Utah's Energy Landscape, 4th Edition

Utahs Energy
Landscape 4th
by Michael D. Vanden Berg
CIRCULAR 121
UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
a division of
UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
2016
Edition
Utahs Energy Landscape

by Michael D. Vanden Berg
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1
Summary and Outlook............................................................................................................ 1
Energy Highlights.................................................................................................................... 2
Overview.................................................................................................................................... 3
Energy Economics..........................................................................................................7
Renewable Resources.......................................................................................................... 1 0
Coal............................................................................................................................................1 6
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products................................................................................... 22
Natural Gas.............................................................................................................................. 29
Unconventional Petroleum ResourcesOil Shale and Oil Sands..............................3 4
Uranium.................................................................................................................................... 35
Electricity......................................................................................................................37
COVER PHOTO CAPTIONS

1
2
3
4
5
8
6
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Spanish Fork wind farm

Utah oil shale
Crude oil pump jack from Aneth oil field
Escalante III solar farm in front of the Milford wind farm
Five natural gas wellheads on one drill pad,
Natural Buttes natural gas field
6. PacifiCorps Blundell geothermal power plant
7. Residential solar
8. PacifiCorps Currant Creek natural gas power plant
9. Longwall mining machine at the Deer Creek coal mine
For more information, contact:

Michael D. Vanden Berg
Senior Geologist
Energy & Minerals Program
Utah Geological Survey
801.538.5419
ISBN: 978-1-55791-924-3
Publication layout by Nikki Simon
DISCLAIMER
Although this product represents the work of professional scientists, the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah
Geological Survey, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its suitability for a particular use. The Utah
Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct,
indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Glade Sowards (Department of Environmental Quality), Peter Ashcroft (Governors
Office of Energy Development), David Tabet (Utah Geological Survey), and Stephanie Carney (Utah Geological Survey)
for their careful reviews of this document. Acknowledgement also goes to Jeffery Barrett and Richard Bell for their help
with the renewable chapter (Governors Office of Energy Development).
Background photo: Milford 2 solar farm, Beaver County.
INTRODUCTION
Utah is fortunate to have abundant and diverse energy resources including large reserves of conventional
fossil fuels, several areas suitable for renewable resource development, and vast quantities of untapped
unconventional oil shale and oil sand resources. This publication, Utahs Energy Landscape, now in its fourth
edition, was created to offer a complete, visually-based description of Utahs diverse energy portfolio.
The graphs within this document were created using data compiled by the Utah Geological Survey (UGS)
from several sources, including the U.S. Department of Energys Energy Information Administration (EIA),
the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining (DOGM), the Governors Office of Energy Development (OED),
and the Utah State Tax Commission, as well as surveys and conversations with individuals and companies.
Utah Energy and Mineral Statistics (UEMS) is a web-based data repository located on the UGS website
and contains all the energy data used to create the graphs in this report. Each graph includes a reference
table number, indicating where the data can be found and downloaded either as a Microsoft Excel file or
an Adobe PDF file.
Utah Energy and Mineral Statistics website: http://geology.utah.gov/resources/energy/utah-energyand-mineral-statistics/
SUMMARY
Two recent events have dominated Utahs energy scene in the past few years: 1) the collapse of crude oil
prices due to a worldwide oversupply, and 2) the exponential increase in both utility-scale and residential
PV (photovoltaic) solar capacity. First, Utahs crude oil price dropped from a high of about $100 per barrel
in the summer of 2014 to a low of about $30 in late 2015, with prices dipping to $20 a barrel in early 2016.
Consequently, the number of drilling rigs in Utah decreased from about 23 in late 2014, down to 3 rigs in
late 2015, and finally down to zero in early March 2016. Since new oil wells are not being drilled to make
up for production declines at existing wells, crude oil production in the state decreased nearly 10% in
2015 and is projected to continue to decline as long as prices remain low and rigs remain idled. Similarly,
natural gas prices (down 43%) and production (down 7%) have also decreased due to oversupply from
the countrys prolific shale reservoirs. Second, in 2015, 166 MW of new utility-scale solar capacity was
installed in southwestern Utah and nearly 680 MW is currently under construction or in development.
By 2017, nearly 850 MW of new solar capacity will be online, more than wind, hydroelectric, geothermal,
and biomass combined. This surge in solar was also seen in the residential sector; the total number of
renewable energy tax credits filed in Utah has grown exponentially in the past 6 years, from only 153 in
2009 to 3,174 in 2015, of which 94% were for residential PV.
Additionally, coal production in Utah is at a 30-year low as out-of-state demand, especially in Nevada
and California, diminishes as coal plants convert to natural gas or close. Production of electricity in Utah
also decreased slightly (4%) in 2015, while Utahs 2015 average cost of electricity remained well below the
national average, mainly due to our reliance on established, low-cost, coal-fired generation. Consumption
of petroleum products is expected to increase in 2015, possibly as a result of lower gasoline and diesel
prices, while natural gas and electricity consumption dropped in 2015 due to mild winter and summer
weather. Utah will continue to be a net-exporter of energy by producing more natural gas, coal, and
electricity than is used in-state, but will remain reliant on other states and Canada to satisfy our demand
for crude oil and petroleum products.
OUTLOOK
Production and Consumption. With the dramatic decline in the price of crude oil, and without enough
rigs drilling new wells to offset steep production declines at existing wells, Utah crude oil production
will continue to decrease in 2016, possibly by another 20%. In contrast, demand for petroleum products
in Utah should continue its upward trend as the economy continues to improve and as prices for motor
gasoline hover near $2 a gallon. Utahs natural gas production will follow a downward trend similar to
crude oil, possibly dropping another 10 to 12%, as many drilling rigs are idled and the price for natural
gas remains between $2 and $3 per Mcf (prices in early 2016 briefly dipped below $1.50 per Mcf, but
are expected to rebound above $2). Currently no firm plans exist for the construction of additional
natural-gas-fired power plants in Utah, so consumption should remain relatively steady depending on
the severity of the heating and cooling seasons. Coal production in Utah is expected to remain in the
14 to 15 million tons per year range for the near future, as in-state demand remains steady and out-ofstate demand continues to be weak. Production could increase if new foreign coal export markets are
established. Electricity generation is expected to gradually increase in the next few years as population
continues to grow and electricity consumption per capita continues to increase. Renewable energy
generation in Utah continues to climb with the addition of the new Latigo wind farm (62 MW) near
Monticello and, as stated above, the addition of nearly 850 MW of new utility-scale solar capacity.
Prices. Crude oil prices decreased a dramatic 50% in 2015 to an average of about $40 per barrel for the
year. In early 2016, crude oil in Utah was selling for only about $20 per barrel, but was starting to rebound
(back to over $35 per barrel) at the time of this writing (mid-April 2016). How long these low prices will
persist is unknown, but most estimates indicate low prices for the next several years as worldwide supply
continues to outpace demand. Similar to crude oil, the price of natural gas decreased 43% in 2015 to an
average of $2.47 per Mcf, and early 2016 prices dropped below $1.50 per Mcf due to mild winter weather.
The price of natural gas is also expected to remain low throughout 2016 as gas supplies continue to
exceed demand. Utahs mine-mouth coal price is expected to remain steady as demand stabilizes and
should average about $35 per ton in coming years. With regard to electricity, Utahs well established
coal-fired power plants will assure affordable, reliable electric power for the foreseeable future and help
keep Utahs electricity prices nearly 15% below the national average.
ENERGY HIGHLIGHTS
Overview: The largest source of annual energy production in Utah is from natural gas, which surpassed
coal for the first time in Utahs history in 2010 (page 4).
Economics: The value of Utahs energy-related production was only $3.1 billion in 2015, half of the
2014 total due to lower prices and lower production (page 7).
Economics: Wages for energy-related jobs are nearly double the average annual wage for all
employment in Utah (page 9).
Renewables: Utahs largest utility-scale solar facility, Red Hills in Iron County, was installed in 2015
adding 80 MW of renewable energy capacity to Utahs electric generation portfolio. Nearly 850 MW
of new utility-scale solar capacity is expected to be installed by 2017 (page 12).
Renewables: Utah is one of only seven states to produce electricity from geothermal sources (page 14).
Coal: Utah coal production in 2015 was down to 14.4 million tons, a level not seen since 1986 (page 19).
Crude oil and natural gas: In 2015, there were only 305 oil and gas well completions in Utah, down
significantly from the average of 944 per year over the past 10 years, but still higher than the 274
wells per year averaged throughout the 1990s (page 23).
Crude oil: Utah refineries received record amounts of crude oil in 2014 and only slightly less in 2015,
with 43% coming from in-state and 8% coming from Canada (page 26).
Crude oil: The value of crude oil produced in Utah reached an all-time inflation-adjusted high of $3.2
billion in 2014, but then dropped to only $1.5 billion in 2015 (page 28).
Natural gas: Natural gas production in Utah reached a record high in 2012 of 491 billion cubic feet,
but has since dropped to 423 billion cubic feet in 2015 (page 31).
Natural gas: Utahs average price of residential natural gas in 2015 was $9.72 per thousand cubic feet,
the 17th lowest in the nation (page 33). As recently as 2011, Utahs price was the third lowest in the
nation, but new natural gas pipelines have better connected our once captive market with the rest of
the United States.
Electricity: In 2015, 76% of the electricity generated in Utah was from coal-burning power plants.
Electricity generation from natural-gas power plants more than doubled since 2007, increasing its
total share in 2015 to 19% (page 39).
Electricity: Since 1960, electricity sales in Utah increased at an average annual rate of 4.1% (page 40).
Electricity: Utahs average price of residential electricity in 2015 was 11 cents per kWh, the 15th lowest in the
nation and 13% lower than the national average (page 41).
Background photo: Book Cliffs outside Price, UT
overview
Utah Energy Balance
Utah Energy Balance:
Production
Productionand
andConsumption,
Consumption,19602015
19062015
1,200
1,000
Trillion Btu
800
600
400
1980 Utah becomes and

remains a net energy exporter
200
Total energy production
Total energy consumption
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
UEMS website table: Table 1.4 | Source: EIA, UGS

Note: Consumption data for 2015 are estimated. Production data for 2015 are preliminary.
Utah produced 18% more energy than it

consumed in 2015, continuing its status as a
net-energy exporter. This percentage is usually
closer to 30%, but production of fossil fuels
was significantly down in 2015. The majority of
the excess energy was in the form of exported
natural gas. Utah also exports significant
amounts of electricity, produced from both
fossil fuels and renewable sources.
Department of Natural Resources solar array
OVERVIEW
Energy Production in Utah by Source

