Banglalink Operation & Maintenance (O&M) by Kaisar

Operation & Maintenance
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
Telecommunication is transmission of signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In

modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic devices such as the
telephone, television, radio or computer. Telecommunication networ
networkk means a combination of a set
of nodes and links that establish telecommunication between two or more points.
Internship is a partial requirement of graduation program. It brings a great opportunity for the
student to get some amazing and excellent ideas about the practical working field. The main and
challenging task is to prepare Internship Report by which a graduate can reflect the ability in the
field of telecommunication efficiently.
Internship is similar to a training program, after receiving theoretical

theoretical knowledge; Students are
trained to use their knowledge in real situations. Thus they understand the appropriate application
of what they have studied from the books. It is an obligatory requirement of graduation program. It
is a great opportunity for the students to build a relationship between theoretical and practical
knowledge. Through the internship program we get the chance to raise our confident level.
Knowing the proper way to handle the practical job life is another great achievement.
This report
port is prepared for internship based on my internship experience. I did my internship at
Banglalink which is one of the biggest cellular service suppliers in Bangladesh after Grameenphone.
Through this internship besides experience it was great opportunit
opportunity
y to get a glimpse of Banglalink.
I worked there focusing on operation and maintenance system of Banglalink included NMC,
Network subsystem (NSS). In this report mainly I highlight the BSS and NMS system.
1
ETE-499
Chapter 2: Overview of Banglalink
2.1 Background of Banglalink
Banglalink is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after

Grameenphone. This was founded in 1998 and is based in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Previously, it was a known as Sheba Telecom Pvt Ltd than had been providing
GSM (Global Service of Mobile) service in Bangladesh since 1998. As of
September
er 2, 2004, Banglalink GSM Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Orascom
Telecom Now itt is a wholly owned subsidiary of Orascom Telecom.
As of November, 2009, Banglalink has a subscriber

subscriber base of 12.99 million. Banglalink’s Network is
covering 486 Thanas reasonably and 61 districts, covering a total population of around 90%
million.
Banglalink had 1.03 million connections until December, 2005. The number of Banglalink users
increased by 257 per cent and stood at 3.64 million at the end of 2006, making it the fastest
growing operator in the world of that year. In August, 2006, Banglalink became the first company to
provide free incoming calls from BTTB for both postpaid and prepaid connections.
conne On August 20,
2008, Banglalink got past the landmark of 10 million subscriber base.
bas
2.2 Making a difference
The biggest barrier today for people is the cost of handsets. We will strive to lower the total cost of
owning a mobile. We are here to help make a difference in people’s lives by providing affordable
and reliable connectivity solutions. We will strive to connect people and link their lives by listening
to them and by understanding their needs. We are here to help you speak your language.
2.3 Company Strategy
The basic strategy of Orascom Company is for the overall coverage of both urban and rural areas. It
builds continue coverage, cell after cell, with an intention to bring the whole country under its
network. Though the priority of the inte
intensity
nsity of coverage varies from area to area, the basic
strategy of cell-to-cell
cell coverage is applied through the whole country.
2
ETE-499
2.4 Vision
To be a leading provider of telecommunication services all over Bangladesh with satisfied

customers, shareholder, and
d enthusiastic employees.
2.5 Mission
Lead the industry and exceed customer expectations by providing the best wireless services,
making life and business easier.
2.6 Numbering Scheme
Banglalink uses the following numbering scheme:
+88019N1N2N3N4N5N6N7N8
Where,
880 is the ISD (International
International Subscriber Dialling)
Dialling code for Bangladesh and is needed only in
case of dialing from outside Bangladesh.
19 is the access code for Banglalink as allocated by the Government of Bangladesh. Omitting
+880 will require using
ng 0 in place of it instead to represent local call, hence 019 is the
general access code.
N1N2N3N4N5N6N7N8 is the subscriber number.
3
ETE-499
2.7 Technical Division of Banglalink:
Technical
IT Planning Access Network NMS
Radio frequency Radio

