112 H)(3.80 A/s) = 7.18 V
Vab = IR + L
t
The self-inductance of an air-filled solenoid was determined in Example 2113. We solve this equation
for the length of the tube, using the diameter of the wire as the length per turn.
L=
A=
0 N 2 A
A
Ld 2
0 r 2
= 0 n 2 AA =
0 AA
d2
(1.0 H)(0.81 103 m) 2

(4 107 T m/A) (0.060 m) 2
= 46.16 m 46 m
The length of the wire needed (L) is equal to the number of turns (the length of the solenoid divided by
the diameter of the wire) multiplied by the circumference of the turn.
L=
A
46.16 m
D =
(0.12 m) = 21,490 m 21 km
d
0.81 103 m
The resistance is calculated from the resistivity, area, and length of the wire.
R=
46.
A
A
(1.68 108 m)(21,490 m)
(0.405 103 m)2
= 0.70 k
We assume that the solenoid and the coil have the same cross-sectional area. The magnetic field of the
NI
solenoid (which passes through the coil) is B1 = 0 1 1 . When the current in the solenoid changes,
A
the magnetic field of the solenoid changes, and thus the flux through the coil changes, inducing an emf
in the coil.
NI
N 2 A 0 1 1
N AB
N N A ( I1 )
A
= 2
=
= 0 1 2
t
t
A
t
As in Eq. 218a, the mutual inductance is the proportinality constant in the above relationship.
= 0
N1 N 2 A ( I1 )
A
t
M = 0
N1 N 2 A
A
47.
The magnetic energy in the field is derived from Eq. 2110.

u=
Energy stored
=
Volume
Energy =
48.
21-17
1
2
B2
1
2
B2
(Volume) =
1
2
B2
r2L =
1
2
(0.72 T) 2
(4 10
T m/A)
(0.010 m)2 (0.36 m) = 23 J
The initial energy stored in the inductor is found from an equation in Section 2111.
U = 12 LI 2 = 12 (45.0 103 H)(50.0 103 A) 2 = 5.63 105 J
The final current is found from the final energy, which is 5 times the initial energy.
U f = 5U 0
1
2
LI f2 = 5( 12 LI 02 ) I f = 5 I 0
The current increases at a constant rate.

I I f I 0
=
= 0.115 A/s
t
t
t =
49.
If I0
5I 0 I 0
I0
(50.0 103 A)
=
=
( 5 1) =
( 5 1) = 0.537 s
0.115 A/s 0.115 A/s 0.115 A/s
0.115 A/s
The magnetic energy in the field is derived from Eq. 2110. The volume of a relatively thin spherical
shell, like the first 10 km above the Earths surface, is the surface area of the sphere times its thickness.
u=
1
2
B2
E = u (volume) =
50.
B2
2
h=
4 REarth
1
2
(0.50 104 T) 2
(4 107 T m/A)
4 (6.38 106 m) 2 (104 m) 5 1015 J
(a)
We set I equal to 75% of the maximum value in the equation I = I 0 (1 e t / ) and solve for the
time constant.
t
(2.56 ms)
I = 0.75 I 0 = I 0 (1 e t / ) =
=
= 1.847 ms 1.8 ms
ln(0.25)
ln(0.25 ms)
(b)
The resistance can be calculated from the time constant, = L /R.

R=
51.
1
2
31.0 mH
= 17
1.847 ms
The potential difference across the resistor is proportional to the current, so we set the current in the
equation I = I max e2t / equal to 0.025I0 and solve for the time.
I = 0.025I 0 = I 0 e t /
52.
t = ln(0.025) 3.7
When the switch is initially closed, the inductor prevents current from flowing, so the initial current is 0,
as shown in Fig. 2137. If the current is 0, then there is no voltage drop across the resistor (since
VR = IR ), so the entire battery voltage appears across the inductor. Apply Eq. 219 to find the initial
rate of change of the current.
V = VL = L
I
t
I V
=
t
L
21-18
Chapter 21
The maximum value of the current is reached after a long time, when there is no voltage across the
inductor, so the entire battery voltage appears across the resistor. Apply Ohms law.
V
V = I max R I max =
R
Find the time to reach the maximum current if the rate of current change remained at
I max = I 0 +
53.
I
t V
L
L
(elapsed time) elapsed time = ( I max I 0 )
= 0 =
t
I R
R
V
For an LR circuit, we have I = I max (1 e t / ). Solve for t.