2015
2015
TrillionBtu
Btu (Percent
of total)
Trillion
(Percent
of total)
Hydroelectric
5.7 (0.6%)
Wind
Natural
5.9 (0.6%)
gas liquids
27 (2.7%)
Geothermal
5.6 (0.6%)
Fossil fuels made up 98% of Utahs total energy

production in 2015, while renewable sources
accounted for only 2% of Utahs production portfolio.
Coal has historically dominated Utahs energy
production (in terms of Btu), but starting in 2010,
natural gas became the dominant annual energy
production source. Renewable energy has historically
been dominated by hydroelectric power, but recently
geothermal and wind have grown in significance.
Utility-scale solar came online in 2015 and is expected
to become the dominant renewable energy source
in the near future as over 1 gigawatt of new capacity
is in development; more capacity than present
hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind combined.
Biomass
2.0 (0.2%)
Solar
0.8 (0.1%)
Coal
328 (32%)
Natural gas
420 (42%)
Total:
1,010 trillion Btu
Crude oil
214 (21%)

Note: Natural gas liquids included with natural gas prior to 1993.
IPP = Intermountain Power Plant. 2015 data are preliminary.
Renewables,
19602015
Renewables,
19602015
25
Solar
1984 Utahs first
Wind
geothermal power plant,
Biomass
PacifiCorps Blundell
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Trillion Btu
20
2015 First utility-scale solar

2008 Start of the
Milford & Spanish Fork
wind farms
15
10
1963 Flaming Gorge hydroelectric

came online (152 MW)
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Fossil
Fuels,
19602015
Fossil
Fuels,
19602015
1,200
1,000
2008 Peak production

(1,155 trillion Btu)
Natural gas liquids

Natural gas
Crude oil
Coal
1986 Start of IPP

1800 MW of coal-fired
generation
Trillion Btu
800
600
400
Brief shut down of the Skyline

coal mine, which resulted in
2-3 million tons lower coal
production
200
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
UTAHS ENERGY LANDSCAPE
Energy Consumption in Utah by Source

20152015
Net Interstate Electricity

Flows
and Losses in Utah, 19602015
Net Interstate Electricity Flows and Losses in Utah, 19602015
Trillion
Btu (Percent
of total) of total)
Trillion
Btu (Percent
Geothermal Biomass
Hydroelectric 5.6 (0.6%) 2.0 (0.2%)
5.7 (0.6%)
50
Other
1.0 (0.1%)
The start of Intermountain

Power Plant, which sends most
of its power out of state
0
Trillion Btu
Wind
5.9 (0.7%)
100
Solar
0.7 (0.1%)
-50
Net interstate flows
and losses
-100
-150
Natural gas
241 (26%)
-200
Coal
349 (38%)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Total:
825 trillion Btu*
Note: EIA assumes that all renewable electric generation

originating in Utah is also consumed in Utah, but this is not
Petroleum products
301 (33%)
always the case (e.g., electricity from the Milford wind farm
is sold to California). 2015 data are estimated.
*Total includes net interstate flows and losses. Net interstate flow of electricity is the difference between the
amount of energy in the electricity sold within a state (including associated losses) and the energy input at
the electric utilities within the state. A positive number indicates that more electricity (including associated
losses) came into the state than went out of the state during the year; conversely, a negative number indicates
that more electricity (including associated losses) went out of the state than came into the state.
Renewables,
19602015
Renewables,
19602015
25
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Trillion Btu
20
15
10
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
Trillion Btu
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2000
2005
2010
2015
Fossil
Fuels,
19602015
Fossil
Fuels,
19602015
1,000
800
1980
Natural gas
Petroleum products
Coal
600
400
200
Fossil fuels
made up
97.8% of
Utahs total
energy
consumption
in 2015, while
renewable
sources only
accounted for
2.2% of Utahs
consumption
portfolio.
These graphs
do not include
net interstate
flows and
losses (see
inset graph);
Utah exported
87 trillion Btu
of electricity
(including
losses) in
2015, resulting
in a net total
consumption
of 825 trillion
Btu.
0
1960
1965
OVERVIEW
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Energy Consumption in Utah by Sector

2015
Trillion Btu (Percemt
2015of total)
Trillion Btu (Percent of total)
The transportation sector,

mostly gasoline and
diesel for vehicles, was
the largest consumer of
energy in Utah in 2015
(31%). The residential,
commercial, and
transportation sectors
have all gradually
increased over time,
consistent with increasing
population and increasing
energy consumption per
capita, while the industrial
sector follows a pattern
more closely tied to the
national economy (e.g.,
economy-related dips
in the mid-1980s, early
2000s, and 20092010).
Residential
175 (21%)
Transportation
253 (31%)
Total:
825 trillion Btu*
Commercial
164 (20%)
Industrial
232 (28%)
*Includes net interstate flows and losses
UEMS website table: Table 1.16 | Source: EIA

Note: 2015 data are estimated.
19602015
19602015
300
250
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Trillion Btu
200
150
100
50
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
energy
economics
Value of Energy Production in Utah, 19602015
Value of Energy Production in Utah, 19602015
$6,000
$5,000
Uranium
Coal
Natural gas*
Crude oil
2008 Record high

of $6.3 billion
2014 $6.2 billion
Million real dollars
1982 $4.0 billion
$4,000
2015 $3.1 billion
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
*Includes natural gas liquids
Source: UGS
Note: Real = inflation-adjusted dollars calculated using the
Consumer Price Index from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The value of energy-related fossil fuel

production (electric generation from renewable
sources is not included) in Utah totaled $3.1
billion in 2015, only 50% of the 2014 value.
Energy production values have been high since
2004 (even after adjusting for inflation) when
crude oil and natural gas prices surged to levels
not seen since the early 1980s.
Drill rig in the Natural Buttes natural gas field.
ENERGY ECONOMICS
Property
Taxes
Charged
Against
Property
Taxes Charged
Against
Petroleum
and CoalPetroleum
Extraction Activities
19902014
and Coal Extraction
Activities, 19902014
$60
$50
Million dollars
Property taxes charged against

Utah oil and gas activities have
increased more than six times since
1996, totaling nearly $64 million
in 2015. Property taxes charged
against coal mines have remained
nearly steady for the past 10 years,
averaging about $4.5 million. Both
are expected to drop in 2015 with
lower assessed value resulting from
lower prices and production.
Oil and gas

Coal mines
$40
$30
$20
$10
$0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: Utah State Tax Commission

Note: Calendar year, presented in nominal dollars.
2015 data are not yet available.
Tax Collections on Oil and Gas Production in Utah
$10
$200
Severance tax - Oil and gas
Mineral lease
Conservation fee - Oil and gas
$150
$8
$6
$100
$4
$50
$2
Conservation fee Million dollars
Severance tax and mineral lease Million dollars
Taxand
Collections
on OilMineral
and Gas Production
in Utah
and Total Mineral Lease Distributions,
19802015
Total
Lease
Disbursements,
19802015
$0
$0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: Utah State Tax Commission

Note: State fiscal year, presented in nominal dollars.
Severance tax, conservation fees,

and federal mineral lease payments
are all closely related to oil and gas
prices, increasing significantly in the
mid-2000s, but down in 2015.
The oil and gas severance tax is based on the
value at the well of oil and gas produced and
saved, sold, or transported from the eld where
it is produced. The Utah tax rate ranges from 3 to
5%, based on the value of the oil or gas, and is 4%
for natural gas liquids.
The oil and gas conservation fee is 0.2% of the
value at the well of oil, gas, and natural gas liquids
produced and saved, sold, or transported from
the production sites.
Mineral lease disbursements from the federal
government to Utah are roughly 50% (less
administrative costs) of the value of minerals
produced (includes minor non-energy minerals)
on federal lands within the state.
Percentage of Utahs Gross State Product from Energy-Related Activities,

Percentage of Utahs
Gross State Product from
19972014
Energy-Related Activities, 19972014
4.0%
Percent of GSP
3.0%
Mining industry*
Oil and gas
Other energy-related industries**
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
According to the U.S. Bureau of

Economic Analysis, the mining
industry as a whole (including nonenergy minerals) in Utah accounts
for about 3.1% of the gross state
product (GSP), of which the oil and
gas industry accounts for about
1.3%. Utilities (including some
non-energy sectors), refineries,
and pipeline transportation and
maintenance account for an
additional 1.9% of Utahs GSP.
*Includes oil and gas, coal, and nonfuel mining

**Includes utilities (including non-energy-related water and sewer),
pipelines, and refineries
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Note: 2015 data are not yet available.
Energy-Related Employment in Utah (monthly data), 2000September 2015
Direct Energy-Related Employment in Utah (monthly data), 20002015
Uranium
Pipelines
Manufacturing
Support
Energy-related jobs in Utah
17,500
1.6%
Oil and gas

Coal mining
Utilities and distribution
Percent of total employment
19,063
18,236
1.5%
15,000
15,367
1.4%
12,500
10,000
1.3%
7,500
1.2%
Percent of total employment
20,000
5,000
1.1%
Jan-15
Jan-14
Jan-13
Jan-12
Jan-11
Jan-10
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-06
Jan-05
Jan-04
Jan-03
Jan-02
Jan-00
Jan-01
2,500
1.0%
Source: Utah Department of Workforce Services

Note: Employment statistics are based on the North American Industry Classification System for businesses.
While these statistics accurately capture many types of energy-related employment, they do not include
employment related to renewable energy construction and energy efficiency, or employment in other industries
that only exists because of the energy sector. For example, many renewable energy and energy-efficiency jobs
are instead classified as part of a larger construction category. For this reason, the statistics above are a
conservative estimate of energy-related employment in Utah; actual energy-related employment will be larger.
Energy-related employment in Utah declined to 15,367 in September of 2015 (down

16% from the 18,236 recorded in October 2014; pre-oil price crash), of which the
majority (30%) came from the oil and gas sector. Power generation (utilities and
distribution) made up 24% of the total, while support industries accounted for 20%.
Energy-related jobs account for 1.1% of total employment, decreasing in recent years
as the oil and gas sector contracted with decreasing prices.
Annual Average Wages in Utah (quarterly data), 1990-3rd Quarter 2015
Annual Average Wages in Utah (quarterly data), 19903rd Quarter 2015

$90,000
Average yearly
wages in the energy
sector ($83,400,
first three quarters
of 2015) are more
than double the
statewide average
annual wage
($41,500, first three
quarters of 2015).
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
Energy - Average yearly wage
All sectors - Average yearly wage
$30,000
ENERGY ECONOMICS
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
$20,000
2000
Average yearly wage
$80,000
Source: Utah
Department of
Workforce Services
renewable
resources
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(
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(
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DAVIS
(
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Tooele Army Depot - 3.5 MW
SALT
LAKE
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TOOELE
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Camp Williams - 0.9 MW
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UTAH
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JUAB
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MILLARD
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(
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Milford Wind Corridor - 306 MW
(
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_
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*
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Utahs extreme diversity in

landscape and climate is well
known, and this factor significantly
(
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affects Utahs wind resources.
As
a
result,
Utah
has
a
wide
array of locations that may
(
!
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#
be viable for wind energy development. The resource
RICH
analysis used to identify favorable wind energy zones was
*
#
based upon wind data collected from 109 anemometer
towers stationed throughout the state. The wind resource
analysis incorporated several constraining criteria,
*
#
(
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#
including: (1) screening
(
!
*
#
out environmentally
(
!
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#
DAGGETT
sensitive areas, (2)
SUMMIT
setting a maximum
ground elevation
(
!
of 9500 feet, (3)
(
!
DUCHESNE
eliminating land
too rugged for
WASATCH
(
!
development, (4)
(
!
(
!
and deleting military
Spanish Fork - 19 MW
operating airspace.
(
!
UINTAH
After applying the
constraints, 51 potential
(
!
wind development
zones were identified
CARBON
covering approximately
1838 square miles of
(
!
land, or about 2% of
the states surface area.
Theoretically, these
GRAND
areas
could support
EMERY
(
!
up to 9145 MW of wind
generating capacity.
SEVIER
(
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Wind
(
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BEAVER
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PIUTE
(
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Wind energy zone
WAYNE
(
!
20 meter anemometer site