planning frequency
NSS BSS NM IN-VAS

NSS BSS Transmission
Power Soft Roaming HLS
Fig2.1:
.1: Organizational structure of Banglalink
Technical department of Banglalink is divided into four divisions. These are IT (Information
Technology), Access Network, Planning, and Network Management Subsystem (NMS).
(NMS) Planning
contains NSS, BSS and Transmission. The Access network handles radio frequency
freque planning and
radio frequency measurement. Operation and Maintenance is divided into four divisions. These are
NSS, BSS, NMC and IN-VAS.
VAS. The NSS subdivisions are Soft switch, Power, Roaming and HLS.
Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is responsible for the proper maintenance of the MSC, BSC,
BTS and optical fibers.
4
ETE-499
Chapter 3: GSM Overview
3.1 History:
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular
communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a
common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-
pan
European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries
outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications,
telecommunications, various systems have been developed
without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related
to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is
intended to address these problems.
From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or digital system.
After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide
between a narrow or broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple
access (TDMA) solution was chosen.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The
T first GSM
network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure
maintenance from Ericsson. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone
networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries
countries.
5
ETE-499
3.2 Brief History of GSM:
Following table shows many of the important events in the rollout of the GSM system; other events
were introduced, but had less significant impact on the overall systems.
Years Events
1982 CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European
pan cellular
mobile system.
1985 A list of recommendations to be generated by the group is accepted.
1986 Field tests are performed to test the different radio techniques proposed for the air interface.
1987 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is chosen as the access method (with Frequency Division
Multiple Access [FDMA]). The initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is signed by
telecommunication operators representing 12 countries.
1988 GSM system is validated.
idated.
1989 The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI).
1990 Phase 1 of the GSM specifications is delivered.
1991 Commercial launch of the GSM service occurs. The DCS1800 specifications are finalized.
1992 The addition of the countries that signed the GSM Memorandum of Understanding takes place.
Coverage spreads to larger cities and airports.
1993 Coverage of main roads' GSM services starts outside Europe.
1994 Data transmission capabilities launched. The number of networks rises to 69 in 43 countries by
the end of 1994.
1995 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications occurs. Coverage is extended to rural areas.
1996 June: 133 network in 81 countries operational.
1997 July: 200 network in 109 countries operational, around 44 million subscribers worldwide.
1999 Wireless Application Protocol came into existence and 130 countries operational with 260
million subscribers
2000 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
( came into existence.
2001 As of May 2001, over 550 million people were subscribers to mobile telecommunications
2002 GSM introduced for 800MHz band. First Multimedia Messaging Services go live. 95% of nations
worldwide have GSM networks. 400 billion SMS messages sent in the year.
2003 First EDGE networks go live. GSMA creates new CEO CEO-level Board.
2004 GSM surpasses One billion customers. More than 50 3GSM networks live.
2005 GSM surpasses

urpasses 1.5 billion customers. First HSDPA network goes live. Over
ver 100 3GSM networks
launched. 120+ 3GSM handset models launched or announced.
annou
2006 GSM surpasses two billion customers. Over 120 commercial 3GSM networks in more than 50
countries and almost 100 million subscriptions. GSMA membership exceeds 900 companies
compa
(including over 700 operators).
2007 Heading towards 2.5 billion GSM connections. First GSMA Mobile Asia Congress
Con held in Macau
SAR, China.
2008 More than 55,000 visitors to the GSMA’s Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.
GSM surpasses 3 Billion connections
co
Table3.1: Brief list of GSM history
6
ETE-499
3.3 Characteristics & Specifications:
the frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
Frequency band—the
station to base station).
Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink
Duplex distance—Duplex
frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.
Channel separation is the separation between adjacent carrier
Channel separation—Channel
frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz.
odulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a
Modulation—Modulation
carrier frequency.
GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air
Transmission rate—GSM over air bit rate of 270 kbps.
GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a
Access method—GSM
technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a
particular time slot.
GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the
Speech coder—GSM
bit rate. The LPC provides pa
parameters
rameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes
through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.
3.4 GSM Frequencies:
In principle the GSM system can be implemented in any frequency band. However there
th are several
bands where GSM terminals are, or will shortly be available. GSM networks operate in a number of
different frequency ranges Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.
Furthermore, GSM terminals may incorporate one or more of the GSM frequency bands listed below
to facilitate roaming on a global basis.
Parameters P-GSM
GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900
Uplink frequency 890