I = I max (1 e t / ) e t / = 1
54.
I V
= .
t L
I
I max
I
t = ln 1
I
max
I
t = ln 1
I max
= ln(1 0.9) = 2.3
(a)
I = 0.90 I max
(b)
I = 0.990 I max
I
t = ln 1
= ln(1 0.99) = 4.6
I max
(c)
I = 0.999 I max
I
t = ln 1
I
max
= ln(1 0.999) = 6.9
The reactance of a capacitor is given by Eq. 2112b, X C =
1
.
2 fC
(a)
XC =
1
1
=
= 428
2 fC 2 (60.0 Hz)(6.20 106 F)
(b)
XC =
1
1
=
= 2.57 102
6
2 fC 2 (1.00 10 Hz)(6.20 106 F)
55.
We find the frequency from Eq. 2111b for the reactance of an inductor.
X
660
= 3283 Hz 3300 Hz
X L = 2 fL f = L =
2 L 2 (0.0320 H)
56.
We find the frequency from Eq. 2112b for the reactance of a capacitor.
1
1
1
XC =
f =
=
= 10.9 Hz
3
2 fC
2 X C C 2 (6.10 10 )(2.40 106 F)
57.
We find the reactance from Eq. 2111b and the current from Ohms law.
X L = 2 fL = 2 (10.0 103 Hz)(0.26 H) = 16,336 16 k
V = IX L
58.
I=
V
240 V
=
= 1.47 102 A
X L 16,336
We find the reactance from Ohms law and the inductance by Eq. 2111b.
V
V = IX L X L =
I
XL
240 V
V
=
=
= 5.22 102 H
X L = 2 fL L =
2 f 2 fI 2 (60.0 Hz)12.2 A
59.
(a)
We find the reactance from Eq. 2112b.

XC =
(b)
1
1
=
= 7368 7400
2 fC 2 (720 Hz)(3.0 108 F)
We find the peak value of the current from Ohms law.

I peak = 2 I rms = 2
60.
Vrms
2.0 103 V
= 2
= 0.38 A
XC
7368
We find the impedance from Eq. 2114.

Z=
61.
21-19
Vrms
120 V
=
= 1700 2000
I rms 70 103 A
The impedance of the circuit is given by Eq. 2115 without a capacitive reactance. The reactance of
the inductor is given by Eq. 2111b.
(a)
Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + 4 2 f 2 L2 = (36 103 ) 2 + 4 2 (50 Hz) 2 (55 103 H) 2 = 3.6 104
The inductor has essentially no effect on the impedance at this relatively low frequency.
(b)
Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + 4 2 f 2 L2 = (36 103 ) 2 + 4 2 (3.0 104 Hz) 2 (55 103 H) 2

= 37, 463 3.7 104
62.
The impedance of the circuit is given by Eq. 2115 without an inductive reactance. The reactance of
the capacitor is given by Eq. 2112b.
(a)
Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +
1
2
= (3.5 103 ) 2 +
= (3.5 103 ) 2 +
4 f C
1
4 (60 Hz) (3.0 106 F) 2
2
= 3609 3600
(b)
Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +
1
2
4 f C
1
4 (60, 000 Hz) 2 (3.0 106 F) 2
2
= 3500
63.
Use Eq. 2115, with no capacitive reactance.

Z = R 2 + X L2
64.
R = Z 2 X L2 = (235 ) 2 (115 ) 2 = 205
The total impedance is given by Eq. 2115.
1
Z = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2 = R 2 + 2 fL
fC
2
1
= (8.70 103 ) 2 + 2 (1.00 104 Hz)(2.80 102 H)
9
4
2 (1.00 10 Hz)(6.25 10 F)
= 8735.5 8.74 k
21-20
Chapter 21
The phase angle is given by Eq. 2116a.
= tan 1
X L XC
= tan 1
R
2 fL
1
2 fC
2 (1.00 104 Hz)(2.80 102 H)