50 meter anemometer site
(
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IRON
Wind facility
_
^
Transmission
(
!
(
!
(
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*
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GARFIELD
(
!
Latigo Wind Farm - 62 MW

(
!
(
!
(
!
SAN JUAN
(
!
*
#
(
!
WASHINGTON
(
!
!
(
*
#
(>138 KV)
County boundary
Interstate highway
(
!
KANE
Data Source: UGS, Utah

Renewable Energy Zones Task
Force - Phase I and II
0
20
40
miles
Source: Utah Renewable Energy Zones Task Force Phase I and II
10
geothermal
The geothermal energy resource potential of Utah has been

evaluated on the basis of information extracted from various types
of thermal data throughout the state. Heat-flow data, thermal
spring and well temperatures, and fluid chemistries are typically
used as a first step in the screening for geothermal resources. Recent studies indicate deep (>10,000
ft) sedimentary basins within the Basin and Range physiographic province of western Utah may have
significant geothermal potential. The Uinta Basin also has a potential geothermal resource due primarily
to the existence of well infrastructure from the oil and gas industry combined with favorable data on
co-produced fluid temperatures and production rates. Utah is home to a variety of geothermal resource
utilization projects for both direct applications
(greenhouses, spas, space heating, aquaculture)
as well as electric power generation. Potential
#
#
F
G
geothermal resources of the Basin and Range
would likely include both types of geothermal
#
F
G
RICH
CACHE
#
applications, whereas those of the Uinta Basin
#
would mostly be direct use. Many potential
BOX ELDER
resource areas within the state of Utah remain
#
F
G
#
WEBER
poorly explored in regards to geothermal energy.
#
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
!!
MORGAN
Potential geothermal
resource area
SUMMIT
!
!
#
#
Geothermal
DAGGETT
MIDDLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
!
!
DAVIS
G
F
SALT
#
LAKE
#
G
F
F
G
G
F
WASATCH
TOOELE
#
#
#
F
G
DUCHESNE
!
#
UTAH
Uinta Basin boundary
#
#
!
!
!#
#
#
!
!
!
!
!!
! !! ! ! !
!!!
! ! !! !
! ! !!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
BASIN AND RANGE
Basin and Range

deep sedimentary basin
UINTAH
##
#
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!!
!
! !
!!! ! !
#
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!! !
!
!!
!
!
! !
# Thermal spring >50C
F
G
JUAB
Direct use geothermal*
_
^ Geothermal power plant
!
!
Well with elevated heat flow
# Thermal well >50C
!
!
Transmission
!!
(>138 KV)
CARBON
Physiographic province
boundary
!
! !
!
!
!
!
SANPETE
!
!!
MILLARD
!
#
!
County boundary
Interstate highway
EMERY
*Greenhouse, aquaculture, spa,

scuba facility, space heating (does
not include ground source heat pumps)
!
!
!!
!
#
!
!
!
!
!!! !
!
!
!!
! !!
!
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
_
#
^
#
#
! !!
BEAVER
! !
! !
!
!
#
##
#
#
#
#
_
^
#!
##
_
^
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
! ! !
WAYNE
COLORADO PLATEAU
Source: UGS
!
!
GARFIELD
Note: Elevated heat flow
IRON
#
#
#
#
F
G
G
F
values for Colorado
!
!
Plateau and Middle
!
!
WASHINGTON
!
!
SAN JUAN
!
!
40
!
!
!
!
!
!
20
##
miles
PIUTE
!
!
!
!
Cove Fort - 25 MW
Data Source: UGS
GRAND
!
!
SEVIER
F
G
!
!
!
! !
#
# #
Blundell - 34 MW
Thermo Hot
Springs - 14 MW
!!
!!
!
! !
!
!
!
!! !!!
!!
!!! !!!
! !! !!
!! !!
!
! !
!
Rocky Mountains are

greater than 70 mW/m2
F
G
!
F
G
KANE
and for the Basin and

!
Range are greater than

90 mW/m2.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
11
Solar
Direct Normal Irradiance
(kWh/sq. meter/day)
Areas with slope <3%
(map at right)
5.2 - 5.5
5.5 - 5.75
5.75 - 6.0
6.0 - 6.25
6.25 - 6.5
6.5 - 6.75
6.75 - 7.0
7.0 - 7.25
7.25 - 7.4
Utility-scale solar
facility, active or
under construction
(see map below)
Transmission
(>138 KV)
see map below
County boundary
!
Solar
Interstate highway
!
Data Source: UGS,

NREL, Utah Renewable
Energy Zones Task
Force - Phase I and II
Direct Normal Irradiance
(kWh/sq. meter/day)
5.2 - 5.5
5.5 - 5.75
5.75 - 6.0
!
!!
6.0 - 6.25
!
!
!!!
6.25 - 6.5
6.5 - 6.75
20
40
miles
!
6.75 - 7.0
7.0 - 7.25
7.25 - 7.4
!
!!
!! !
!!
County boundary
!
Interstate highway
!!
Data Source: NREL, Utah

Renewable Energy Zones
Task Force - Phase I and II
0
20
40
miles
solar
Utahs solar resources are

clearly abundant (map at upper
left, no screening applied),
but to estimate a theoretical
solar resource potential, several constraining criteria
were used, including: (1) measurements of Direct
Normal Irradiance (DNI), with a threshold value of
6.0 kilowatthours per meter squared (kWh/m2)/day
or greater, (2) screening out steeper areas (slopes of
3% or greater) unable to accommodate a large solar
collection field, and (3) screening out environmentally
sensitive areas such as national parks, wilderness areas,
wetlands, etc., that are not available for development.
After applying the constraints, approximately 6371
square miles of land (7.5% of the states surface area) are
suitable for solar power generation at the utility scale (at
lower left). Theoretically, this land could support up to
826 GW of solar generating capacity.
Utility-Scale Solar
As of April 2016
Data Source: UGS

Note: Capacities are AC
by late 2016 (601 MW)
by early 2017 (80 MW)
!!
Holden (RMP) - 20 MW
<3 MW
~20 MW
~3 MW
50-80 MW
MILLARD
Escalante I, II, III

80 MW each
BEAVER
Granite Peak- 3 MW
Milford 2 - 3 MW
South Milford- 3.8 MW
Laho - 3 MW
!
!
!
SEVIER
PIUTE
! Milford Flat
!
!! 3 MW !
Greenville
2.2 MW
Buckhorn - 3 MW
IRON
12
Pavant I - 50 MW
! Under development, should be finished
Source: UGS, Utah Renewable Energy Zones Task Force - Phase I and II
As of April 2016, 166 MW of new solar generating

capacity has come online in southwestern Utah. In
addition, approximately 600 MW of capacity are
currently under construction and roughly 80 MW
of capacity are under development and should be
completed by the end of the year. By 2017, Utahs
utility-scale solar capacity will total 847 MW, more
than wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydroelectric
combined.
Pavant II - 50 MW
! Active (166 MW)

! Under construction, should be finished
Red Hills - 80 MW
Three Peaks - 80 MW
Granite Springs east - 80 MW
Granite Springs west
51 MW
Fiddlers Canyon 1, 2, 3
3 MW each
Beryl
3 MW
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
GARFIELD
Cedar Valley - 3 MW
Iron Springs - 80 MW
0
Enterprise - 80 MW
10
20
miles
Note: An attempt was made to locate all utility-scale solar

facilities currently active or under development in southwest
Utah. This map is a snap-shot in time (April 2016); this industry is
currently undergoing a significant transformation and plans for
proposed sites could change.
number of renewable energy tax credits processed in Utah, 20002015
Number of Renewable Energy Tax Credits Processed in Utah, 20002015

3000
Other renewables* - Renewable and commercial

Solar PV - Commercial
Solar PV - Residential
Average size of residential solar PV system (kW)
2015 total = 3,174

Residential PV = 2,990
Commercial PV = 141
Other* = 43
6500
6000
5500
2000
Kilowatts
Number of RETCs processed
2500
7000
5000
1500
4500
1000
Other during 2011

and 2012 includes a
small surge in solar
thermal installations
500
4000
3500
3000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
*Solar thermal, wind, and geothermal heat pumps | Source: OED | Note: 2015 data are preliminary
The number of renewable energy tax credits processed by the State of Utah has increased exponentially in the
past few years, from 153 tax credits processed in 2009 to 3,174 tax credits processed in 2015. The vast majority
of these tax credits (94% in 2015) are for residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Also of note, the average
size (capacity) of residential solar PV systems has nearly doubled in the past 5 years from 3.3 kW in 2010 to
6.4 kW in 2015. It is thought that this increase is due to decreasing installation and equipment costs as well as
a shift towards the desire to cover nearly 100% of a households electricity usage. Total solar capacity for the
commercial and residential sector in Utah is estimated at about 55 MW.
Utahs Total (Utility and Commercial Scale) Renewable C

Utahs Total Utility-Scale Renewable
Capacity
by Energy
Source,
2015
Megawatts
(Percent
of total)
(# of facilities)
Megawatts (Percent of total) (Number of facilities)