890-915 MHz 880-915 MHz 1710-1785 MHz 1850-1910 MHz
Down link frequency 935
935-960 MHz 925-960 MHz 1805-1880 MHz 1930-1990 MHz
Channel spacing 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Carrier Frequency 124 174 374 299
Duplex Distance 45 MHZ 45 MHZ 95 MHZ 80 MHZ
Table 3.2: GSM frequencies
7
ETE-499
GSM-900 uses 890-915

915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station
(Uplink) and 935-960
960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 125
12 RF channels spaced
at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.
In Bangladesh cellular operators use the 900 and 1800

1800 MHz frequency bands for GSM
communication. The 900 MHz frequency band is further classified into two parts:
E-GSM 900
P-GSM 900
Fig3.1: GSM interface
In Bangladesh cellular operators use P

P-GSM 900 frequency.
8
ETE-499
3.5 GSM Interfaces:
Um interface: The air or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a
mobile (ME) and a base station (BTS / BSC).
Abis interface: Abis interface is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS.
BTS It
allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation in the BTS.
A interface: To
o provide communication between the BSS and the MSC the A interface are
used.. The interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be
allocated to the mobile equipments being
b serviced by the BSSs.
B interface: The B interface exi
exists
sts between the MSC and the VLR.
VLR The interface is used
whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area.
C interface: The C interface is located between the HLR and a GM
GMSC or a SMS-G. When a
call originates from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it
has to pass through the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call
may be gained. In addition to this, the MSC may option
optionally
ally forward billing information to
the HLR after the call is completed and cleared down.
D interface: The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR
E interface: The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The E interface
exchanges data
ata related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs.
F interface: The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. The communications along
this interface are used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME gaining access to the
network.
G interface: The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs.
H interface: The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS
SMS-G. It transfers short
messages.
9
ETE-499
Chapter 4:
4 Performance of Banglalink
4.1 GSM in Banglalink Components:
Banglalink was known as Sheba Telecom Pvt Ltd than had been providing GSM (Global Service of
Mobile) service in Bangladesh since 1998. Orascom Telecom have bought 100% share of Sheba
telecom in 2004 and give its new nam
name as Banglalink. Banglalink Uses GSM technology. The GSM
technical
nical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their
functions and interface requirements. Banglalink performances are divided into five parts. These
are,
• Mobile Station
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Network subsystem(NSS)
• Operation & Maintenance (O&M)
• IT
Fig 4.1: Performance of Banglalink
10
ETE-499
Fig4.2
.2 : General architecture of GSM network
11
ETE-499
Fig4 Physical view GSM Architecture

Fig4.3:
12
ETE-499
4.1.1 Mobile Station:
The MS (Mobile Station) is a combination of terminal equipment and subscriber data. The terminal
equipment as called ME (mobile equipment) and the subscriber’s data is stored in SIM.
So therefore, ME+SIM=MS
Fig 4.4: Mobile station
The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called
the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility. So that the user can
have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into
another GSM terminal, thee user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that
terminal, and receive other subscribed services. The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International
Internation Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for
authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing
personal security.
4.1.2 Base Station Subsystem

ystem (BSS):
All radio-related
related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers
(BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
Base Station Controllers (BSC) —The

The BSC provides all the control functions and physical
links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high
high-capacity
capacity switch that provides functions such as
handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base
transceiver stations.
ations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
13
ETE-499
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) —The

The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile
station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service
each cell in the network. A group of BT
BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
4.1.3 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):
The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile Switching Center (MSC),
performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well
as the management of mobile services such as authentication.
Fig4 Network Switching Subsystem