= tan 1
1
2 (1.00 104 Hz)(6.25 109 F)
787
= tan 1
= 5.17
8700
The voltage is lagging the current, or the current is leading the voltage.
The rms current is given by Eq. 2114.
V
725 V
= 8.30 102 A
I rms = rms =
Z
8735.5
65.
We use the rms voltage across the resistor to determine the rms current through the circuit. Then, using
the rms current and the rms voltage across the capacitor in Eq. 2113b, we determine the frequency.
VR, rms
I
I rms =
VC , rms = rms
2 fC
R
V
I rms
(3.0 V)
R, rms
=
=
= 272.1 Hz 270 Hz
f =
2 CVC , rms 2 CRVC , rms 2 (1.0 106 C)(650 )(2.7 V)
Since the voltages in the resistor and capacitor are not in phase, the rms voltage across the power
source will not be the sum of the rms voltages across the resistor and capacitor.
66.
(a)
The rms current is the rms voltage divided by the impedance. The impedance is given by Eq. 2115
with no capacitive reactance.
Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + (2 fL) 2
I rms =
=
(b)
Vrms
=
Z
Vrms
2
2 2
R + 4 f L
120 V
3
(2.80 10 ) + 4 2 (60.0 Hz) 2 (0.35 H) 2
120 V
= 0.04281 A 4.3 102 A
2803
The phase angle is given by Eq. 216a with no capacitive reactance.
= tan 1
XL
2 fL
2 (60.0 Hz)(0.35 H)
= tan 1
= tan 1
= 2.7
R
R
2.80 103
The current is lagging the source voltage.

(c)
2
The power dissipated is given by P = I rms
R = (4.281 102 A) 2 (2.80 103 ) = 5.1 W .
(d)
The rms voltage reading is the rms current times the resistance or reactance of the element.
Vrms = I rms R = (4.281 102 A)(2.8 103 ) = 119.87 V 120 V
R
Vrms = I rms X L = I rms 2 fL = (4.281 102 A)2 (60.0 Hz)(0.35 H) = 5.649 V 5.6 V
L
Note that, because the maximum voltages occur at different times, the two readings do not add
up to the applied voltage of 120 V.
67.
(a)
The rms current is the rms voltage divided by the impedance. The impedance is given by Eq. 2115
with no inductive reactance.
Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +
I rms =
(b)
21-21
Vrms
=
Z
1
(2 fC ) 2
Vrms
R2 +
1
2
120 V
=
(6.60 103 )2 +
2 2
4 f L
1
4 (60.0 Hz) (1.80 106 F) 2
2
120 V
= 1.774 102 A 1.77 102 A
6763
The phase angle is given by Eq. 2116a with no inductive reactance.
= tan 1
XC
= tan 1
R
1
1
2 (60.0 Hz)(1.80 106 F)

2 fC
= tan 1
= 12.6
R
6.60 103
The current is leading the source voltage.

(c)
The rms voltage reading is the rms current times the resistance or reactance of the element.
Vrms = I rms R = (1.774 102 A)(6.60 103 ) = 117 V
R
Vrms = I rms X C = I rms

C
1
1
= (1.774 102 A)
= 26.1 V
2 fC
2 (60.0 Hz)(1.80 106 F)
Note that, because the maximum voltages occur at different times, the two readings do not add
up to the applied voltage of 120 V.
68.
(a)
The impedance of the circuit is given by Eq. 2115. Divide the source voltage by the impedance
to determine the magnitude of the current in the circuit. Finally, multiply the current by the
resistance to determine the voltage drop across the resistor.
VR = IR =
=
(b)
Vin
R=
Z
Vin R
2
R + 1/(2 fC ) 2
(130 mV)(520 )
(520 ) + 1/[2 (60 Hz)(1.2 106 F)]2
2
= 29.77 mV 30 mV
Repeat the calculation with a frequency of 6.0 kHz.

VR =
(130 mV)(520 )
(520 ) + 1/[2 (6000 Hz)(1.2 106 F)]2
2
= 129.88 mV 130 mV
Thus the capacitor allows the higher frequency to pass but attenuates the lower frequency.
69.
The resonant frequency is found from Eq. 2119. The resistance does not influence the resonant
frequency.
f0 =
1
2
1
1
=
LC 2
1
(55.0 10
H)(3500 10
12
F)
= 3.627 105 Hz 3.6 105 Hz
21-22
70.
Chapter 21
(a)
The resonant frequency is given by Eq. 2119.
f =
1
2
1
LC
f580 kHz
f1600 kHz
1
2
580 kHz
=
1600 kHz
1
2
71.
LC580 kHz
1
LC1600 kHz
(b)
580
580
C1600 kHz =
C580 kHz =
(2800 pF) = 367.9 pF 370 pF
1600
1600
The inductance can be found from the resonant frequency and the capacitance.
1
1
1
1
L=
=
= 2.7 105 H
f =
2 2
2
5
2
12
2 LC
4 f C 4 (5.8 10 Hz) (2800 10
F)
(a)
We find the capacitance from the resonant frequency, Eq. 2119.

