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SCIENTIFIC BULLETII{
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pp r 5.{l-!ld7
M.lvl El-Shimy
ElectricalPower& MachinesDepartnent
Facultyof Engineering
Ain ShamsUniversity,Cairo,Egtrpt
Abstmct
This pape* presentsan improved technique for constnrctinge dynamic
equivalentof a power systemload consistingof inductionmotorsandgmic
lof,ds interconnectedby a network. The agFegatemodel can represent
effectivetythe dynamicand steadysulte statesof thc originalpowcf,system
sqplying the load. The techniquetakesinto considermionthe effectof the
on the aggregatemodel, also the'l'eis no
network of the load subeystem
loading
placed
of
the induction motott in the system.The
the
on
constraints
with
be
techniqueis generaland can appliedto anyindustial loadsub'system
pf,rameters
of the
high conccnfiationof infirction motor loads. Also all
andthereis neithera
systematically
dparric loadscanbedetermined
eqrrivaleut
nor applyrngany complexparamderestimation
need of any measulemsnts
of theoriginal
by comparingtherec,ponse
is
validated
The
technique
methods.
power
and the load
systm
as
both
the
agFegate
load subsysem and its
to varioustl1es of faults.
ue zubjected
zubsystem
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553
gtr:!
l. Introduction
In the analysis of powersystems,a greatdealof attentionhasbeengivento the
detailed representationof generatingunits andthe transmissionsystemwhereas
hasreoeivedsecondaryattention[1,2].The continuousneed
load repreJentation
for improvementof powrsystemstability studiesrequiresan improvementof
power system load modeling in practice and theory- The developmentof
general-purposeload model, which would be flexible enoughto be utilized for
all types ofltudies for systemplanning and operation,would be difficult indeed.
When modeling is doneon a device level, it needsmore detailedrepresenhtion
than modeling done on a oomposite basis as viewed from a supply point.
Intended application of the model and considerationof eomputationalconstaint
must govern the determinationof the model details[3, 41.
hr stability analysisnrepresentationof efftctive power demandat high voltage
buses is .t*o*tt*y' This may include the aggregateeffect of numerousload
devices [5, 6] that may be divided into two basieclasses,static androtating.The
loadsstatic tlpe
'of includes lreating and lighting equipment.The rotating type of
with
variety
of
synchronousand ittdoction motorsdriving equipment
coosiss
torque/speedcharacteristios'
In many casessimplified aggfegateload representationlike constantimpedance
ur* used alongsidethe detailed generatormodels [7]. This seemsrelatedto
three-research questionsreferred as modeljustification, struchre, determination
and identification respectively- Thesequestionsare to what extentare aoourate
load models important in power systemstability analysis,what are appropriate
mathematical sfructues to represent high voltageeffective load, andhow can
the aggregateload modelsbe determinedin practice
Generally, the specific cases where rnodelingioad dynamicsare necessaryare
having a large concentrationof
[S] study of: (ij industrial plant, (ii) an area
resonanoe,and (iv) of applying
sub-synchronous
and
*otot*, iiii) **if-"*oitation
to
stability'
an
aid
shunt-reactivepower contol devicesas
Tlre initial approach of modeling powsr systemloadswas to considerthemas
*black box"
[4, 9Jand developa hansferfunctionmodelby analyzingthe inputoutput relationships of the load duing system distur-bances'The second
approach was to consider the physical natwe of the load and develop a
mathematical model with sufficient detailsto representaccuratelythe recorded
a modelconsisting
sharacteristicsp0, I l, 12]. For the load underoonsideration,
voltage is
Recorded
was
used.
load
of induction motor wiih shunt static
powers
are
reactive
considered as an input to the model and the outputreal and
lretween
the
compared with the measuredoutput. The weighted-square-error
meaiured output and the rnodeloutput is minimizedto obtainoptimummodel
ii+
555
T
pEq=-smoE4 -;IEs
-{x5' -J('Jidl
ff)
r4
(E';ia + E'ni6) f 3J
(6),To=-xo* F)
@o&
(E), XE*.Y,+f,_
r*{,x' - x-' *
ff* +ff,
(w)
(il)'n=#,ur:H"+
(n)
":-t-F:*fr,,-+
M
p,
556
The voltage F* catr be obtained from base-caseload flow with all motors
representedby constant PQ loads. For approximate calculationwithout
sacrificingaocurcyF**cflrlbe takenas I p.u.
3.2 Inducfion motor and netnmrhagregate
To obtain an induction motor and network aggregate the load subsystemis
consideredwith all static loads calculatedseparatelyby (l l) and(12).All the
parameters of other componentsareexpressedin a commonbase(the aggregate
motor base). The parameters of eachinduction motor in the load subsystemin
individual machinebasewill be required.The proposedaggregatemodelwill be
obtainedin the following steps.