Utahs renewable electric capacity is dominated by
three large wind farms, Milford (306 MW), the newly
built Latigo (62 MW), and Spanish Fork (19 MW), and
63 hydroelectric plants, the largest being Flaming
Gorge at 152 MW. The geothermal portion consists
of PacifiCorps Blundell plant (34 MW), the Thermo
Hot Springs plant (14 MW), and the Cove Fort plant
(25 MW), whereas the biomass portion is mainly from
Wasatch Front landfill gas operations. Utah has a
combined 166 MW (at the end of 2015) of installed
solar capacity, dominated by the newly built Red Hills
solar farm in Iron County (80 MW) and the Pavant
solar farm in Millard County (50 MW). However,
another 680 MW of solar capacity is slated for
installation by the end of 2016 (for a total of about
850 MW, see map on page 12), which will be more
than all other renewable energy sources combined.
Biomass
13 (1.4%) (4)
Geothermal
73 (8.0%)
(3)
Solar
166 (18%) (14)
Hydroelectric
276 (30%) (63)
Wind
387 (42%) (4)
Total: 915
megawatts
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
13
14
0%
Vermont
Utahs renewable electric

generation is dominated by wind,
hydroelectric, and geothermal
power. The biomass portion is
mainly electricity generated from
burning landfill gases. Electricity
from solar will become more
prominent in the near future with
the addition of nearly 850 MW of
new capacity.
Geothermal
503 (28%) (1.2%)
6.9%
6.8%
6.8%
6.0%
Maryland
Michigan
Alabama
Arkansas
North Carolina
Total:
1,848 gigawatthours
(4.3% of total net
generation)
1.3%
1.0%
0.0%
Louisiana
Mississippi
2.9%
2.0%
New Jersey
Florida
2.9%
Georgia
West Virginia
1.8%
3.2%
Missouri
1.6%
3.3%
Rhode Island
Ohio
3.4%
Connecticut
Delaware
3.8%
Virginia
3.6%
3.8%
Kentucky
Pennsylvania
4.2%
Utah
South Carolina
5.2%
4.3%
Indiana
5.9%
7.2%
Wisconsin
Illinois
8.7%
7.2%
New Mexico
9.2%
9.4%
Arizona
Massachusetts
9.5%
Wyoming
10.3%
10.4%
Texas
Hawaii
10.9%
Nebraska
13.3%
17.8%
17.0%
Colorado
New Hampshire
Tennessee
19.7%
Nevada
Oklahoma
20.0%
23.4%
21.8%
North Dakota
Minnesota
24.0%
23.7%
Kansas
New York
29.6%
28.0%
Alaska
20%
California
6.8%
6.0%
5.9%
5.2%
Arkansas
North Carolina
Illinois
Indiana
Solar
Biomass
29 (1.6%) (0.1%)
72 (4.0%) (0.2%)
Wind
621 (34%) (1.5%)
Hydroelectric
596 (33%) (1.4%)
0.0%
Mississippi
1.3%
1.0%
Louisiana
Florida
Delaware
1.8%
Ohio
1.6%
2.0%
New Jersey
2.9%
Georgia
West Virginia
3.2%
2.9%
Missouri
Rhode Island
3.4%
Connecticut
3.3%
3.6%
3.8%
3.8%
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Virginia
4.3%
6.8%
Alabama
4.2%
6.9%
Michigan
Utah
7.2%
Maryland
Kentucky
8.7%
7.2%
Wisconsin
9.2%
Massachusetts
New Mexico
9.4%
Arizona
10.3%
9.5%
Wyoming
Hawaii
10.4%
Texas
13.3%
10.9%
Nebraska
Tennessee
17.8%
17.0%
Colorado
100%
New Hampshire
39.5%
67.4%
0%
32.9%
74.6%
72.1%
20%
Iowa
40%
Montana
51.3%
60%
Maine
Oregon
Idaho
Washington
99.7%
75.3%
80%
South Dakota
Percent of total electrical

generation from renewable sources
40%
Renewable Electric Generation by State, 2015

Solar
Geothermal
Wind
Biomass
Hydroelectric
35th
In 2015, Utah ranked 35th in the nation in percent of total net electric generation from
renewable resources (4.3%). Of particular note, Utah is one of only seven states where
electricity is generated from geothermal resources.
Renewable Electric Generation in Utah, 2015
RenewableGigawatthours
Electric Generation in Utah, 2015
(Percent of total renewables)
(Percent of total net geneartion)
Gigawatthours
(Percent of total renewables) (Percent total net generation)
Renewable Energy Consumption in Utah

19602015
19602015
14,000
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind
Solar
12,000
Billion Btu
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
UEMS website table: Table 6.3

Source: EIA
Note: EIA assumes that all renewable electric generation originating in Utah is also consumed in Utah, but this is not always
the case (e.g., electricity from the Milford wind farm is sold to California). 2014 and 2015 data are estimated. Includes the
electric utility sector.
2015
2015 of total)
Billion Btu (Percent
Billion Btu (Percent of total)

Solar
727 (3.5%)
Biomass
2,780 (13%)
Wind
5,923 (29%)
Cove Fort geothermal power plant
Total:
20,713 billion Btu
Geothermal
5,598 (27%)
Hydroelectric
5,686 (27%)
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Utahs 2015 consumption of energy

from renewable resources is
dominated by wind, hydroelectric,
and geothermal electricity generation.
Smaller amounts of energy came from
commercial- and residential-scale
photovoltaic arrays, as well as burning
biomass (mainly wood).
15
coal
Utahs most economic coal reserves
are located in three coalfields forming
an inverted U primarily across Sevier,
Emery, and Carbon Counties. Recently,
the Coal Hollow surface mine opened
outside this area in southern Utahs Kane
County. Utahs largest coal deposit is
within the Kaiparowits Plateau coalfield
and is off limits to development since this
area sits within Grand StaircaseEscalante
National Monument.
Goose Creek
CACHE
Grouse Creek
RICH
BOX ELDER
WEBER
Lost Creek
MORGAN
DAVIS
DAGGETT
Henrys Fork
Coalfields
Coalville
Economic reserves
Prospective resources
Marginal resources
Dinosaur NM
SUMMIT
SALT
LAKE
Coal
WASATCH
TOOELE
Tabby
Coal >4 ft thick

and <3000 ft deep
Vernal
DUCHESNE
UTAH
National park
or monument
UINTAH
Wasatch
Plateau
Skyline
JUAB
Wales
County boundary
Interstate highway
Dugout Canyon
Mt. Pleasant
Book
Cliffs
Sego
CARBON
#
SANPETE
Data Source: UGS

0
Active coal mine
20
miles
GRAND
Lila Canyon
Castle Valley
MILLARD
Sterling SUFCO
Emery
#
Salina
Canyon
EMERY
Arches NP
SEVIER
La Sal
itol
Bryce Canyon NP
Coal
Hollow/
Burton
#
Zion
NP
WASHINGTON
ds NP
f NP
Kaiparowits
Plateau
GARFIELD
IRON
Harmony
Henry Mtns.
onlan
WAYNE
Ree
PIUTE
Cany
Cap
BEAVER
Grand Staircase
Escalante NM
San Juan
SAN JUAN
Alton
Kolob
KANE
16
40
Utahs
Recoverable
Coal
Resources
by Coalfield,
2015
Utahs Recoverable
Coal
Resources
by Coalfield,
2015
Million
tons
(Percent
of total)
Million tons
(Percent
of total)
Sego Salina Canyon

341 (2.2%) 207 (1.3%) Other
277 (1.8%)
Henry Mountains
485 (3.1%)
Emery
801 (5.2%)
Kolob
805 (5.2%)
Alton
1,053 (6.8%)
Wasatch Plateau
1,191 (7.7%)
The majority of Utahs

potentially recoverable coal
resources are located in the
Grand Staircase-Escalante
National Monument within the
Kaiparowits coalfield (59% of
Utahs estimated recoverable
coal, as of 2015). Only the
Wasatch Plateau, Book Cliffs,
and Alton fields currently
contain active mines.
Kaiparowits
9,096 (59%)
UEMS website table: Table 2.3 | Source: UGS
Note: For Wasatch Plateau, Alton, Emery, Book
Cliffs, and Henry Mountains, resources were
Book Cliffs
1,295 (8.3%)
constrained by a seam height minimum of four
Total: 15,551
million tons
feet, with no more than 3000 feet of cover. For

the remaining fields, resources were constrained
by an estimated resource factor ranging from 30%
to 40% of principal (unconstrained) resources.
These resources do not take into account
economic or land use constraints.
Utah coal
COAL
17
U.S. Coal Production by State, 2015
U.S. Coal Production by State, 2015
889
780
199
138
91
Oklahoma
Kansas
Missouri
Arkansas
1,193
Alaska
Tennessee
2,149
Maryland
13,069
Alabama
3,143
14,006
Virginia
Mississippi
14,434
Utah
3,439
17,195
Ohio
Louisiana
18,879
Colorado
6,805
19,341
New Mexico
Arizona
28,802
35,918
Texas
North Dakota
41,864
Montana
34,295
47,873
Pennsylvania
Indiana
56,227
Illinois
West Virginia
Wyoming
100,000
61,498
13th
98,815
200,000
Kentucky
300,000
375,773
Thousand tons
400,000
In 2015, Utah ranked as the 13th largest producer of coal in the United States.
UEMS website table: Table 2.7 | Source: MSHA, UGS
Utah
Coal
Production
bybyMine,
Utah
Coal
Production
Mine,2015
2015
7,000
6,000
6,024
41.7%
Sevier Co.
Total:
14,434 thousand tons
4,409
30.5%
Carbon Co.
5,000
Thousand tons
2015 production
Percent of total
County location
4,000
Operators:
Canyon Fuel Co. (Bowie Resources)
UtahAmerican Energy (Murray Energy)
Rhino Resources
Alton Coal Development
Energy West Mining Co. (PacifiCorp)
3,000
1,580
10.9%
Carbon Co.
2,000
1,000
967
6.7%
Emery Co.
#3
763
5.3%
Carbon Co.
#4
350
2.4%
Emery Co.
327
2.3%
Kane Co.
15
0.1%
Emery Co.
0
SUFCO
Skyline
West Ridge
Castle Valley
#3 & #4*
Dugout Canyon
Lila Canyon
Coal Hollow
& Burton**
Deer Creek
In 2015, 78% of Utahs coal production came from Canyon Fuel Company mines (Bowie
Resources) located in Sevier and Carbon Counties. The Deer Creek mine closed in January
2015 after producing only 15,000 tons and the West Ridge mine closed in November 2015.
The longwall mining machine at West Ridge was transferred to the Lila Canyon mine and
production there will increase as a result. The Dugout mine ceased longwall production in
2012 and current production is via continuous miner machine.

*Castle Valley #3 (177,000 tons produced) and #4 (789,000 tons produced) are part of the same facility, but
are listed as two separate mines because they operate in two different seams.
**The Coal Hollow mine (316,000 tons produced) is a surface mine in the Alton coalfield and the Burton mine
(11,000 tons produced, too small to be seen on the graph) is a new underground mine at the same facility.
18
Utah
2015 Coal Production by Landownership
Thousand tons (Percent of total)
2015
Fee
1,251
(8.7%)
State
763
(5.3%)
Declining Utah coal production

started during the 2008 recession
and has continued as coal has dropped
out of favor as a fuel for electric and
industrial needs. The large increase
in state land production that started
in 1998 was the result of lands given
to Utah after the designation of the
Grand Staircase-Escalante National
Monument. By 2012, those state lands
had been mined out, once again
increasing federal coal production
to over 80%.
Total: 14,434
thousand tons
Federal
12,420 (86%)

Note: 2015 landownership breakdown is estimated.
19602015
19602015
30,000
25,000
Thousand tons
20,000
15,000
Recession-related drop in
production, followed by an
extended period of low demand
Undifferentiated production
Fee
County
State
Federal
Brief shutdown of
the Skyline mine
IPP came online
Average in-state demand between

1988 and 2015 = 16.2 million tons
Huntington and
Hunter came online
10,000
5,000
0
1960
COAL
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
19
Utah Coal Consumption by Sector
2015
Thousand tons (Percent

