Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(a) nutrition.
(b) respiration.
(c) excretion.
(d) transportation.
ANSWER:-In human beings, the kidneys are a part of the system for excretion.
2) The xylem in plants are responsible for
(a) transport of water.
(b) transport of food.
(c) transport of amino acids.
(d) transport of oxygen.
ANSWER:-In a plant, the xylem is responsible for transport of water.
3) The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) carbon dioxide and water.
(b) chlorophyll.
(c) sunlight.
(d) all of the above.
ANSWER:-The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll
and sunlight.
4 )The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm.
(b) mitochondria.
(c) chloroplast.
(d) nucleus.
ANSWER:-The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes
place in
Mitochondria.
5) How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
ANSWER:-Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small
intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from
the liver and the pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules
into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them.
The process takes place in the small intestine.
6) What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
ANSWER: - It moistens the food for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called
salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.
7) What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
ANSWER:-Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions
required for autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates and O2 are the by-products of
photosynthesis.
8.) What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some
organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
ANSWER: - Parasitic worms, animal muscles use anaerobic mode of respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
both the lungs. The alveolar surface when spread out covers about 80 m2 area. This large
surface area makes the gaseous exchange more efficient.
10) What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
ANSWER:-Deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity
of blood. This can lead to deficiency of oxygen in the body cells. It can also lead to a
disease called anemia.
11) Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
ANSWER:-Human heart is divided into four chambers the right atrium, the right
ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
Flow of blood in the heart:
The heart has superior and inferior vena cava, which carries de-oxygenated blood fromthe
upper and lower regions of the body respectively and supplies this de-oxygenatedblood to
the right atrium of the heart.
The right atrium then contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood to the right ventricle,
through an auriculo-ventricular aperture.
Then the right ventricle contracts and passes the de-oxygenated blood into the two
pulmonary arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated.
From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of
the heart.
Then the left atrium contracts and through the auriculo-ventricular aperture, the
oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle. The aorta gives rise to many arteries that
distribute the oxygenated blood to all the regions of the body.
12) What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
ANSWER:-
plants
directions.
13) Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structure and functioning.
ANSWER:-
Alveoli
Structure
Nephrons
Structure
Function
Function
n Text Questions
Sun: The energy derived from the Sun is known as solar energy. Solar energy is produced by the
fusion of hydrogen into helium, fusion of helium into other heavy elements, and so on. A large amount of
hydrogen and helium is present in the Sun. The Sun has billions years more to burn. Therefore solar
energy is a renewable source of energy.
Wind: Wind energy is derived from fast blowing air. Wind energy is harnessed by windmills in order to
generate electricity. Air blows because of uneven heating of the Earth. Since the heating of the Earth will
continue forever therefore wind energy will also be available forever.
2. Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your
choices.
Answer
Two exhaustible energy sources are as follows:
Coal: It is produced from dead remains of plants and animals that remain buried under the earth's crust
for millions of years. It takes millions of years to produce coal. Industrialization has increased the demand
of coal. However, coal cannot replenish within a short period of time. Hence, it is a non-renewable or
exhaustible source of energy.
Wood: It is obtained from forests. Deforestation at a faster rate has caused a reduction in the number of
forests on the Earth. It takes hundreds of years to grow a forest. If deforestation is continued at this rate,
then there would be no wood left on the Earth. Hence, wood is an exhaustible source of energy.
Excercise
1. A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on
(a) a sunny day
(b) a cloudy day
(c) a hot day
(d) a windy day
(b) a cloudy day
Page No: 255
2. Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?
(a) wood
(b) gobar gas
(c) nuclear energy
(d) coal
(c) nuclear energy
3. Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not
ultimately derived from the Sun's energy?
10. What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would
you suggest to reduce energy consumption?
Answer
Industrialization increases the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are easily accessible sources of energy that
fulfil this demand. The increased use of fossil fuels has a harsh effect on the environment. Too much
exploitation of fossil fuels increases the level of green house gas content in the atmosphere, resulting in
global warming and a rise in the sea level.
It is not possible to completely reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, some measures can be
taken such as using electrical appliances wisely and not wasting electricity. Unnecessary usage of water
should be avoided. Public transport system with mass transit must be adopted on a large scale. These
small steps may help in reducing the consumption of natural resources and conserving
them.Electricity: In Text Solution
What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V?
Answer: This means 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb between two
points.
