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By Jerry M. Spiker, P.E., AIA, LEED AP
December 2008
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#BTFEPO"$*
By Jerry M. Spiker, P.E., AIA, LEED AP
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The Professional Development Series is a unique
opportunity to earn continuing education credit
by reading specially focused, sponsored articles in
Structural Engineer. If you read the following article, display your understanding of the stated learning
objectives, and follow the simple instructions, you can
fulfill a portion of your continuing education requirements at no cost to you. This article also is available
online at www.gostructural.com/pg.asp?id=20.
*OTUSVDUJPOT
First, review the learning objectives below, then
read the Professional Development Series article. Next,
complete the quiz and submit your answers to the
Professional Development Series sponsor. Submittal
instructions are provided on the Reporting Form, which
follows the quiz on page PDH 7. Your quiz answers will
be graded by the Professional Development Series
sponsor. If you answer at least 80 percent of the questions correctly, you will receive a certificate of completion from the Professional Development Series sponsor
within 90 days and will be awarded 1.0 professional
development hour (equivalent to 0.1 continuing
education unit in most states). Note: It is the responsibility of the licensee to determine if this method of continuing education meets his or her governing board(s) of
registrations requirements.
-FBSOJOH0CKFDUJWFT
This article discusses development and splicing of
reinforcement in concrete flexural members. After
reading the article and completing the quiz, readers
should understand the requirements for development
of longitudinal flexural reinforcement and for determining tension development length and splice length
for reinforcement. The article presents the American
Concrete Institutes Building Code (ACI 318-08) design
provisions for development and splicing of reinforcement. All referenced items are from ACI 318-08 unless
noted otherwise. Also, all notations and definitions in
the article are in accordance with Chapter 2 of ACI
318-08.
1SPGFTTJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOU4FSJFT4QPOTPS
Portland Cement Association
2 PDH
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The basic parameter for development and splicing of
reinforcement steel in flexural members is the tension development length, ld. According to ACI 318-08, the tension
development length is a function of the diameter of the reinforcement bar (db), the yield strength of the reinforcement
(fy), and the specified concrete compressive strength (fca).
Five other factors affect the tension development length:
U Reinforcement location (Zt ): For bars that are placed so
that there is more than 12 inches of fresh concrete cast
below the development length or splice (top bars), Zt =
1.3. For all other bars, Zt = 1.0.
U Epoxy-coated reinforcement (Ze ): For epoxy-coated bars
that are closely spaced or have limited concrete cover, Ze
= 1.5. For other epoxy coated bars, Ze = 1.2. For uncoated
bars or galvanized bars, Ze = 1.0.
U Smaller bar sizes (Zs ): For bars that are No. 6 or smaller, Zs
= 0.8. For bars that are No. 7 or larger, Zs = 1.0.
U Lightweight concrete: For lightweight concrete, M cannot
exceed 0.75. For normal weight concrete, M = 1.0. If the
average splitting tensile strength, fct , of the concrete is
specified, M can be determined from the specified fct . The
value of M is applied in the denominator of the tension
development length equation.
U Confinement: The confinement term, (cb + Ktr)/db,
accounts for close bar spacing or limited concrete cover
on the reinforcement, and the lack of confining reinforcement, such as stirrups or ties. In many current practical
construction cases, the confinement term is at least 1.5.
The confinement term is also applied in the denominator
of the tension development length equation.
The equation for tension development length in ACI
318-08 is as follows:
%FWFMPQNFOUBOE4QMJDJOHPG 'MFYVSBM3FJOGPSDFNFOU
ld =
fy
3
40 fc
tes
c b + K tr
db
db
(Equation 1)
Although Equation 1 appears intimidating, the calculation of development length can be greatly simplified for
specific conditions. For Grade 60 reinforcement, assuming
normal weight concrete (M = 1.0) and uncoated (Ze = 1.0)
bottom bars (Zt = 1.0), values of ld as a function of lb can be
determined from Table 1 for various concrete compressive
strengths.
When reinforcement in a flexural member exceeds the
reinforcement required by analysis, the tension development length can be reduced by the ratio [(As required)/(As
provided)], where As is the area of tension reinforcement.