2015 of total)
The vast majority of coal consumed in Utah

(96%) is used at electric power plants. The
remaining coal (3.9%) is consumed by the
industrial sector at cement/lime plants and
Kennecott Utah Coppers power plant (182 MW
capacity) which provides electricity for copper
smelting. Coke consumption ceased in 2001
when Geneva Steel went out of business and
consumption in the residential and commercial
sectors has been negligible for years.
Other industrial
625 (3.9%)
Total: 15,875
thousand tons
Electric utilities
15,250 (96%)

Note: 2015 data are estimated. Residential and commercial
are too small to be seen on graph.
Hunter coal-fired power plant
19602015
19602015
18,000
16,000
14,000
Average in-state demand between

1988 and 2015 = 16.2 million tons
Other industrial
Coke plant
Electric utilities
IPP came online

in 1986
Thousand tons
12,000
10,000
One of IPPs
units was down
for 6 months
Huntington and
Hunter power plants
came online
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1960
20
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Utahs minemouth price (the price at the mine) of $36.00 per ton
in 2015 was well below the real (inflation-adjusted) high of $95.51
reached in 1976. The 2015 value of produced Utah coal dropped to
$520 million, much less than the inflation-adjusted value of $1.2 billion
recorded in 1982.
Average Minemouth Price and Value of Utah Coal, 19602015
Average Minemouth Price and Value of Utah Coal, 19602015
$1,200
$1.2 billion
Price - nominal $
Price - real $
Value - nominal $
Value - real $
$1,000
$800
$60
$600
$520 million
$40
$400
Value Million dollars
$95.51
$80
$36.00
$20
$200
$0
$0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Distribution
Utah19702015
Coal, 19702015
Distribution
of UtahofCoal,
30,000
25,000
Foreign exports
Domestic exports
Distributed in Utah
20,000
Thousand tons
Average price Dollars per ton
$100
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
The majority of Utah coal, 80% in 2015, was used in state, while 17% was shipped out of state (up
to 60% of Utah coal was shipped to others states in the early 2000s), and 3% was shipped to other
countries. Foreign exports, mostly to Asia, peaked in 1996 when 5.5 million tons or 20% of Utah coal
was shipped to foreign markets. Domestic exports have significantly decreased in recent years as
several electric plants and industrial users in California and Nevada have switched to natural gas.
UEMS website table: Table 2.19 | Source: EIA, UGS | Note: 2015 data are estimated.
COAL
21
crude oil &

petroleum products
Tesoro
CACHE
RICH
BOX ELDER
Pioneer
WEBER
MORGAN
DAVIS
Plains
#
*
#
*
#
#
*
*
#
*
SUMMIT
SALT
LAKE
Chevron
TOOELE
WASATCH
UTAH
JUAB
SANPETE
MILLARD
Providence
UNEV
Covenant
Utahs crude oil production is mostly concentrated within

Duchesne and Uintah Counties (Uinta Basin) to the north and
San Juan County (Paradox Basin) to the south. The 2004
discovery of the Covenant field, and later the Providence field, in
central Utah opened up this previously undeveloped area to new
production. All five of Utahs refineries are located just north
of Salt Lake City. Most of the crude oil production in the Uinta
Basin is delivered via truck to the Salt Lake City refineries, while
two crude oil pipelines supply additional feedstock; the Chevron
line runs through the Uinta Basin delivering crude oil from the
Rangley field in Colorado and the Plains pipeline delivers crude
oil from Wyoming and Canada. With the recent large increase
in Uinta Basin production, some crude oil is now being loaded
onto trains near Price for
shipment to refineries
DAGGETT
in California and to the
east (train exports will
most likely decline as
Altamont/Bluebell
production
in the Uinta
Uinta Basin
Basin has decreased in
recent years). In addition,
crude oil produced in
southeastern Utah is
shipped via pipeline to
New Mexico. The Pioneer
DUCHESNE
UINTAH
petroleum product
Monument Butte
pipeline carries refined
fuel to Salt Lake City
from the Sinclair refinery
CARBON
in Wyoming, while
two product pipelines
carry refined petroleum
product out of Utah;
EMERY
the Tesoro line supplies
markets in the northwest
and the UNEV line
GRAND
delivers product to Cedar
City and Las Vegas.
SEVIER
BEAVER
PIUTE
WAYNE
Crude Oil
Paradox
Basin
Crude oil field
#
* Petroleum refinery
IRON
GARFIELD
Crude oil pipeline

Pet. products pipeline
CCI
SAN JUAN
Basin boundary
County boundary
Interstate highway
Greater Aneth
WASHINGTON
KANE
Data Source: UGS, DOGM

0
20
40
miles
22
Crude oil and natural gas liquids reserves peaked about

5 years after the two spikes in crude oil prices. The most
recent reserves peak (2013) is already in retreat as prices
plummeted in 2014 and 2015.
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquid Reserves in Utah, 19602014

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquid Reserves in Utah, 19602014
$100
Natural gas liquids reserves

Crude oil reserves
Wellhead price - real $ per barrel
800
700
$80
Million barrels
600
$60
500
400
$40
300
200
$20
Wellhead price Real dollars per barrel
900
100
$0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
UEMS website table: Table 3.2 and Table 3.19 | Source: EIA
Note: 2015 data not yet available.
The number of well completions (both oil and gas) has tracked closely with wellhead price,
both peaking in the early 1980s and again in recent years. Of particular note is the massive
drop (67%) in the number of wells drilled between 2014 (925) and 2015 (305) due to a
large decrease in crude oil (and natural gas) price (49%). Also noteworthy is the decrease
in the number of dry wells through the years as drilling and exploration techniques have
improved and high-risk wildcat drilling has decreased.
OilOil
and
GasGas
Well
Completions
in Utah,
19602015
and
Well
Completions
in Utah,
19602015
Number of wells
1,000
$100
2008
Total = 1,243
(28% oil wells)
Dry
Gas
Oil
Wellhead price - real $ per barrel
$80
2014
Total = 925
(76% oil wells)
800
$60
2015
Total = 305
(52% oil wells)
600
$40
400
$20
200
$0
0
1960
1,200
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
UEMS website table: Table 3.4 and Table 3.19 | Source: DOGM, EIA
CRUDE OIL & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
23
Utah Crude Oil Production by County, 2015

barrels (Percent
total)
Utah CrudeThousand
Oil Production
byofCounty,
2015
Thousand barrels (Percent of total)

Summit
Grand
914 (2.5%) 191 (0.5%)
Sevier
1,433 (3.9%)
Crude oil production in Utah is mostly concentrated

in Duchesne, Uintah, and San Juan Counties.
Sevier County production started in 2004 with the
discovery of the Covenant field.
Other
332 (0.9%)
San Juan
4,375 (12%)
Duchesne
17,109 (46%)
UEMS website table: Table 3.7 | Source: DOGM
Total: 36,981
thousand barrels
Uintah
12,627 (34%)
Note: Other includes Garfield, Carbon, Emery, and Daggett Counties.
Utah Crude
Production
by Landownership,
19452015
Utah Oil
Crude
Oil Production
by Landownership,
19452015
40,000
Thousand barrels
35,000
30,000
25,000
$100
1986 production
41,080,000 bbls
Utahs highest
Private
State
State and private
Tribal
Federal
Undifferentiated
production
Wellhead price
- real $ per barrel
2014 production
40,912,000 bbls
$80
$60
20,000
$40
15,000
10,000
$20
5,000
$0
0
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Utah has experienced three oil booms in the past 60 years and is
currently defining a fourth. The first spike in crude oil production
followed the discovery of the very large Bluebell and Greater
Aneth fields (mostly tribal lands) in 1955 and 1956, respectively.
The second spike coincided with a 1971 increase in wellhead price
and the discovery of the Altamont field (mostly private land).
The third peak in production resulted from the price spike of the
early 1980s and followed the 1980 discovery of the Anschutz
Ranch East natural gas field, which also produced large amounts
of crude oil (again, most new production was from private land).
The most recent production peak is again related to higher prices
which resulted in higher production from existing fields, new field
discoveries in the Uinta Basin, and the discovery of the Covenant
field in central Utah. With the 2015 drop in oil prices, production
also dropped by 9.6% to 37.0 million barrels.
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2015 2015
Thousand
barrels
(Percent
Thousand
barrels
(Percent
of total) of total)
Private
11,528 (31%)
Federal
11,909 (32%)
Total: 36,981
thousand barrels
State
2,165 (5.9%)
Tribal
11,378 (31%)
UEMS website table: Table 3.10 and Table 3.19 | Source: DOGM, EIA
24
45,000
U.S. Crude
Oil Production
by State,
2015 2015
U.S. Crude
Oil Production
by State,
1,261,658
1,200,000
562,025
800,000
428,543
11,325
Virginia
Fed. Offshore CA
16
Arizona
Fed. Offshore Gulf
139
40
Missouri
341
282
South Dakota
Nevada
1,678
Florida
New York
2,208
Indiana
344
2,219
Kentucky
Tennessee
2,964
2,862
Nebraska
6,534
6,440
Arkansas
Pennsylvania
Michigan
8,279
7,375
West Virginia
9,663
9,521
Illinois
26,317
24,826
Ohio
Mississippi
Alabama
36,981
28,645
Utah
Kansas
Montana
63,254
44,609
Louisiana
119,190
87,676
Colorado
158,041
149,829
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Wyoming
201,921
Texas
North Dakota
200,000
0
11th
176,240
400,000
Alaska
600,000
California
Thousand barrels
1,000,000
In 2015, Utah ranked as the 11th largest producer of crude oil

in the United States (not including federal offshore areas).
UEMS website table: Table 3.5 | Source: EIA, DOGM
Due to low prices, no drill rigs were

operating in Utah in early March 2016, a
situation not seen in the last 50 years (2 rigs
were running in April 2016). The previous
low was 1 rig running for one week in March
1987. As recently as May 2012, Utah had 42
operating rigs and 22 in September of 2014.
The recent reduction was almost exclusively
rigs drilling for crude oil.
Utah Weekly Drill Rig Count, 2005 to March 2016

90
Total rigs
Gas rigs
Oil rigs
80
70
August 2008
50 rigs
May 2012
42 rigs
Number of rigs
60
Rig count
dropped to
zero in early
March 2016
50
40
30
20
Utah Weekly Drill Rig Count,
Utah1968March
Weekly Drill Rig
Count, 1968 to March 2016
January
2016
10
17
nJa
16
nJa
5
Ja
n1
14
nJa
13
nJa
12
nJa
11
nJa
0
n1
Ja
09
Ja
n-
08
nJa
07
nJa
Ja
n-
06
05
n-
60
Rig count
dropped to 1 in
March 1987 for
one week, the
lowest until 2016
50
40
30
20
Jan-16
Jan-14
Jan-12
Jan-10
Jan-08
Jan-06
Jan-04
Jan-02
Jan-00
Jan-98
Jan-96
Jan-94
Jan-92
Jan-90
Jan-88
Jan-86
Jan-84
Jan-82
Jan-80
Jan-78
Jan-76
Jan-74
Jan-72
Jan-70
10
Jan-68
Number of rigs
70
August 1981
81 rigs
Total rigs
Gas rigs
Oil rigs
80
Ja
90
Source: Baker Hughes
25
In 2015, Utah refineries received 59,558 thousand barrels of crude

oil (second highest year) from four main sources: Utah, Colorado,
Wyoming, and Canada. In 2004, 23% of refinery receipts came from
Canada, but with the recent increase in Utah crude oil production, the
percentage from Canada has dropped to 8%. Utahs refinery utilization
rate, the average ratio of crude oil inputs to total refinery capacity, has
averaged 88% over the past 20 years. In 2015, the utilization rate was
about 92%, but recently spiked to 96% in 2012 and 2014.
OriginOrigin
of Crude
Oil Shipped
to Utah
Refineries,
19802015
of Crude
Oil Shipped
to Utah
Refineries,
19802015
60,000
2015 Total =
59,558 thousand bbls
Wyoming pipeline imports