f0 =
(b)
72.
1
2
1
LC
C=
1
4
Lf 02
1
2
4 (14.8 10
H)(3600 Hz) 2
1.3 107 F
At resonance the impedance is the resistance, so the current is given by Ohms law.
Vpeak 150 V
I peak =
=
= 37 A
R
4.10
Since the circuit is in resonance, we use Eq. 2119 for the resonant frequency to determine the
necessary inductance. We set this inductance equal to the solenoid inductance calculated in Example
2113, with the area equal to the area of a circle of radius r, the number of turns equal to the length of
the wire divided by the circumference of a turn, and the length of the solenoid equal to the diameter of
the wire multiplied by the number of turns. We solve the resulting equation for the number of turns.
f0 =
N=
1
2 LC
f 02C 0 A 2wire
d
L=
=
1
4 2 f 02C
0 N 2A
A solenoid
A wire
2
r
r
2
Nd
(18.0 103 Hz) 2 (2.6 107 F)(4 107 T m/A)(12.0 m) 2

1.1 103 m
= 43.45 44 loops
73.
(a)
We calculate the inductance from the resonance frequency.

1
f0 =
2 LC
1
1
L=
=
= 0.03189 H 0.032 H
2 2
2
3
4 f 0 C 4 (19 10 Hz) 2 (2.2 109 F)
(b)
We set the initial energy in the electric field equal to the maximum energy in the magnetic field
and solve for the maximum current.
1 CV 2
0
2
(c)
2
= 12 LI max
I max =
CV02
(2.2 109 F)(120 V)2
=
= 0.03152A 0.032 A
(0.03189 H)
L
The maximum energy in the inductor is equal to the initial energy in the capacitor.
U L,max = 12 CV02 = 12 (2.2 109 F)(120 V) 2 = 16 J
74.
75.
21-23
(a)
The clockwise current in the left-hand loop produces a magnetic field which is into the page
within the loop and out of the page outside the loop. Thus the right-hand loop is in a magnetic
field that is directed out of the page. Before the current in the left-hand loop reaches its steady
state, there will be an induced current in the right-hand loop that will produce a magnetic field
into the page to oppose the increase of the field from the left-hand loop. Thus the induced current
will be clockwise.
(b)
After a long time, the current in the left-hand loop is constant, so there will be no induced
current in the right-hand coil.
(c)
If the second loop is pulled to the right, then the magnetic field out of the page from the left-hand
loop through the second loop will decrease. During the motion, there will be an induced current
in the right-hand loop that will produce a magnetic field out of the page to oppose the decrease
of the field from the left-hand loop. Thus the induced current will be counterclockwise.
(d)
Since equilibrium has been reached (a long time), there is a steady current in the left-hand loop
and steady magnetic flux passing through the right-hand loop. There is no emf being induced in
the right-hand loop, so closing a switch in the right-hand loop has no effect.
The electrical energy is dissipated because there is current flowing in a resistor. The power dissipation
by a resistor is given by P = I 2 R, so the energy dissipated is E = Pt = I 2 Rt. The current is created
by the induced emf caused by the changing B field. The emf is calculated by Eq. 212a.
B
AB
AB
=
I = =
=
t
t
R
Rt
E = Pt = I 2 Rt =
A 2 ( B ) 2
R 2 ( t ) 2
R t =
A2 (B ) 2 [(0.240 m) 2 ]2 [(0 0.665 T)]2