How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery?
Answer: Given, Charge Q = 1C, Potential difference, V = 6V
Therefore, Energy i.e. Work done, W =?
We know that,
Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material, when
connected to the same source? Why?
Answer: Since, resistance is indirectly proportional to the area of cross section, thus current
flows easily through a thick wire compared to a thin wire of the same material.
Let the resistance of an electrical component remain constant while the potential difference
across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former value. What change will
occur in the current through it?
Answer: We know, R = V/I
Therefore, if potential difference between two ends of the component will be halved, and
resistance remains constant, then electric current would also be halved.
1. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
Answer: Resistivity of alloy is generally higher than that of constituent metals. Alloys do not
get oxidised (burnt) at high temperatures. Due to this, elements of heating appliances are
made of alloys rather than a pure metal.
2. Use the data in Table 12.2 to answer the following
a. Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?
Answer: Iron
b. Which material is the best conductor?
Answer: Silver
3. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of three cells of 2 V each, a 5
resistor, an 8 resistor, and a 12 resistor, and a plug key, all connected in series.
Answer:
4. Redraw the circuit of Question 1, putting in an ammeter to measure the current through the
resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across the 12 resistor. What
would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter?
Answer:
The total resistance in the circuit = Sum of the resistances of all resistors
= 5 + 8 + 12 = 25
We know;
Since, resistances are connected in series, thus electric current remains the same through all
resistors.
Here we have, electric current, I = 0.24 A, resistance, R = 12
Thus, potential difference, V through the resistor of 12 = I x R
Or, V = 0.24 A x 12 = 2.88 V
Thus, reading of ammeter = 0.24 A
Reading of voltmeter through resistor of 12 = 2.88 V
Questions, Page 15
1. What is meant by a pure substance?
Solution: A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by
physical or chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type
of a substance.
2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Solution:
Homogeneous mixtures:
They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically
distinct. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples of homogeneous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixtures:
They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium
chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous
mixtures.
Questions, Page 15
1. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.
Solution:
Homogeneous mixtures:
They have uniform compositions. The components of homogeneous mixtures are not physically
distinct. Most solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Salt in water, sugar in water are examples
of homogeneous mixtures.
Heterogeneous mixtures:
They contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium
chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous
mixtures. Suspensions and colloids are also heterogeneous mixtures
2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
Solution:
Questions, Page 24
1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling
points is more than 25C), which are miscible with each other?
Solution: The process of distillation is used for the separation of components of a mixture
containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference
in their boiling points (that is greater than 25C).
2. Name the technique to separate
(i) butter from curd,
(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of
potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the
solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools?
Explain. (c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at
this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
Solution:
(a) Since 62 g of potassium nitrate is dissolved in 100g of water to prepare a saturated solution
at 313 K, 31 g of potassium nitrate should be dissolved in 50 g of water to prepare a saturated
solution at 313 K.
(b) The amount of potassium chloride that should be dissolved in water to make a saturated
solution increases with temperature. Thus, as the solution cools some of the potassium chloride
will precipitate out of the solution.
(c) The solubility of the salts at 293 K are:
Potassium nitrate 32 g
Sodium chloride 36 g
Potassium chloride 35 g
Ammonium chloride 37 g
Ammonium chloride has the highest solubility at 293 K.
(d) The solubility of a salt increases with temperature.
4. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) saturated solution
(b) pure substance
(c) colloid
(d) suspension
Solution:
(a) At any particular temperature, a solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of
dissolving is said to be a saturated solution. Few examples of saturated solutions are soft drinks
and nitrogen in Earths soil.
(b) A pure substance is one that cannot be separated into different constituents by physical or
chemical processes. A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type of a
substance. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. Some examples of pure substances
are iron, water, oxygen, etc.
(c) Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen with
the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Smoke, paint, butter are few examples of
colloids.
(d) Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes
form a suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Some examples of suspension are
water with chalk particles, sandy water and water with stones
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
Solution:
Homogeneous soda water, air, vinegar, filtered tea
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
(h) Coal
(i) Air
(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
Solution:
Elements: sodium, silver, tin, and silicon.
Compounds: calcium carbonate, soap, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Mixtures: soil, sugar solution, coal, air, and blood.
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.
Solution: Rusting of iron, cooking of food, digestion of food, and burning of candle are
chemical changes.