Utah and other states
Thousand barrels
50,000
100%
90%
40,000
80%
30,000
20,000
Refinery utilization rate
Canada imports
Colorado pipeline imports
Refinery utilization rate
70%
10,000
60%
1980
1985
1990
1995
Utah Refinery
Production
Product, 2015
Utah
Refineryby
Production
Thousand barrels
(Percent of
total)
by Product,
2015
2000
2005
2010
2015
UEMS website table: Table 3.14 and Table 3.16 | Source: EIA, UGS
Note: Pipeline imports are known; however, deliveries via
truck are difficult to track.
LRG
1,146 (1.6%)
Other
7,709 (11%)
Residual fuel
2,961 (4.1%)
Jet fuel
5,500 (7.6%)
Motor gasoline
36,506 (50%)
Distillate fuel
19,012 (26%)
Total: 72,834
thousand barrels
26
Utah refineries produced over 36 million

barrels (1.5 billion gallons) of motor gasoline
in 2015 and over 19 million barrels (798
million gallons) of distillate fuel (diesel).
Note: LRG = liquefied refinery gases
Consumption of Petroleum Products in Utah

19602014
19602014
60,000
3,000
Other
Distillate fuel
Residual fuel
Motor gasoline
Jet fuel
Utah population
40,000
2,500
2,000
Utah crude oil production

in 2015 = 37.0 million bbls
30,000
1,500
20,000
1,000
10,000
500
Utah population (1,000 people)
Thousand barrels
50,000
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2014
2014 of total)
Thousand barrels (Percent
Other
5,954 (11%)
Jet fuel
5,716 (11%)
Total: 53,006
thousand barrels
Motor
gasoline
26,167
(49%)
Distillate fuel
15,169 (29%)
Motor gasoline was the most used

petroleum product in 2014, accounting
for 49% of all consumption. Distillate
fuel ranked second at 29%, followed
by jet fuel at 11%. Residual fuel use
has declined greatly since the mid1980s since it is no longer used as
a fuel in power plants. Petroleum
product consumption peaked in 2006
and has stayed in the low 50-millionbarrel a year range for the past several
years, rebounding in 2011 as the state
recovered from the 2009 recession.
Overall petroleum product consumption
tracks well with Utahs population
growth.

Note: Other includes asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline,
kerosene, liquefied petroleum gases, lubricants, among others.
Note: 2015 data are not yet available.
27
Utahs crude oil wellhead price hit an all-time, inflation-adjusted high of $95.31 per
barrel in 2008. After a recession-related drop in 2009 and 2010, prices rebounded
back into the low-$80s between 2011 and 2014 before plunging 49% to $40.69 per
barrel in 2015. The value of Utahs crude oil reached a peak of $3.2 billion in 2014 as a
result of high prices and near record production, but retreated to $1.5 billion in 2015.
Average Wellhead Price and Value of Crude Oil in Utah, 19602015
Average Wellhead Price and Value of Crude Oil in Utah, 19602015

$3,500
$100
Price - nominal $
Price - real $
Value - nominal $
Value - real $
$89.02
$3.2 billion
$3,000
$2,500
$2.4 billion
$60
$2,000
$1,500
$40
$40.69
$1.5 billion
Wellhead price Dollars per barrel
$80
$95.31
$1,000
$20
$500
$0
$0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Regular unleaded gasoline and diesel prices dropped in 2015 commensurate with crude
oil prices, averaging $2.47 and $2.68 per gallon, respectively. In early 2016, gasoline prices
continued to drop to a low of about $1.60 per gallon before rebounding slightly in March 2016.
Utah Price of Motor Gasoline and Diesel, 19802015

Utah Price of Motor Gasoline and Diesel, 19802015
$4.50
Regular unleaded gasoline - nominal $

Regular unleaded gasoline - real $
Diesel - nominal $
Diesel - real $
$4.00
Dollars per gallon
$3.50
$4.18
$3.71
$3.00
$2.50
$2.68
$2.00
$2.47
$1.50
$1.00
$0.50
$0.00
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: EIA
28
natural gas
Utahs conventional natural gas production
is mostly concentrated within Uintah and
Grand Counties to the east and Summit
County to the north. Coalbed methane
fields in Carbon and Emery Counties
have added greatly to Utahs natural gas
production in the past 20 years, but are
now in decline.
CACHE
RICH
BOX ELDER
WEBER
DAVIS
MORGAN
#
*
#
*
DAGGETT
Anschutz Ranch East
Natural Gas
Natural gas field
SUMMIT
Coalbed methane field
Uinta Basin
SALT
LAKE
UINTAH
WASATCH
TOOELE
gas
#
* Natural
processing plant
Natural gas pipeline
#
*
DUCHESNE
#
*
UTAH
#
#*
*
Natural
Buttes
Basin boundary
#
*
County boundary
Interstate highway
#
*
#*
*
#
Data Source: UGS, DOGM

0
JUAB
#
*
CARBON
Drunkards
Wash
40
GRAND
SANPETE
MILLARD
20
miles
#
# *
*
EMERY
#
*
SEVIER
BEAVER
PIUTE
WAYNE
Paradox
Basin
#
*
IRON
GARFIELD
SAN JUAN
WASHINGTON
KANE
NATURAL GAS
#
*
29
Natural Gas Reserves in Utah, 19502014
$10
Associated-dissolved
Nonassociated
Wellhead price - real $ per thousand cubic feet
Trillion cubic feet
$8
6
$6
5
4
$4
3
2
$2
1
$0
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
UEMS website table: Table 4.2 and Table 4.15 | Source: EIA, UGS
Note: Nonassociated natural gas is not in contact with significant
quantities of crude oil in the reservoir; associated-dissolved
natural gas occurs in crude oil reservoirs either as free gas
(associated) or as gas in solution with crude oil (dissolved gas).
2015 data are not yet available.
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Natural gas reserves surged in 1980 and 1981,

coinciding with an increase in wellhead prices,
and a second reserve surge occurred in the late1990s, coinciding with new development of coalbed
methane fields. The recent peak in reserves is again
the result of high prices recorded in the mid-2000s.
U.S. Natural
Gas Production
(Marketed) by
2015
U.S. Natural
Gas Production
(Marketed)
byState,
State,
2015
8,000
7,874
7,000
4,765
5,000
4,000
1,326
292
223
57
Kansas
California
Montana
576
343
423
Utah
Alaska
460
1,015
Ohio
1,000
North Dakota
1,017
Arkansas
1,247
1,672
Colorado
1,319
1,768
Wyoming
2,000
12th
1,934
3,000
Louisiana
2,498
Billion cubic feet
6,000
UEMS website table: Table 4.3

Source: EIA, DOGM
30
Gulf of Mexico
Other states
New Mexico
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Texas
In 2015, Utah ranked as the 12th largest producer of

natural gas (marketed) in the United States (not including
production in the Gulf of Mexico).
Wellhead price Real dollars per thousand cubic feet
Natural Gas Reserves in Utah, 19502014
19602015
19602015
500
Billion cubic feet
400
$10
491 Bcf
Private
State
State and private
Tribal
Federal
Wellhead price - real $
per thousand cubic feet
$8
$6
300
Utah natural gas consumption
in 2015 = 231 Bcf
200
$4
100
$2
$0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Wellhead price Real dollars per thousand cubic feet
Utah Natural Gas Production (Gross) by Landownership
2015
2015
UEMS website table: Table 4.8 and Table 4.15
Billion cubic
feet (Percent of total)
2015
Source: DOGM, EIA, UGS
Billion cubic feet (Percent of total)
The first major increase in natural gas production occurred in

the mid-1980s, coinciding with a large spike in prices and the
discovery of fields in the Utah-Wyoming thrust belt (Anschutz
Ranch East, mostly on private land). The mid-2000s surge in
production was also price related, with production increasing
on federal land mostly in Uintah County. As prices have fallen in
2015, down over 43%, production has also declined from peak
production of 491 billion cubic feet in 2012 to 421 billion cubic
feet in 2015, a 14% reduction.
Private
39 (9.1%)
State
87 (21%)
Total: 423 billion

cubic feet
Tribal
40 (9.4%)
Federal
258 (61%)
Utah Natural Gas Production

tah Natural Gas(Gross)
Production
(Gross) by
County, 2015
by County,
2015
Grand
Summit
4.5 (1.1%) 3.7 (0.9%)
Emery
Other
8.6 (2.0%)
1.9 (0.4%)
San Juan
12 (2.7%)
Duchesne
48 (11%)
Carbon
69 (16%)
Total: 423 billion

cubic feet
Uintah
276 (65%)
Utahs largest portion (65%) of gross natural

gas production occurs in Uintah County,
which contains Utahs largest natural gas
field, Natural Buttes. Production in Carbon
County (17%) is dominated by coalbed
methane fields, which are currently in
decline, whereas natural gas produced in
Duchesne County (11%) is associated with
crude oil production.
UEMS website table: Table 4.5 | Source: DOGM

Note: Other includes Daggett, Sanpete, and Garfield Counties.
NATURAL GAS
31
Consumption of Natural Gas in Utah