=
(6.10 ) (0.0400 s)
R ( t )
= 6.01 103 J
76.
77.
(a)
Because VS < VP , this is a step-down transformer.
(b)
Assuming 100% efficiency, the power in both the primary and secondary is 45 W. Find the
current in the secondary from the relationship P = IV .
P
45 W
= 3.8 A
PS = ISVS IS = S =
VS 12 V
(c)
PP = I PVP
(d)
Find the resistance of the bulb from Ohms law. The bulb is in the secondary circuit.
V
12 V
= 3.2
VS = IS R R = S =
IS 3.75 A
IP =
PP 45 W
=
= 0.38 A
VP 120 V
The coil should have a diameter about equal to the diameter of a standard flashlight D-cell so that it
will be simple to hold and use. This would give the coil a radius of about 1.5 cm. As the magnet passes
through the coil, the field changes direction, so the change in flux for each pass is twice the maximum
flux. Let us assume that the magnet is shaken with a frequency of about two shakes per second, so the
magnet passes through the coil four times per second. We obtain the number of turns in the coil using
Eq. 212b.
N=
t
t
(3 V)(0.25 s)
=
=
=
= 10, 610 turns 10, 000 turns
/t 2 B0 A 2(0.05 T) (0.015 m)2
The answer will vary somewhat based on the approximations used. For example, a flashlight with a
smaller diameter, for AA batteries perhaps, would require more turns.
21-24
78.
Chapter 21
(a)
Use Ohms law to see that the current is 120 V/3.0 = 40 A (2 significant figures).
(b)
Find the back emf from the normal operating current.

applied back = IR back = applied IR = 120 V (2.0 A)(3.0 ) = 114 V
(c)
Use Eq. 186a.

P = I 2 R = (2.0 A)2 (3.0 ) = 12 W
(d)
Use Eq. 186a.

P = I 2 R = (40 A) 2 (3.0 ) = 4800 W
79.
Because the transformers are assumed to be perfect, the power loss is due to resistive heating in the
transmission lines. Since the town requires 55 MW, the power at the generating plant must be
55 MW
= 55.838 MW. Thus the power lost in the transmission is 0.838 MW. This can be used to
0.985
determine the current in the (two) transmission lines.
P = I 2R I =
P
=
R
0.838 106 W
= 273.6 A
2(56 km)0.10 /km
To produce 55.838 MW of power at 273.6 A, the following voltage is required.

V=
P 55.838 106 W
=
= 2.041 105 V 200 kV
273.6 A
I
The voltage has 2 significant figures.

80.
(a)
From the efficiency of the transformer, we have PS = 0.88PP . Use this to calculate the current in
the primary.
PS
75 W
=
= 0.7748 A 0.77 A
PS = 0.88PP = 0.88 I PVP I P =
0.88VP 0.88(110 V)
(b)
The voltage in both the primary and secondary is proportional to the number of turns in the
respective coil. The secondary voltage is calculated from the secondary power and resistance
since P = V 2 /R.
N P VP
VP
110 V
=
=
=
= 8.2
NS VS
PS RS
(75 W)(2.4 )
81.
(a)
The voltage drop across the lines is due to the resistance.

Vout = Vin IR = 42, 000 V (740 A)(2)(0.95 ) = 40,594 V 41 kV
(b)
The power input is given by Pin = IVin .

Pin = IVin = (740 A)(42, 000 V) = 3.108 107 W 3.1 107 W
(c)
The power loss in the lines is due to the current in the resistive wires.
Ploss = I 2 R = (740 A) 2 2(0.95 ) = 1.040 106 W 1.0 106 W
(d)
The power output is given by Pout = IVout .

Pout = IVout = (740 A)(40,594 V) = 3.004 107 W 3.0 107 W
This could also be found by subtracting the power lost from the input power.
Pout = Pin Ploss = 3.108 107 W 1.040 106 W = 3.004 107 W 3.0 107 W
82.
A side view of the rail and bar is shown in the figure. From the
discussion in Section 213, the emf in the bar is produced by the
components of the magnetic field, the length of the bar, and the velocity
of the bar, which are all mutually perpendicular. The magnetic field and
the length of the bar are already perpendicular. The component of the
velocity of the bar that is perpendicular to the magnetic field is cos ,
so the induced emf is given by the following.
G
B
21-25
G
FN
G
v
G
FB
G
mg
= BA cos
This produces a current in the wire, which can be found by Ohms law. That current is pointing into
the page on the diagram.
I=
BA cos
=
R
R
Because the current is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the force on the wire from the magnetic
field can be calculated from Eq. 202 and will be horizontal, as shown in the diagram.
FB = I AB =
BA cos
B 2 A 2 cos
AB =
R
R
For the wire to slide down at a steady speed, the net force along the rail must be zero. Write Newtons
second law for forces along the rail, with up the rail being positive.
Fnet = FB cos mg sin = 0
=
83.
Rmg sin
B 2 A 2 cos 2
(0.60 )(0.040 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) sin 6.0