The minimum tension development length, including
the various modification factors, is 12 inches.
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Standard hooks (with either a 90 or 180 hook) are
used where there is not sufficient room to develop a bar by
development lengths, such as at the end of a beam framing into another beam or a column. Like tension development length, the development length for hooked bars is a
function of the diameter of the reinforcement bar (db ), the
yield strength of the reinforcement (fy ), and the specified
concrete compressive strength (fca), with factors for epoxycoated reinforcement and lightweight concrete. The development length is measured from the critical section to the
outside end or edge of the hook. The equation for development length of standard hooks in tension is as follows:
ldh =
0.02Ze fy
f c
db
(Equation 2)
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Where a beam frames into an exterior column, the vertical column reinforcement and the hooked beam reinforcement can become very congested. Mechanical anchors or
headed deformed bars can be used instead of hooks to
reduce congestion. Mechanical anchors must be proven by
test to show they can adequately anchor the reinforcement.
Use of heads to develop deformed bars in tension shall be
limited to the following conditions:
U fy b 60,000 pounds per square inch (psi);
U bar size must be less than No. 11;
U concrete must be normalweight;
U n
et bearing area of the head, Abrg, must not be less than
four times the bar area Ab;
U clear cover for bar shall not be less than 2db ;
U clear spacing between bars shall not be less than 4db ; and
U value of fca used to calculate ldt shall not exceed 6,000 psi.
Table 1: Development length ld for Grade 60, uncoated, bottom reinforcement in normalweight concrete
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than db,
clear cover not less than db, and beam stirrups or column ties
throughout ld not less than the code minimum
or
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than 2db
and clear cover not less than db
Other cases
fca psi
No. 7 and
larger bars
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
44db
38db
34db
31db
27db
24db
66db
57db
51db
46db
40db
36db
55db
47db
42db
39db
34db
30db
82db
71db
64db
58db
50db
45db
PDH 3
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The equation for the development
length of headed deformed bars in tension
is given as follows:
ldt =
0.016Ze fy
db
(Equation 3)
f c
Except where the development of fy is specifically required,
the development length for headed deformed bars may be
reduced by the ratio [(As required)/(As provided)] when
reinforcement in a flexural member exceeds the reinforcement required by analysis. Also as for hooks, the minimum
development length, including the various modification
factors, is 6 inches or 8db. For Grade 60 reinforcement,
assuming normal weight concrete (M = 1.0) and uncoated
(Ze = 1.0) bars, the development length ldt of headed
deformed bars as a function of db can be determined
from Table 3 for various concrete compressive strengths,
provided the net bearing area of the head is not less than
four times the area of the bar, and the clear cover and spacing requirements are met.
When beam reinforcement with headed bars terminates
at a column, the reinforcement should extend through the
column to the far face of the confined core (while still maintaining the required cover and avoiding interference with the
vertical column reinforcement), even though the anchorage
length exceeds ldt , to anchor compressive forces that may
develop and to improve the performance of the joint.
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For simple span members, at least onethird the positive moment reinforcement
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Table 3: Development length ldt (inches) of headed
deformed bars for uncoated Grade 60 bars*
fca (Normalweight Concrete), psi
Bar Size No.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3,000
6.6
8.8
11.0
13.1
15.3
17.5
19.8
22.3
24.7
4,000
5.7
7.6
9.5
11.4
13.3
15.2
17.1
19.3
21.4
5,000
5.1
6.8
8.5
10.2
11.9
13.6
15.3
17.2
19.1
6,000
or larger
4.6
6.2
7.7
9.3
10.8
12.4
14.0
15.7
17.5
must extend into the support at least 6 inches. For continuous members, one-fourth of the positive reinforcement must extend into the support. If the
beam is part of a primary seismic load-resisting
See Fig. 2 for
development of negative
system, this reinforcement must be anchored
moment reinforcement
to develop fy in tension at the face of support
to ensure ductility in the event of a serious
Bars A
Note (b)
P.I.
Bars B
overstress. It is not acceptable to use more
reinforcement at lower stresses.