Step l: write down the bus admittancematrix I/s* representingall thebusesin
the load subsystem.This marix will takethe form
r*r
[;:]=i;:l;H:l
Step 2: the induction motors in the loadsubsystemare representedby constant
emf behind hansient impedance each as shown in Fig. 2 (the third order
dynamic model). TheseEansientimpedancesincludesthe tansformer reactanoe
in serieswith individual motor, if any, are usedto modiff the diagonalof Ir* to
obtain the modified f mthat representsthe interfacebus and the internalnode
This modifiedmatrix takesthe form
of eachmotor in the load subsvstem.
[-4
l=lY-* I"j,I ,rn,
[f'|?l LYt|fY,,""IE*J
In (14) it is assumedthat thereis at leastone inductionmotor connectedto each
bus in the load subsystem.It is clearthatbuseswith no inductionmotorloads
will not be modifiedin the modifiedadmittancemafrix.
Sten 3: the aggregatemotor hansient impedanceand the ag$egatenetwork
impedanceare calculatedas the inputimpedanceof the loadsubsystem
at the
interface bus with all static loads in the load subsystemneglected.The input
admittance of the load subsystemat the interfacebus is obtainedby reducing
(14) by matrix form Kron eliminationmethod,as
(rs)
!f;,v J - {lPwI - [Yml[!^* I-' tY*]
Then the input impedance of the load subsystemat the interface bus takes the
form
4 +lX. = [Ynl-'
( 16)
557
(tT ), f=.k- ,r ,
j-I
( Jsl
J-t
oj=y
$e), kvAj=*ii- gtt Go)
rli cos
E,kvAi
j-r
(il)'J-=fl+ ft,)
E+,+-,2-,4+,*u
?ffi
f:,(Rr/s,t)+irtt
r,=i,"#-uv
( 24)
558
.9", - f,o1,fo4
j=I
(?f). then 4
=",itq
j=I nl
(26)
P7)
to be 9olo[2ll on
With xr is the aggrepte tansformerreactanceand is assrrmod
the aggregatemotor base.
4. Validstion by transient simulation
In order to validate the proposedtechniquevarious 5'pes of ftults and study of
stability (slmchronous, voltage and load) are conductedon thc IEEE nine-bus
'system. The systemconsistsof 9 buses,6 lines, 3 generatorsand3 load busesas
shown in Fig. 6. The systemdatacanbe found in [22]. A70n/oof loadB at bus 5
is considered to be the induction motor subsystem [4], consisting of 5
interconnectedinduction motors as shown in Fig. 7. TransformersTl-T5 are
assumedto havereactancego/oon the appropriatemachinerating.Transformers
TA TB are assumedto havereactance9ploon 20 MVA base.Lines Ll-L4 have
resistance0.001p.q reactanceof 0.0055p.u, andchargingadmittanceof 0.0008
p.u and line L5 twice these values, all on 100 MVA base. The standard
specifications of thesemotorsandparametersbasedon individual maohinebase
are shown in Table I and Table2 respectively.Table 3 showsthecorresponding
parametersof the aggregateload subsystem.
1,I Transformer switching
In this disturbance while tansformer TA havetapping of I l0% and TB have
tapping of 100% kansforurer TB is disconnectedsuddeuly resulting in step
change in the voltage of bus l0 (the interfacebus). This busvoltagechangeand
the power angleresponseS of generatorsG2 and G3 relative to Gl in the system
with actual dynamic load are comparedwith that obtainedwith aggregatedload
as shown in Fig. I through 13. AIso correlation factors[24] betweenactual
system responseand its aggregateare shownin table 4. Both synchronousand
voltage stability of the systemarepreservedas obviousfrom responsecurves.
The oomparison of response curvesand conelation factorsshowsan adequate
match betweenthe actual systemand its aggregatefor smallvoltagechange
disturbance.The responses
of themotorsin the actualsystemandthe aggregate
motorareshownin Fig. l5 and16,which insureloadstability.