(0.45 T) 2 (0.32 m) 2 cos 2 6.0
= 1.199 m/s 1.2 m/s
We find the current in the transmission lines from the power transmitted to the user and then find the
power loss in the lines.
PT = I LV
84.
B 2 A 2 cos 2
= mg sin
R
IL =
P2 R
P
PL = I L2 RL = T RL = T 2 L
V
V
PT
V
The induced current in the coil is the induced emf divided by the resistance. The induced emf is found
from the changing flux by Eq. 212b. The magnetic field of the solenoid, which causes the flux, is
given by Eq. 208. For the area used in Eq. 212b, the cross-sectional area of the solenoid (not the coil)
must be used, because all of the magnetic flux is inside the solenoid.
I=
ind
R
ind = N coil
N coil Asol 0
I=
Bsol
t
Bsol =0
N sol I sol
A sol
N sol I sol
A sol
=
2
= N coil Asol
N coil Asol 0 N sol I sol
(190 turns) (0.045 m) (4 10

12
A sol
R
7
T m/A) (230 turns) 2.0 A

2
= 5.823 10 A
(0.01 m) 0.10 s
5.8 102 A
As the current in the solenoid increases, a magnetic field from right to left is created in the solenoid
and the loop. The induced current will flow in such a direction as to oppose that field, so must flow
from left to right through the resistor.
21-26
85.
Chapter 21
Putting an inductor in series with the device will protect it from sudden surges in current. The growth
of current in an LR circuit is given in Section 2112.
I=
V
1 e tR /L = I max 1 e tR /L
R
The maximum current is 55 mA, and the current is to have a value of 7.5 mA after a time of 120
microseconds. Use this data to solve for the inductance.
I = I max 1 e tR /L
L=
tR
I
ln 1
I max
etR /L = 1
I max
(1.2 104 s)(120 )

= 0.0982 H 98 mH in series
7.5 mA
ln 1
55 mA
Put an inductor of value 98 mH in series with the device.

86.
The emf is related to the flux change by Eq. 212b. The flux change is caused by the changing
magnetic field.
=N
87.
B
AB
=N
t
t
B
120 V
=
=
= 280 T/s
t NA (35) (6.25 102 m)2
We find the peak emf from Eq. 215.

peak = NB A = (125)(0.200 T)(2 rad/rev)(120 rev/s)(6.60 102 m) 2 = 82 V
88.
(a)
The electric field energy density is given by Eq. 1711, and the magnetic field energy density is
given by Eq. 2110.
u E = 12 0 E 2 = 12 (8.85 1012 C2 /N m 2 )(1.0 104 V/m)
= 4.425 104 J/m3 4.4 104 J/m3
uB = 12
B2
1
2
(2.0 T) 2
(4 107 T m/A)
= 1.592 10 J/m 1.6 10
J/m3
uB 1.592 106 J/m3

= 3.6 109
=
uE 4.425 104 J/m3
The energy density in the magnetic field is 3.6 billion times greater than the energy density in the
electric field.
(b)
Set the two densities equal and solve for the magnitude of the electric field.
B2
uE = 12 0 E 2 = u B = 12
E=
89.
0 0
2.0 T
(8.85 10
12
C /N m )(4 10
T m/A)
= 6.0 108 V/m
If there is no current in the secondary, then there will be no induced emf from the mutual inductance.
Therefore, we set the ratio of the voltage to current equal to the inductive reactance (Eq. 2111b) and
solve for the inductance.
Vrms
Vrms
220 V
= X L = 2 fL L =
=
= 93 mH
I rms
2 f I rms 2 (60 Hz)(6.3 A)
90.
For the current and voltage to be in phase, the net reactance of the capacitor and inductor must be zero,
which means that the circuit is at resonance. Thus Eq. 2119 applies.
f0 =
91.
21-27
1
2
1
LC
C=
1
4
Lf 02
1
2
4 (0.13 H)(1360 Hz) 2
The inductance of the solenoid is given by L =
0 N 2 A
= 1.1 107 F
0 N 2 d 2
. The (constant) length of the