Fig4.5:
The switching system includes the following functional elements.
4.1.3.1
.1 Home Location Register (HLR)
The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered
the most important database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a
subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a
subscription in
n the form of SIM then all the information about this subscription is registered in the
HLR of that operator.
4.1.3.2
.2 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
The central component of the Network Subsystem is the MSC. The MSC performs the switching of
calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as the management of
mobile services such as such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call
14
ETE-499
routing to a roaming subscriber. It also performs such functions as

as toll ticketing, network
interfacing, common channel signaling, and others. Every MSC is identified by a unique ID.
4.1.3.3
.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the
MSC
SC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a
mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about
the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes
makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
4.1.3.4
.4 Authentication Center (AUC)
The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each
subscriber's
bscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering of the radio channel. The AUC
protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
4.1.3.5
.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The Equipment Identity Register

gister (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile
equipment on the network, where its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifies
each MS. An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved.
4.1.3.6
.6 Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
A Gateway mobile services switching center is a node used to interconnect two networks. The
Gateway is often implemented in an MSC.
4.1.4 Operation and Maintenance (O&M):
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching
system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system
(OSS).
Here are some of the OMC functions:
15
ETE-499
Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end terminal

terminals, charging and
statistics).
Security Management.
Network configuration, Operation and Performance Management.
Maintenance Tasks.
The operation and Maintenance functions are based on the concepts of the Telecommunication
Management Network (TMN) which is sstandardized in the ITU-T
T series M.30. Following is the
figure which shows how OMC system covers all the GSM elements.
Fig
Fig4.6: Operation & Maintenance system
The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the
system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective
cost effective support for centralized, regional
and local operational and maintenance activities that are required
required for a GSM network. An important
function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of
different operation and maintenance organizations.
4.1.5 Information Technology (IT):
The IT department, as is evident from the name, is in charge of all hardware and software and
program requirement of all departments.
16
ETE-499
Chapter 5: The Base Station System
5.1 Introduction:
The GSM base station controller (BSC) provides the control functions and physical links between
the mobile services
ervices switching center (MSC) and the base transceiver station (BTS). It provides
functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control of radio frequency (RF) power
levels in base transceiver stations. A number of base station controllers (BSCs)
(BSCs are served by a
single mobile services switching center (MSC).
The base station subsystem (BSS

BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is
responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching
subsystem.. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to
mobile phones, paging, transmission and reception over the air interface and many other tasks
related to the radio network.
The Base Station System (BSS) is responsible for all the radio related functions in the system, such
as:
Radio communication
n with the mobile units
Handover of calls in progress between cells
Management of all radio network resources and cell configuration data.
5.2 BSS Components:
Ericsson’s BSS consists of three