4.2 Remotelaalt
In this disturbancea three-phasefault is applied at busI andclearedafter 5
cycles (0.1 sec) by removingline 8-9.Fig. 17through22 showsacomparison
5 s9
[0]
[11]
U2]
U3l
tl4l
[l5]
[16]
[l7]
[l8]
[l9]
[20]
[2U
I22l
I23I
I24l
LA, Hiskens,
J.V. Milanovic,"LoadModelingin Studiesof PowerSystem
Damping",IEEE,P.S.,Vol. 10,No. 4, Nov. 1995
Daniel Karisson,David J., "Modeling and Identificationof Nonlinear
DynamicLoadsin PowerSystems",IEEE,P.S.,Vol. 9, No. l, Feb.1994
Wen-Shiow, Chia-Jen, "Comparison of Simulated Power System
Dynamics Applying Various LoadModelswith Actual Recordeddarta",
IEEE,P.S.,Vol.9, No. I, Feb.lg94
William W. , et al, "Load Modeling for Power Flow and Transient
StabilityComputerStudies",IEEE trans.on powersystems,Vol. 3, No. l,
Feb.1988
GrahamJ., et al, "An Aggtregate
Motor Model for lndushial plants", pAS103,No.4,April 1984
FarhadNozari,M. David,"Aggregationof InductionMotors for Transient
StabilityLoadModeling",IEEE,P.S.,PWRS-2,No.4, Nov. l9g7
"Analysis of Electric machinery", McGraw-Hill Book
Paul c. K-rarISe,
Comp.,1986
Jan Mach., W. Januszand R. James:'?ower System Dynamics and
Stability",JohnWiley & SonsLtd., lgg7
A. Borghetti,R. caldon, "on Dynamictoad Models for voltage stability
Studies",IEEE trans.on powersystems,Vol. 12,No. l, Feb. lg97
Tordorn Thiringer, "comparison of Reduced-orderDynamic Modelsof
InductionMachines",IEEE,P.S.,Vol. 16,No. I, Feb.2001
o. wasynczuk,Y. M. Diao, andP. c. Krause,"Theory and comparisonof
Reduced-orderModels of InductionMachines",IEEE, pAS-104,lvlarch,
1985
John J. Graimger, willa.n D. stevenson,"power system furalyisi",
McGmw-Hill Book Company,lg94
P.M. Anderson& A.A. Fourd, "Power Svstem Control and Stability'',
Galgotiapublications,I 98I
v. A. venikov, " Transientphenomenain electricar power systems",
press,1965
Pergamon
JohnH. Mathews,"Numericalmethods",prenticeHall, 1992
: Motor standard
Strndrrd
snecificrtions
I/, (kv)
Powcr (kW)
,t (/.1
cos 6 P/ol
^Tn(%)
Polcs
Incrtie (kg. m')
Table 2: Motor
Grurp I
Illt, M3. M4
Croup 2
M2.M5
J
I 194
9I.3J
9{f
4t78
96.25
9t
t0l
0.fi3
6
78
r520
136(r
0.82
t.t0
1,79
Perrmeteffi
H(*cl
R,
.R,
X,
X.
x*
x
s..
f
Grnup I
Ml.M3.M.r
I.5(t5
0.019.16
0-00973
0.09588
0.09588
2.385
Grurpl
M2, lrfs
0.438
0.filEE9
0.03t61
0.{x}842
0.09842
2.214
0-r8fo
0.8269
0.0182
0.m698
0.8
_561
{1,7
motorbrse
p.rroo rgg.rEgat
nBsponsc
Tnble4:
Liet
goundin p'u'
E-- st*ic toaas"scPtanceto
ir
h
P.u.
SubscriPtof inductionm(*orl'
SoUsc.iPtof stdic loadbusk'
Tc*al numberof ststic losd busesin the
actualloadsubsldem'
a Tmal numberof mc*ors.
Pr. Meshanical
Powerin P.u,
P, Sutic loadbusactivePowerIn p'u'
i
*
M
p
Q,
R"
R.
rR"
R.
Timederir,atrwoPerutor'
Staticloadbus reactivePo\ilerm p'u'
in P.u.
Statorresistance
in P'u.
Rotorresistance
RealPanof fao'
in p'u'
line resistance
Aggregate
so
s"
vn
V5
xo
.r
Irrterficebus.roltagein P.u'
Statorreactancein P.u.
Transierrtreadarrcein P'u'
Rctor reactancein P'u'
x,
Magpetizisgreadanccin P'u.
Xr
Transfsnnrreactancin P'u'
X,
in P'u. .
Tcilalleakagereastatrce
$t*or leakagereacancein P'u.
Rctor leakagereactaflcrn P'u'
x.
x,
X.
x,
&
Yry
z
7
6
n
E
P
lhto
.f
lmaginaryPartof fa'r.
Ag$egateline induaancein P.u.
ThJ input admifianceof the load
in P.u'
subsystem
in P.u.
Transimtimpedance
Mdor loadingin P.u'
Generatorrctor angle.
M*or full loadefficiencY'
Theweightingcoefficiertt.
Mator full loadpowerhctor angle.
srmchronoussoeedin rad/sec
Rs
562
.s'
Irt+tfacc
buc
Eqrrrvelent
line
StatiEload
Aggregate
F-@
IM aggregate
s6 3
rJ
TB
Ig
Fig.7:Motot subrYetem
ss
o
o.o
g.t
0'r
0.6
0.6
l'0
ll
tr
r.6
l.d
t.0
o$
04
lra
Time (eec)
0s
r.4
1.6
l.t
a0
syet+m
Aggregatc
Fig.I I :Tranrfornn
rurHrq
30.0_
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24.0
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a3.0.
E$.o
eas.
13.0
4r.0,
al,0
2d.0
e0.0
0.0
0-e
0d
0.6
0-6
1,0
l-t
l''
t.6
t!
e.0
Tirte (occ)
s64
0.o
02
o.r
1.4
r.6
1.8 eo
25.0
24.0
23.0
&n.s
25.[
?4.0.
?30
a ?2,0.
E ?0.0
g l9I]
n
d
?1.0
Yrno.
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# 180t ?0 -
17.0
16.0
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0.6
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Time (cec)
Slip
Fig | 5 : Aft6t
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567
4.C'
SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN
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