A
A
4
= 2dsol 1 , we also know that N1 = 2 N 2 . The fact that
wire is given by A wire = N dsol , so since dsol 2

the wire is tightly wound gives A sol = Nd wire . Find the ratio of the two inductances.
0 N 22
A 2wire / 2
A sol 2
N 22 2
dsol 2
A sol 2
2
dsol
2
4 A sol 2
Nd
A
2N2
L2
N
=
=
= 2
= sol 1 = 1 wire = 1 =
= 2
2
2
2
A sol 2 N 2 d wire N 2
L1 0 N1 2
N2
N1 2
A wire /
dsol 1
dsol 1
4 A sol 1
A sol 1
A sol 1
92.
(a)
From the text of the problem, the Q factor is the ratio of the voltage across the capacitor or
inductor to the voltage across the resistor, at resonance. The resonant frequency is given by
Eq. 2119.
1
1
L
2
VL I res X L 2 f res L
2 LC = 1 L
=
=
=
Q=
VR
I res R
R
R
R C
(b)
Find the inductance from the resonant frequency and the resistance from the Q factor.
f res =
L=
Q=
1
2
1
LC
1
4
2
Cf res
1 L
R C
1
2
4 (1.0 10
R=
F)(1.0 10 Hz)
= 2.533 106 H 2.5 106 H
1 L
1 2.533 106 H
=
= 2.4 102
Q C 650 1.0 108 F
Solutions to Search and Learn Problems

1.
(a)
(b)
Kitchens, bathrooms, outdoor areas, and near swimming pools are especially dangerous for
touching ground because of the abundance of water in those areas. As shown in Section 197,
high current through the body can stop the heart. Wet skin has a much smaller resistance than
dry skin, so for a given voltage it is more dangerous to ground an object with wet skin than with
dry skin.
The GFCI works using Amperes law. Both wires from the power source pass through the center
of an iron ring. If the ac current in the circuit passes through both wires (one going in and one
going out), then the net current through the ring is exactly zero and there is no magnetic field
induced in the ring. If even a small amount of the electric current is shorted, so the exact same
current no longer flows through both of the wires, then an ac-induced magnetic field is created in
the ring. The changing flux induces a current in the small wire wrapped around the ring, which
shuts off the power to the GFCI. This is similar to fuses and circuit breakers, which shut off the
power if too much current is flowing through the wires. GFCIs are much more sensitive and they
act more quickly than fuses and circuit breakers. This is why electrical codes now require them
in kitchens and bathrooms, even though homes already have fuses or circuit breakers. As with a
circuit breaker, a GFCI can be reset and used again after it has been triggered.
21-28
2.
Chapter 21
(a)
Use Eq. 212a to calculate the emf induced in the ring, where the flux is the magnetic field
multiplied by the area of the ring. Then using Eq. 186b, calculate the average power dissipated
in the ring as it is moved away. The thermal energy is the average power times the time.
B 4 d
B
(B ) A
=
=2
=2
t
t
t
2
Q = P t =
R
(b)
(a)
16(55 106 ) (45 103 s)
2 2 4
t (B ) d
=
R
16 Rt
= 5.834 103 J 5.8 mJ
Q
5.834 103 J
=
= 3.0 103 C
mc (15 103 kg)(129 J/kg C)
Since the coils are directly connected to the wheels, the torque provided by the motor (Eq. 2010)
balances the torque caused by the frictional force.
Fr
(250 N)(0.29 m)
=
= 21.37 A 21 A
NAB 290(0.12 m)(0.15 m)(0.65 T)
To maintain this speed, the power loss due to the friction must equal the net power provided by the
coils. The power provided by the coils is the current through the coils multiplied by the back emf.
P = F = I back back =
(c)
The temperature change is calculated from the thermal energy using Eq. 142.
= NIAB = Fr I =
(b)
B 1 d 2
4
t =
t
(0.68 T) 2 2 (0.015 m) 4
T =
3.
F (250 N)(35 km/h) 1000 m/km