Natural gas is mostly used for home
heating (residential, 25%), but starting
in mid-2004, 2151 MW of new naturalgas-fired electric generating capacity
has come online, greatly increasing
the amount used by the electric utility
sector (from 8% in 2005 to 24% in
2015). Consumption of natural gas
in Utah has decreased from the high
reached in 2013 of 247 billion cubic feet
down to 231 billion cubic feet in 2015.
Billion
2015 2015
Billion cubic
feet (Percent
total)
cubic
feet (Percent
of of
total)
Other
43 (19%)
Residential
58 (25%)
Total: 231 billion

cubic feet
Note: Other includes lease use, plant use, pipeline fuel, and
vehicle fuel (in historic graph only). 2015 data are preliminary.
Electric
utilities
56 (24%)
Commercial
36 (16%)
Industrial
38 (16%)
Vehicle fuel
0.3 (0.1%)
Natural gas wellhead at the Lisbon field, southeast Utah
19602015
19602015
250
Billion cubic feet
200
247 Bcf
Other
Electric utilities
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
150
100
50
0
1960
32
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
The price and value of natural gas produced in Utah in the past ten years have fluctuated
dramatically, peaking in 2005 (due to high prices related to Hurricane Katrina) and again in
2008, before settling down to $2.47 per thousand cubic feet in 2015, translating to a value
of $1.2 billion. Natural gas prices in early 2016 continued to slide down below $1.50 per
thousand cubic feet, but are expected to rebound back above $2.00.
Average
Wellhead
Value
of Natural
in Utah,
19602015
Average
Wellhead
PricePrice
and and
Value
of Natural
GasGas
in Utah,
19602015
Price - nominal $
Price - real $
Value - nominal $
Value - real $
$8
$3,500
$3.4 billion
$9.31
$8.98
$3,000
$2,500
$6
$2,000
$1,500
$4
Wellhead price Dollars per thousand cubic feet
$10
$1,000
$1.2 billion
$2
$500
$2.47
$0
$0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Average
Price
Residential Natural
GasGas
by State,
2015 2015
Average
Price
ofofResidential
Natural
by State,
$40.00
$8.49
$8.37
$8.21
$7.95
Iowa
New Jersey
South Dakota
Illinois
$8.62
$8.58
Michigan
Idaho
$8.84
$8.78
Minnesota
New Mexico
$9.04
$8.94
Montana
Nebraska
$9.49
$9.19
Alaska
Colorado
Ohio
$9.68
$9.64
Tennessee
Wyoming
$9.71
$9.69
Mississippi
$10.00
Wisconsin
$9.72
Oklahoma
$0
Florida
$10
Utah
$10.46
$10.26
West Virginia
$10.65
$10.61
Texas
Washington
$10.94
$10.71
Kentucky
Louisiana
$11.20
$11.17
Arkansas
New York
$11.38
$11.20
California
North Dakota
$11.59
$11.42
Indiana
Nevada
Missouri
$12.05
$11.82
Maryland
$12.82
Oregon
$12.52
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
$13.53
$13.49
Kansas
Dist. of Columbia
$13.95
$13.71
Alabama
$14.47
$14.23
Connecticut
Rhode Island
$14.70
$14.56
Virginia
Geogria
35th
Vermont
$15.52
$15.06
North Carolina
$17.04
$16.52
Arizona
South Carolina
Delaware
$17.17
$17.06
New Hampshire
$19.29
$17.63
$20
Maine
$30
Hawaii
Dollars per thousand cubic feet
$40
In 2015, Utah had the 17th-lowest price for residential natural gas in the country. From 2004
to 2011, Utahs natural gas price was one of the lowest in the nation (ranked 49th or 50th),
but starting in 2012, Utahs price began to climb relative to the rest of the nation due to new
pipelines connecting Utahs once captive natural gas resources to other areas of the county.
NATURAL GAS
33
unconventional
petroleum resources
oil shale
oil sands
In 2008, the Utah Geological Survey completed a comprehensive

oil shale resource assessment for deposits in the state of
Utah. Not to be confused with the headline-dominating shale
oil, which is oil produced via horizontal wells and hydraulic
fracturing (e.g., the Bakken shale in North Dakota), oil shale
must be heated to high temperatures to convert the organic
matter (kerogen) into usable oil. The UGS oil shale assessment
answers the questions of where and how much that many
people ask regarding Utahs largest unconventional resource
by providing detailed basin-wide resource maps and estimates
of potential in-place oil.
North America has the greatest oil sand resources in the world,
the majority of which are in Canada. Utahs oil sand resource,
though small in comparison to that of Canada, is the largest
in the United States. Utahs oil sand deposits contain 14 to
15 billion barrels of measured in-place oil, with an additional
estimated resource of 23 to 28 billion barrels. Twenty-four
individual deposits exist in the Uinta Basin, mainly around
its periphery, and an additional 50 deposits are scattered
throughout the southeastern part of the state. Utahs major
oil sand deposits individually have areal extents ranging
from 20 to over 250 square miles, as many as 13 pay zones,
gross thickness ranging from 10 to more than 1000 feet, and
overburden thickness ranging from zero to over 500 feet.
A continuous interval of oil shale that averages 50 gallons

of oil per ton of rock (GPT) contains an in-place resource
of 31 billion barrels of oil.
A continuous interval of oil shale that averages 35 GPT
contains an in-place resource of 76 billion barrels of oil.
contains an in-place resource of 147 billion barrels of oil
(see included map).
contains an in-place resource of 292 billion barrels of oil.
After calculating in-place resource numbers, the UGS imposed
several constraints on the total endowment to offer a more
realistic impression of Utahs potentially economic oil shale
resource. The constraints used were:
deposits having a richness of at least 25 GPT (assumed
minimum grade),
deposits that are at least 5 feet thick (assumed minimum
mining thickness),
deposits under less than 3000 feet of cover (maximum
underground mining depth),
deposits that are not in direct conflict with current
conventional oil and gas operations, and
deposits located only on U.S. Bureau of Land Management,
state trust, private, and tribal lands.
New drilling, bitumen extraction, and upgrading techniques

developed in Canada may provide the necessary knowledge
for successful and sustainable development of oil sand in
Utah, but any new development will be dependent on a
return of higher crude oil prices. In addition, factors such as
site accessibility, adequate infrastructure, water availability,
environmental concerns, land access and permitting, and
the problems associated with the heterogeneity of reservoir
sands must be resolved before economically viable oil sand
development can become a reality in Utah.
Currently, a few oil sands companies are in various stages of
commercial development within the Asphalt Ridge deposit
near Vernal, the PR Springs
deposit in southern Uintah
County, and the Sunnyside
deposit in the Book Cliffs
east of Price.
CACHE
RICH
BOX ELDER
WEBER
MORGAN
DAVIS
Oil Shale and Oil

Sand Deposits
DAGGETT
SUMMIT
SALT
LAKE
DUCHESNE
Asphalt
Ridge
UINTAH
WASATCH
TOOELE
Thickness of the
25 gallon per ton
oil shale zone
>0-5 ft
5-20 ft
20-40 ft
40-60 ft
60-80 ft
80-100 ft
100-130 ft
UTAH
Accounting for these constraints, UGS estimates that the

potential economic oil shale resource in Utah is approximately
77 billion barrels.
JUAB
CARBON
Sunnyside
Oil sand
deposit
PR Springs
SANPETE
Currently, and within this low-crude-oil environment, only a

few companies are pursuing oil shale development in Utah, all
focusing on near surface deposits in the southeastern part of
the resource.
MILLARD
34
County
boundary
Interstate
highway
GRAND
San Rafael
Swell
SEVIER
Data Source: UGS

0
BEAVER
The most prospective unconventional fossil

fuel resources are located in the Uinta Basin in
northeastern Utah.
EMERY
20
miles
PIUTE
WAYNE
Tar Sand
Triangle
IRON
GARFIELD
Circle Cliffs
WASHINGTON
SAN JUAN
KANE
40
uranium
CACHE
The most prospective uranium resources

are located in northern San Juan County
and eastern Garfield County.
RICH
BOX ELDER
WEBER
MORGAN
DAVIS
Uranium
DAGGETT
SUMMIT
Uranium district
(
!
SALT
LAKE
_
^
TOOELE
WASATCH
DUCHESNE
Previously
active mine
Uranium mill
County boundary
Interstate highway
UINTAH
Data Source: UGS

UTAH
20
40
miles
JUAB
CARBON
SANPETE
EMERY
GRAND
MILLARD
SEVIER
Beaver
BEAVER
PIUTE
Pandora
!!
(
(
WAYNE
Snowball
Velvet
IRON
GARFIELD
(
!
Tony M
(
!
(
!
Daneros
_
^
White Mesa Mill
WASHINGTON
URANIUM
KANE
SAN JUAN
35
From 1910 to 1940, uranium was produced as a byproduct of first

radium, then vanadium. Utahs first big uranium boom started in
1948 when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set a guaranteed
price and bonus schedule for domestic uranium ore, driven by
the requirements of nuclear weapons production. Utahs uranium
production grew rapidly during the late-1940s and 1950s, peaking in
1958 at 8.9 million pounds of U3O8 before declining in the mid-1960s.
During this time, production occurred at over 500 individual mines.
Uranium Production in Utah, 19102015

Uranium Production in Utah, 19102015
10,000
$120
Utahs second uranium boom
was driven by the need for fuel
at nuclear power plants
$100
Thousand pounds U3O8
8,000
Uranium production
$80
Real $ per pound U3O8
6,000
$60
4,000
Price related
bump in
production
Uranium produced as a
by-product of radium
and vanadium
$40
2,000
Real dollars per pound of U3O8
Utahs first uranium boom was driven by

the production of nuclear weapons
$20
$0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
A second period of increasing uranium production began in the early-1970s with the
development of the U.S. nuclear power industry, peaking in 1978 at 5.8 million pounds
U3O8 . Since the mid-1980s, Utahs underground ores have had difficulty competing
with other lower cost operations, exacerbated by the discovery of very large, highgrade, near-surface uranium ore in Canada and Australia. By 1990, all of Utahs uranium
production had ceased and within a few years there were no longer any underground
uranium mines operating in the United States.
Beginning in 2004, the price of uranium began to rise, reaching an inflation-adjusted
record high of $113 per pound in 2007. This resurgence in uranium price resulted in the
reopening of several Utah uranium mines which produced 3.1 million pounds between
2007 and 2013. In addition, the White Mesa uranium mill, located outside of Blanding,
Utah, once again began processing uranium ore (and currently only processes ore
from Arizona). However, as prices dropped to around $35 per pound in 2014, uranium
mining in Utah has once again come to a stop.
36
electricity
Utahs electric generation is dominated by five
large coal-fired power plants (blue; the Carbon
coal-fired power plant [not shown on map] located
in Carbon County was retired in spring 2015), but
in recent years, many new natural-gas-fired power
plants have been built near population centers
along the I-15 corridor (red). Renewable resources,
like geothermal, wind, and solar resources found
in Beaver, Iron, and Millard Counties will play an
increasingly important role in Utahs electricity
generation future.
Cutler
Logan
RICH
CACHE
BOX ELDER
WEBER
MORGAN
Wasatch LF
DAVIS
SUMMIT
Gadsby
Electricity
DAGGETT
Flaming Gorge
Bountiful
Salt Lake LF
Utility plants >10 MW
>1 MW for wind, solar, & biomass

Murray
West Valley
TOOELE
Heber
DUCHESNE
Olmstead WASATCH
Lakeside
Provo
UINTAH
Whitehead
Spanish Fork
Nebo
Payson
Bonanza
UTAH
JUAB
Sunnyside
Currant
Creek
Huntington
SANPETE
GRAND
Pavant
MILLARD
Natural gas
Petroleum
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind
Solar
<10 MW
10-25 MW
25-100 MW
100-500 MW
500-1000 MW
CARBON
IPP
Coal
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
Jordanelle
SALT
Trans LAKE
Jordan LF
Hunter
>1000 MW
Transmission
(>138 KV)
Milford Wind
BEAVER
Granite Peak
Milford 2
Blundell
Laho
Blue Mt. Biogas
County
Interstate
Cove Fort
Milford Flat
South Milford
EMERY
SEVIER
Data Source: UGS, EIA

