April 28, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Brink. coral supports marine life.............................................................................................................1
2. Link. Co2 in the air kills coral.................................................................................................................1
3. Impact. We lose fish habitat killing fish then killing people from lack of food......................................1
4. Conclusion of disadvantage.....................................................................................................................2
5. Backup info on ocean acidification..........................................................................................................3
6. Answer to "Will CO2 really decrease ocean pH all that much?"............................................................3

Brink. coral supports marine life

Colette Georgii (She received her MBA in 2002 and also holds an MS in Community Economic
Development (1998) and a BS in Education with a concentration in Social Science and a Secondary
Teaching Certificate in Social Studies And is currently a freelance writer.), None given or needed,
Helium Politics, News and Issues, "What are the climate change dangers facing oceans?",
http://www.helium.com/items/1738941-how-climate-change-affects-oceans

* Coral reefs provide a home and habitat for many different species of fish.

Link. Co2 in the air kills coral

No date given but is unneeded, Helium politics, news and issues, "What are the climate change dangers
facing oceans?", http://www.helium.com/items/1738941-how-climate-change-affects-oceans

Increased CO2 in the atmosphere destroys ocean life by killing the corals. When coral reefs can no
longer sustain life the delicate balance of the life of sea creatures is destroyed. (new impact)

Impact. We lose fish habitat killing fish then killing people from lack of food

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Colette Georgii (She received her MBA in 2002 and also holds an MS in Community Economic
Development (1998) and a BS in Education with a concentration in Social Science and a Secondary
Teaching Certificate in Social Studies And is currently a freelance writer.), Date not given but not
needed, Helium politics, news and issues, "What are the climate change dangers facing oceans?",
http://www.helium.com/items/1738941-how-climate-change-affects-oceans

* Coral reefs provide a home and habitat for many different species of fish.

* Fish provide food for millions of people worldwide

* Fish are the only source of income for many people around the globe thus providing stability to their
economies.

* Coral reefs control the amount of CO2 entering the ocean - higher CO2 levels in ocean waters
threaten all life both in the ocean and on land.

Conclusion of disadvantage
Colette Georgii (She received her MBA in 2002 and also holds an MS in Community Economic
Development (1998) and a BS in Education with a concentration in Social Science and a Secondary
Teaching Certificate in Social Studies And is currently a freelance writer.), date not given or needed,
Helium, "What are the climate change dangers facing oceans?", http://www.helium.com/items/1738941-
how-climate-change-affects-oceans

“In conclusion, climate change can have a deadly effect on oceans and the way they circulate and pump
water through the ecological oceanic system, resulting in danger to corals, ocean life, and to all life on
the planet.”(new impact)
Backup info on ocean acidification
Richard C. Zimmerman (Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion
University) and David J., Xinping Hu (Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old
Dominion University), October 9, 2007, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, "OCEAN
ACIDIFICATION WORKSHOP", http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/OA_poster_abstracts_27823.pdf

The global oceans serve as the largest natural sink for increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)
concentrations. As this CO2 is absorbed by seawater, it reacts to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
resulting in a reduction in seawater pH (or acidification). This results in a decrease in the availability of
the carbonate ion which has been demonstrated to play an important role in calcification for a number of
marine organisms. Ocean acidification could affect some of the most fundamental biological and
geochemical processes of the sea in coming decades. Observations obtained in situ from Volunteer
Observing Ships have been extended using satellite remote sensing and modeled environmental
parameters to derive estimates of sea surface alkalinity (AT) and surface carbon dioxide partial pressure
(pCO2,sw). Pairing estimates of AT and pCO2,sw has permitted characterization of the changes in sea
surface carbonate chemistry that have transpired over the past decade throughout the Greater Caribbean
Region as a consequence of ocean acidification. The results reveal considerable variability both spatially
and seasonally throughout the region. As a consequence of ocean acidification, a secular decrease in
aragonite saturation state (arg) is observed at a rate of ~ -0.12 0.01 arg decade-1 (r2 = 0.97, P[0.0001).

Answer to "Will CO2 really decrease ocean pH all that much?"/how much ocean acidification at
our current rate
Scott Doney (He graduated with a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography in 1991 and was a postdoctoral fellow and
later a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, before returning to Woods Hole in
2002. He was awarded the James B. Macelwane Medal from the American Geophysical Union in 2000,
an Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow in 2004, and the WHOI W. Van Alan Clark Sr. Chair in 2007. His
science interests span oceanography, climate and biogeochemistry. Much of his research focuses on
how the global carbon cycle and ocean ecology respond to natural and human-driven climate change,
which may act to either damp or accelerate climate trends. A current focus is on ocean acidification due
to the increase in the ocean of carbon dioxide and other chemicals from fossil fuel burning. He is
currently the chair of the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program and the U.S. Ocean
Carbon and Climate Change Program.
), March 19, 2010, Ocean Acifdification Studying acidifications effects on marine ecosystems and
biogeochemistry, "FAQ about ocean acidification", http://www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/page.do?pid=40276

Scientists estimate that surface ocean pH has fallen by about 0.1 pH unit from preindustrial times to
today. Because pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration and the the pH scale is logarithmic - for
every drop of 1 pH unit, hydrogen ion levels increase by a factor of 10 - a 0.1-unit pH drop is equivalent
to about a 26% increase in the ocean hydrogen ion concentration. If we continue on the expected
trajectory for fossil-fuel use and rising atmospheric CO2, pH is likely to drop by 0.3-0.4 units by the end
of the 21st century and increase ocean hydrogen ion concentration (or acidity) by 100-150% above what
it was in preindustrial times.

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