=
= 113.7 V 110 V
I
21.37 A
3600 s/h
The power dissipated in the coils is the difference between the power produced by the coils and
the net power provided to the wheels.
Ploss = P Pnet = I I back = (21.37 A)(120 V 113.7 V) = 134.6 W 130 W
(d)
We divide the net power by the total power to determine the percent used to drive the car.
Pnet I back 113.7 V
=
=
= 0.9475 95%
P
I
120 V
4.
The power dissipated (wasted) in a transmission line is proportional to the square of the current
passing through the lines, or P = I 2 R. To minimize the ratio of the power dissipated to the power
delivered, it is desirable to have the smallest current possible, which requires a large transmission
voltage. However, it is also desirable, for safety reasons, for the voltage at the consumer end to be low.
The use of transformers in ac circuits makes it possible to have high voltage in the transmission lines
while having low voltage for the consumers.
5.
The sinusoidal varying current in the power line creates a sinusoidal varying magnetic field encircling
the power line, with an amplitude given by Eq. 206. Using Eq. 211, approximate the flux by using
the average distance from the power line to the coil. Take the change in flux to be the maximum flux
through the coil, as suggested in the problem hint. Set the maximum emf equal to 170 V and note that
the flux changes from the maximum to zero in a quarter cycle. Set the area of the coil equal to the
product of the length and the height of the rectangle, and solve for the length.
I
N 0 0
2 ravg
B N (B ) A
=N
=
=
t
t
t
A=
t 2 ravg
w
N 0 I 0
(170 V)
( 2401 s )
2.0 m
wA
21-29
2 (6.0 m)
2000(4 107 T m/A)(155 A)
= 34.27 m 34 m
This is stealing and unethical because the current in the rectangle creates a back emf in the initial wire,
which results in a power loss to the electric company just as if the wire had been directly connected to
the line.
6.
The average induced emf is given by Eq. 212b. Because the coil orientation changes by 180, the
change in flux is the opposite of twice the initial flux. The average current is the induced emf divided
by the resistance, and the charge that flows in a given time is the current times the elapsed time.
B
B
[( B ) (+ B )] 2 NAB
= NA
= NA
=
t
t
t
t
2 NAB
avg
2 NAB
QR
t
t =
t =
Q = I t =
B=
R
R
R
2 NA
avg = N

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAYS LAW

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

The induced current in RA is to the left as RB in coil B is increased. As RB increases, the

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

and is independent of the battery emf.

the value of the battery emf.

Responses to MisConceptual Questions

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

A common misconception is that a transformer only changes voltage. However, power is

The magnitude of the average induced emf is given by Eq. 212b.

A direction for the emf cannot be specified without more information.

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

Use Eq. 211.

= BA = (0.800 T)(0.120 m)(0.180 m/s) = 1.73 102 V

The average induced emf is given by Eq. 212a.

B B A (0.65 T) [(0.100 m) 2 (0.030 m) 2 ]

= 3.717 102 V 3.7 102 V

We find the average induced current from Ohms law.

Nshort Ashort 0 solenoid

(4 107 T m/A)(14)(600) (0.0125 m)2 (5.0 A)

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

Find the induced current from Ohms law.

30[ (0.110 m) 2 ][ (1.3 103 m)](8.65 103 T/s)

(1.68 108 m)30(2 )(0.110 m)

(1.3 103 m)2

= 1.484 103 W 1.5 103 W

the emf divided by the resistance, I =

(0.066 m) (1.125 103 m) 2 (0.670 T)

(550)(0.55 T)(2 rad/rev)(120 rev/s) (0.040 m) 2

The peak current is found from the rms current.

The area can be found from Eq. 215.

(1.68 108 m)[85(4)(0.060 m)]

[ 12 (5.9 104 m)]2

Vcircuit = Vbulb + Vwire = Vbulb + IRwire = 12 V + (2.083 A)(1.254 ) = 14.61 V

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

We find the number of turns in the secondary from Eq. 216.

We find the ratio of the number of turns from Eq. 216.

Because VS < VP , this is a step-down transformer.

We assume 100% efficiency and find the input voltage from P = IV .

= 5.76 109 m 6 109 m

At the power plant, the voltage is changed from 12,000 V to 240,000 V.

At the house, the voltage is changed from 7200 V to 240 V.

Pout 2.0 106 W

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

4(925 106 W)(2.65 108 m)2(185 103 m)

Find the induced emf from Eq. 219.

(4 107 T m/A)(8500)2 (1.45 102 m) 2

(4 107 T m/A)(2600) 2 (0.0125 m) 2

coil, given by Ohms law, and an induced emf due to the

(1.0 H)(0.81 103 m) 2

(1.68 108 m)(21,490 m)

(0.405 103 m)2

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

The magnetic energy in the field is derived from Eq. 2110.

(0.010 m)2 (0.36 m) = 23 J

The current increases at a constant rate.

4 (6.38 106 m) 2 (104 m) 5 1015 J

The resistance can be calculated from the time constant, = L /R.

For an LR circuit, we have I = I max (1 e t / ). Solve for t.

= ln(1 0.9) = 2.3

= ln(1 0.999) = 6.9

The reactance of a capacitor is given by Eq. 2112b, X C =

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law