senin, 30 Mei 2016

TUGAS
REKAYASA LINGKUNGAN TAMBANG
RUMUS-RUMUS

Disusun Oleh :
FAIZAL AKBAR
D621 13 316

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

GOWA

2016

MINE CLIMATE AND ITS CONTROL

Measurement of Air Cooling Power
Formulas to calculate The Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Index

, (Vutukuri & Lama,

1986):
a. Indoor
b. Outdoor
= wet-bulb temperature
=black-globe temperature
=dry-bulb temperature of air
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has adopted the
following threshold limit values for

for moderate work load in hot environments

(ACGIH, 1978):
Work Rest (%)

Temperature

Continuous Work

26.7 C (80.0 F)

75 % Work 25% Rest Each Hour

28.0 C (82.4 F)

50 % Work 50% Rest Each Hour

29.4 C (84.9 F)

25 % Work 75% Rest Each Hour

31.1 C (88.0 F)

Sources of Heat in Mines

a. Exposed Rock
The heat flow from exposed rock is major sources of heat in deep underground
mines. The rock temperature varies seasonally with the air temperature variations at
the earths surface and below this level, the rock temperature rises at a rate called the
geothermal gradient.

It can also calculated from the measured temperatures at various depths. The rock
temperature,
Where:

, in

, at a depth

is calculated from this equation:

= Constant temperature near surface (

= Depth of the constant temperature (m)

= geothermal gradient (

b. Adiabatic Compression
If the vapor content of the air remains constant, the air flow is considered frictionless
and there is no heat transfer between the shaft walls and the air, the process is known
as adiabatic compression. The increase in dry-bulb temperatures due to adiabatic
compression per 100 m depth is calculated as follows:

c. Machinery
All machines contribute to the heat load of the mine. Whether the machines are run by
diesel and electric.
In this caseof diesel locomotives, these consume about 0.24 kg of fuel per kW hour.
Since the colorifiic value of the fuel is about 44 Mj/kg, the total energy in the quantity
of fuel used becomes:

= 176 kJ/minute per kW

= approximately 3 kJ/s per kW = 3 kW/kW
1 kW converted into mechanical energy, another 2 becomes heat in the exhaust gas.
Heat Transfer in Mine Airways
The rate of heat transfer across a unit area at the air-rock interface is given by
(Starfield and Dickson, 1997):
Where :
: surface heat transfer (W/m2 . C)
: rock temperature (C)
: dry bulb temperature of air (C)
: wetness factors
: latent heat evaporation of water (J/kg)

: coefficient of mass transfer (kPa)

: saturated vapour pressure (C, kPa)
: partial pressure of water vapour in air (kPa)
: overall transfer coefficient for radiation from dry surface to wet surface
: average temperature which is radiating (C)

FIRE IN MINE
Grahams ratio is often expressed as

GR

100 COf
0.265 N 2 f O 2 f

Where:
GR

= Grahams ratio

COf

= final carbon monoxide concentration (%)

N2f

= final nitrogen concentration (%)

O2 f

= final oxygen concentration (%)

Where Co N and O are the percentages of the gases present at any given time in a
simple of air coming from the suspected area in a mine. Every mine and every panel
has it own typical value or norm for the make of carbon monoxide depending on
oxidation of the coal and the condition in which it is mined. any analysis showing a
higher value than the norm determined should be immediate invertigation
underground. typical values of the carbon monoxide / oxygen deficiency ratio for
underground coal mines are given below:
0,4 or less normal value
0,5 neccesity for a thorough check-up
1,0 heating is almost certain
2,0 heating is serious, with or without the presense of active fire
3,0 active fire surely exists
The build up of methane percentage in the a ir depends upon the cross sectional area
of the pipe, the percentage of gas in the pipe and the cross sectional area of the
roadway, and can be calculated using the following relationship

Where:
= increase in the percentage of methane in the pipe
CCH4 = percentage of methane in the pipe
A = cross-sectional area of the roadway

d = diameter of the pipe

p = vacuum in the pipe range
The length of this increased methane column is equal to the length of the broken pipe
The minimum flow rate of air required over a fire zone must be calculated using
triangle. However, sometimes a quick calculation can be made using the following
equation:
Qam = Qg (100 LL)/LL CCH4
Qg = Qacg/100
Where:
Qam

= Minumum air volume flow rate, m3/minute

LL
= Lower limit explosibility of the mixture flowing over the seat of the fire as
determined by analysis, %.
c

CH4

= initial concentration of inflammable

Qg

= Volume flow rate of inflammable

Cg

= sum total of the percentage of the inflammbel gases

Qa

= Volume flow rate of air over the fire zone, m3/minute

MINE EXPLOSIONS AND THEIR CONTROL

Equation of Explosibility Index

Z=
Z = Explosibility Index
S = The percentage of inert matter that must be present to ensure that the dust will
just not explode, and is determined by tests.
MINE NOISE AND ITS CONTROL
Sound Wave

f = 1/T
f = /2
Where f = frequency of propagating wave (Hz)
T = time period (s)
= angular velocity (radians/s)
X = u x sin t
Xmax = u
V = du/dt = u x x cos t
Vmax = u x = 2/T = 2 fu
A = d2u/dt2 = -u 2sin t
Sinusoidal vibration = angular velocity, u = maximum displacement of particle, T =
time period

Sound Intensity And Power

I = p2/wc
Where :

I = Intencity , W/m2

P = sound pressure , Pa

W = density of the medium 1.2 kg/m3

C = velocity of sound, m/s

N= I x S
N= I x 4r2
Where:

N= acoustic power of the source. W

I = Intensity, W/m2

S = surface area of the sphere. M2

r = distance at which the sound pressure intensity is measured

Effect Of Distance From The Source

=( )
Where :
I1 = sound intensity at a distance r1 (m) from a point source, W/m2
I2 = sound intensity at a distance r2 (m) from the same source, W/m2
LI2 = LI2 20 log ( )
LI = 20 log ( )

Case Of Continous Sound

Lp_total = 10 log (100.1L1 + 100.1L2 + .. + 100.1Ln)

Example :
If LP_total for the frequencies f = f2 f1 = 8000 40 = 7960 is Lp_7960 dB, then the sound
pressure level for frequencies f = 100 (in dB) is given by :

Lp_100 = L_7960 - 10 log (

Accoustic Absorption

when a sound wave hits a physical surface it is partially reflected and partially
absorbed; the greater the rigidity of the surface, the grater the reflection

A = S
But, for enclosed spaced is :

A=

Reverberation time

T=
dB = 12.6

where :
dB

= sound level reduction over distance z, m-dB

= perimeter of the excavation, m

= cross-sectional area of the excavation, m2

= distance from the source, m

= absorption coefficient (see table)

Critical Distance
For a spherical source

rg

0.14

rg

0.2

For a half-spherical source

Open Area Measurement

LN = Lav + 10 log

dB

the position of sound-measuring insrument for spherical and hemispherical

propagation are given in the figure. The distance at which the measuring instrument is
placed should not be less than twice the maximum dimensions of the source
Masurement In An Enclosed Environment Witd Dissipated Noise

LN = Lav + 10 log

+6

in the case of enclosed environments with dissipated (diffused) noise, particularly in a

small room where the coefficient of accoustic absorption is small ( < 0.1)
Measurement In Large Rooms

LN = Lav + 20 log

+ 10 log 2

the minimum distance between the point of measurement, walls, and equipment
surface should be about I m and from the corners 2 m