WAYNE
PIUTE
Greenville
20
40
miles
Thermo Hot Springs

Buckhorn
Red Hills
IRON
GARFIELD
Cedar Valley
Fiddlers Canyon 1,2,3
Latigo
Rush Lake
Beryl
SAN JUAN
WASHINGTON
KANE
Red Rock
Bloomington
Hurricane (2)
Washington
Millcreek
URANIUM
ELECTRICITY
37
Annual Net Capacity Factor for

Utah Power Plants (2014)
Utahs 10 Largest Power Plants

Capacity in megawatts (Percent of total)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
83%
Geothermal
Flaming Gorge
152 (1.7%)
76%
Biomass
All Others
995 (12.7%)
West Valley
217 (2.4%)
73%
Coal
37%
Natural gas
31%
Hydroelectric
Intermountain
1,800 (18.0%)
Milford Wind
306 (3.4%)
90%
23%
Wind
20%
Solar
Gadsby
492 (5.4%)
Bonanza
500 (5.5%)
Currant Creek
649 (7.1%)
Utahs electricity portfolio is dominated by coal-fired

power plants. However, several natural gas plants have
been built in the past 15 years (Lakeside 2007, 2014;
Currant Creek 20052006; West Valley 2002; and
three new units at Gadsby 2002) decreasing Utahs
reliance on coal generation. The largest renewable
facilities are the Milford wind farm, which added 306
MW of capacity in 2009/2011, and the venerable
Flaming Gorge hydroelectric plant, which came
online in 19631964. However, not all electric plants
utilize their total capacity. For example, plants with
higher capacity factors run as base load operations
(coal, geothermal, and biomass), whereas natural gas
and hydroelectric plants operate as peaker plants,
supplying electricity only when demand is high. Wind
and solar facilities only produce electricity when the
wind is blowing and the sun is shining, resulting in a
capacity factor of only about 20%.
Hunter
1,577 (17.3%)
Huntington
1,037 (11.4%)
Lakeside
1,385 (15.2%)
Coal plant
NG plant
Wind Farm
Hydroelectric
Utahs total electric capacity:

9,109 megawatts
Fossil fuels: 8,183 MW (89.8%)
Renewables: 927 MW (10.2%)

Note: Only includes utility plants. The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its
potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity continuously over the same period of time. Capacity
factors in the graph above were calculated from 2014 Utah-specific data. The solar capacity factor is based on very limited data, but is
roughly equivalent to other solar facilities in surrounding states.
U.S. Electricity Generation by State, 2015

450,000
450,604
400,000
2,091
Alaska
69
Rhode Island
Vermont
7,001
6,073
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
9,734
7,729
South Dakota
12,157
9,930
Maine
Hawaii
20,162
15,170
Montana
Idaho
32,291
29,546
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
36,390
32,858
Connecticut
North Dakota
Maryland
37,649
36,918
Nevasa
New Mexico
39,291
38,840
Nebraska
45,781
42,044
Utah
South Carolina
Ohio
Michigan
Alabama
New York
Illinois
California
Pennsylvania
Texas
Florida
50,000
Kansas
52,515
48,932
Colorado
Wyoming
57,172
55,682
Iowa
Arkansas
58,857
57,499
Oregon
Minnesota
66,679
64,813
Wisconsin
Mississippi
75,193
72,229
Tennessee
New Jersey
76,063
75,417
Oklahoma
West Virgina
83,610
83,232
Missouri
Kentucky
96,548
Indiana
84,351
107,643
103,840
Louisiana
100,000
33rd
Virginia
113,351
109,933
Arizona
Washington
122,125
Georgia
114,160
128,944
128,259
North Carolina
152,967
150,000
139,731
200,000
197,994
250,000
194,103
237,338
300,000
215,871
Gigawatthours
350,000
Utahs total net generation of electricity ranked 33rd in the nation in 2015.
Note: 2015 data are preliminary
38
100%
Net Generation of Electricity

in Utah by Energy Source
2015
Gigawatthours (Percent of total)
Coal has dominated Utahs electricity generation
portfolio, accounting for 94% of Utahs total net
generation in 2005. However, since 2004, 2,151
megawatts of new natural-gas-fired electric
capacity were built, decreasing coals overall share
to 76% in 2015 and increasing natural gass share
to 19%. Utahs share of electricity generated from
renewable resources has jumped to 4.3% with
the addition of the 306-megawatt Milford wind
farm and should jump even further in 2016 with
the addition of nearly 850 MW of solar capacity.
Electric generation peaked in 2008 at 38,020
GWh, but quickly declined during the recession
that followed (the 2012 low was the result of an
unexpected 6-month maintenance shut-down on
one of two units at the Intermountain Power Plant).
Electricity generation rebounded in 2013, but
dropped again in 2014 and 2015 mostly due to mild
winter and summer temperatures.
Municipal solid waste

106 (0.3%)
Geothermal
Biomass
Solar
503 (1.2%)
72 (0.2%)
29 (0.1%)
Hydroelectric
596 (1.4%)
Petroleum
Wind
20 (0.05%)
621 (1.5%)
Natural gas
8,123 (19.3%)
Coal
31,974 (76.0%)
Total: 42,044
gigawatthours

Note: Other includes municipal solid waste, landfill gas,
solar, and other gases derived from fossil fuels. 2015 data are
preliminary.
19602015
50,000
Gigawatthours
40,000
Other
Geothermal
Wind
Hydroelectric
Natural gas
Petroleum
Coal
Utah electricity consumption

in 2015 = 29,970 GWh
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1960
1965
ELECTRICITY
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
39
Sales of Electricity in Utah

by Sector
2015
Gigawatthours (Percent of total)
Since 1960, electricity sales in Utah

increased at an average annual rate
of 4.1%, roughly following increases in
population (an average increase of 2.1%
per year) and increases in per customer
electricity use (an average increase of
1.3% per year). In 1960, each residential
customer in Utah used about 4.5
MWh annually. Currently, the average
residential customer usage has more
than doubled to 8.9 MWh per year. As
with electric generation, electricity sales
dropped in 2014 and 2015 due to mild
winter and summer temperatures.
Residential
9,065 (30.2%)
Industrial
9,618 (32.1%)
Total: 29,970
gigawatthours
Commercial
11,287 (37.7%)

Note: Electricity used by the transportation sector (UTA transit) is
very small (56 GWh in 2015) and is included in commercial on the
graphs on this page. 2015 data are preliminary.
19602015
10
Gigawatthours
25,000
20,000
15,000
4
10,000
2
5,000
0
1960
40
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Sales per customer (MWh)
30,000
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Sales per residential customer
Price of Electricity in Utah by Sector, 19602015

20
Cents per kilowatthour
16
12
Residential - nominal cents

Commerical - nominal cents
Industrial - nominal cents
U.S. residential - nominal cents
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Residential - real cents

Commerical - real cents
Industrial - real cents
U.S. residential - real cents
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
The price of electricity in Utah has been on a gradual upward trend since
2000, but is still well below the national average. Utahs price for residential
electricity averaged 11 cents per kilowatthour in 2015, 15% lower than the
average residential price in the U.S. of 12.7 cents per kilowatthour.
Note: 2015 data are preliminary.
Average Residential Price of Electricity by State, 2015

30
29.61
9.00
Washington
9.75
9.22
North Dakota
10
Louisiana
9.98
9.84
Idaho
10.08
10.02
Oklahoma
Arkansas
10.08
Kentucky
West Virginia
10.66
Nebraska
10.27
South Dakota
Oregon
10.94
10.79
Montana
Tennessee
10.97
10.96
Wyoming
10.99
10.98
Utah
Indiana
Missouri
11.30
11.18
Mississippi
11.36
11.32
Virginia
North Carolina
11.64
11.48
Texas
Georgia
11.77
11.75
Florida
Iowa
Alabama
11.98
11.87
Colorado
12.30
12.18
Arizona
Kansas
Minnesota
12.42
12.30
South Carolina
12.55
12.49
Illinois
Ohio
New Mexico
12.77
12.66
Nevada
13.46
12.97
Delware
Dist. of Columbia
13.91
13.84
Maryland
Pennsylvania
14.45
14.38
Michigan
Maine
15
37th
Wisconsin
15.97
15.67
New Jersey
17.07
17.02
Vermont
California
18.57
18.52
New York
New Hampshire
19.81
19.29
20.90
20
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
Alaska
Hawaii
Connecticut
Cents per kilowatthour
20.13
25
Utahs average price of residential electricity ranked 15th lowest

in the nation in 2015; lower prices in Utah are attributed to the
states fully amortized coal-fired generation.
Note: 2015 data are preliminary.
ELECTRICITY
41
Utah Geological Survey

1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116
801.537.3300

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COVER PHOTO CAPTIONS

Spanish Fork wind farm

For more information, contact:

Background photo: Book Cliffs outside Price, UT

1980 Utah becomes and

UEMS website table: Table 1.4 | Source: EIA, UGS

Utah produced 18% more energy than it

Energy Production in Utah by Source

Fossil fuels made up 98% of Utahs total energy

UEMS website table: Table 1.8 | Source: EIA, UGS

2015 First utility-scale solar

1963 Flaming Gorge hydroelectric

2008 Peak production

Natural gas liquids

1986 Start of IPP

Brief shut down of the Skyline

UTAHS ENERGY LANDSCAPE

Energy Consumption in Utah by Source

Net Interstate Electricity

The start of Intermountain

UEMS website table: Table 1.14 | Source: EIA, UGS

Note: EIA assumes that all renewable electric generation

Energy Consumption in Utah by Sector

The transportation sector,

*Includes net interstate flows and losses

UEMS website table: Table 1.16 | Source: EIA

UTAHS ENERGY LANDSCAPE

Value of Energy Production in Utah, 19602015

2008 Record high

Million real dollars

1982 $4.0 billion

2015 $3.1 billion

*Includes natural gas liquids

The value of energy-related fossil fuel

Property taxes charged against

Oil and gas

Source: Utah State Tax Commission

Tax Collections on Oil and Gas Production in Utah

Conservation fee Million dollars

Severance tax and mineral lease Million dollars

Source: Utah State Tax Commission

Severance tax, conservation fees,

Percentage of Utahs Gross State Product from Energy-Related Activities,

Energy-Related Activities, 19972014

According to the U.S. Bureau of

*Includes oil and gas, coal, and nonfuel mining

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

UTAHS ENERGY LANDSCAPE

Energy-Related Employment in Utah (monthly data), 2000September 2015

Direct Energy-Related Employment in Utah (monthly data), 20002015

Energy-related jobs in Utah

Oil and gas

Percent of total employment

Source: Utah Department of Workforce Services

Energy-related employment in Utah declined to 15,367 in September of 2015 (down

Annual Average Wages in Utah (quarterly data), 1990-3rd Quarter 2015

Annual Average Wages in Utah (quarterly data), 19903rd Quarter 2015

Average yearly wage

Tooele Army Depot - 3.5 MW

Camp Williams - 0.9 MW

Milford Wind Corridor - 306 MW

Utahs extreme diversity in

Utah's Energy Landscape, 4th Edition

Utah's Energy Landscape, 4th Edition