Note: See ACI 318-08 Section 12.10.5 for
At locations with small moment but a large
termination of reinforcement
in a tension zone.
shear, such as at simple supports or at points
of inflection, the development length, ld ,
computed for fy must not exceed the value
Point of inflection P.I.
Mn /Vu + la , where Mn is the nominal strength
of the beam without the R-factor. At a simple
support, la is the embedment length beyond
the center of support. At an inflection point,
la is limited to d or 12db , whichever is greater.
Critical
section
The value of Mn /Vu can be increased by 30
for bars A
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
percent if the end of the reinforcement is
(12.10.2)
confined by a compressive reaction, such as
Flexural strength
of bars B
provided by a column below the beam, but
not when a beam frames into a girder. If the
computed ld exceeds the given value, smaller
bars must be used to decrease the computed
Critical
ld , or at a simple support, the reinforcement
section
for bars B
must terminate beyond the centerline of the
(12.10.2)
Embedment of Bars B
(12.10.4)
Flexural strength
of bars A & B
+M u
r !d bars A
(12.1)
PDH 5
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In joist construction, at least one bottom
bar must be continuous, and anchored to
develop fy at noncontinuous supports.
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Because the maximum negative moment usually occurs
at the support, the negative moment reinforcement in
a continuous, restrained, or cantilevered member, or a
member in a rigid frame, must be developed at the supporting member by embedment length, hooks, or mechanical
anchorage. To provide for any shifts in the moment diagram
at the inflection point, at least one-third of the negative
reinforcement must have an embedment length beyond
the point of inflection of at least d, 12 db , or ln /16.
For structural integrity, at least one-sixth of the negative
reinforcement, but not less than two bars, must be continu-
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If the length of reinforcement bars is greater than what
can be fabricated, transported, or installed economically, it
may be necessary to splice reinforcement bars. ACI 318-08
permits three types of splices lap splices, mechanical
splices, and welded splices. Tension lap splices of bars larger
than No. 11 are not permitted. Lap splices are also not
permitted in tension tie members.
There are two classes of tension lap splices Class A and
Class B. The length of the tension lap is a function of the
tension development length, ld , as follows:
U Class A splice 1.0 ld
U Class B splice 1.3 ld
-Mu
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
Critical
section for
bars C
(12.10.2)
Flexural strength
of bars D & E
Critical
section for
bars D
(12.10.2)
d, 12d b (12.10.3)
Flexural
strength of
bars E
Critical
section for
bars E
(12.10.2)
Reference
!d bars D
(12.10.4)
Bars C
Bars D
Note (b)
6 PDH
!d bars E
(12.10.4)
Bars E
Note (a)
See Fig. 1 for
development of positive
moment reinforcement
2VJ[*OTUSVDUJPOT
On the Professional Development Series Reporting Form below, circle the correct answer for each of the following questions.
7. The largest bar that may use a tension lap splice is:
a) #18 bar
c) #11 bar
b) #14 bar
d) #10 bar
d) M = 1.3
3. What is the minimum size of the head required to anchor a headed
deformed bar?
a) A diameter of 2 inches
b) Twice the diameter of the reinforcement bar
c) The net bearing area of the head must be at least four times the
area of the bar.
d) No more than one-half the clear spacing between the headed bars
4. Which of the following is not included in the calculation for
determining the development length of standard hooks in tension?
10. The minimum development length for hooks and for headed
deformed bars is:
a) 12 inches
c) 4db
b) 6 inches or 8db, whichever is greater
d) No minimum required
1SPGFTTJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOU4FSJFT4QPOTPS
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Phone: 847-972-9058 U Fax: 847-972-9059 U Email: structures@cement.org U Web: www.cement.org
Structural Engineers1SPGFTTJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOU4FSJFT3FQPSUJOH'PSN
Article Title: Development and Splicing of Flexural Reinforcement Based on ACI 318-08
Sponsor: Portland Cement Association
*OTUSVDUJPOT Select one answer for each quiz question and clearly circle the appropriate letter. Provide all of the requested contact information.
Fax this Reporting Form to 847-972-9059. (You do not need to send the Quiz; only this Reporting Form is necessary to be submitted.)
1.
5.
9.
2.
6.
10.
3.
7.
4.
8.
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PDH 7
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