hree components. This are,
Base Station Controller (BSC): the BSC is the central node within a BSS and co
co-ordinates
the actions of TRCs and RBSs.
Transcoder Controller (TRC): the TRC provides the BSS with rate adaptation capabilities.
This is necessary because the rate used over the air interface and that used by MSC/VLRs
MSC/VLR
are different - 33.8 kbits/s and 64 kbits/s respectively. A device, which performs rate
adaptation, is called a transcoder.
Radio Base Station (RBS): an RBS acts as the interface between MSs and the network, by
providing radio coverage functions from their antennae.
17
ETE-499
The term RBS used only for if the system using Ericsson vendor. Banglalink operator used RBS
system. If there is any vendor system used then it’s called BSC.
Fig 5.1: BSS in Ericssons GSM systems
5.2.1 Base Station Controller and Transcoder Controller:
The Ericsson BSC product family consists of a combined BSC/TRC and a remote BSC (without tr
nscoders). The transcoders are pooled, meaning they can be allocated on demand – Full rate, Half
rate, Enhanced Full Rate, AMR (Adaptive Mult
Multi Rate) Full Rate or AMR Half Rate. There two main
options available for implementing the TRC and BSC in Ericssons BSS:
BSC/TRC: A combined BSC and TRC. This is suitable for medium and high capacity
applications, e.g. urban and suburban area networks. The node can handle up to 1,020
transceivers (TRXs). 15 remote BSCs can be supported from one BSC/TRC.
18
ETE-499
Stand-alone
alone BSC and stand-alone
stand TRC: The stand-alone BSC (without transcoders) is
optimized for low and medium capacity applications and is a complement to the BSC/TRC,
especially in rural and suburban areas. It caters for up to 500 TRXs. The stand-alone TRC is
located at the MSC/VLR to increase transmission efficiency. A stand-alone
alone TRC can support
16 remote BSCs.
Fig 5.2: TRC utilization and transmission rates in BSS
5.2.2 Transcoder Controller (TRC):
TRC function:
The primary functions of a TRC are to perform transcoding and to perform rate adaptation.
Transcoding:
As previously explained, the function of converting from the PCM coder information (following A/D
conversion) to the GSM speech coder information is called transcoding. This function is present in
both the MS and the BSS.
19
ETE-499
Rate Adaptation:
Rate adaptation involves the conversion of information arriving from the MSC/VLR at a rate of 64
kbits/s
ts/s to a rate of 16 kbits/s, or transmission to a BSC (for a full rate call). These 16 kbits/s
contains 13 kbits/s of traffic and 3 kbits/s of in band signaling information. This is an important
function. Without rate adaptation the links to the BSC would require four times the data rate
capabilities. Such transmission capabilities form an expensive part of the network. By reducing the
rate to 16 kbits/s, it is possible to use one quarter of the transmission links and equipment.
In Ericssons GSM systems, the TRC contains units, which perform transcoding and rate adaptation.
These hardware units are called Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Units (TRAUs). All TRAUs are
pooled, meaning that any BSC connected to the TRC can request the use of one of the TRAUs for a
particular call.
The TRC also supports discontinuous transmission. If pauses in speech are detected, comfort noise
is generated by the TRAU in the direction of the MSC/VLR. In GSM mobile systems, the transcoder
(TRA) is located in the GSM/BSS.
GSM/BSS
5.2.2.1 TRAU (Transcoding

Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit):
Unit)
The Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit. (TRAU) protocol is an

entity that performs a transcoding function for speech channels and
RA (Rate Adaptation) for data channels. It works as follows: when
the transcoders/rate adaptors are positioned remote to the BTS, the
information between the Channel Codec Unit (CCU) and the remote
Transcoder/Rate Adaptor Unit (TRAU) is transferred in frames with
a fixed length of 320 bits (20 ms). These frames are denoted ""TRAU
frames". Within these frames, both the speech/data and the TRAU
associated control signals are transferred.
The Abis interface should be the same if the transcoder is

positioned 1) at the MSC site of the BSS or if it is positioned 2) at the
BSC site of the BSS. In case 1), the BSC should be considered as
Fig 5.3: TRAU
transparent for 16 kbit/s channels.
20
ETE-499
In case of 4,8 and 9,6 kbit/s channel coding when data is adapted to the 320 bit frames, a
conversion function is required in addition to the conversion/rate
conversion/rate adaptation specified in GSM
08.20. This function constitutes the RAA. In case of 14,5 kbit/s channel coding, no RAA rate
adaptation is required because V.110 framing is not used.
The TRAU is considered a part of the BSC, and the signaling between the BSC and the TRAU (e.g.
detection of call release, handover and transfer of O&M information) may be performed by using
BSC internal signals. The signaling between the CCU and the TRAU, using TRAU frames as specified
here, is mandatory when the Abis interface
int is applied.
5.2.2.2TRAU Feature Overview:

Overview
High fault tolerance due to 2n redundancy in central

parts and n+1 redundancy in line interfaces
Sophisticated redundancy concept. Hardware faults
have no impact on existing calls
Easy system upgrade through software download
Handling of different software loads at a time
Addition of line interfaces and BTSs without traffic
interruption
Various Abis interface configurations (star, multidrop,
loop)
Various transmission media (e.g., microwave,
PCM30/PCM24, satellite)
One LMT for all entities
Queuing and priority
IMSI/Cell tracing
Short Message Service (SMS)
SMS cell broadcast
Multiband operation Fig 5.4.:
.4.: Front view of TRAU
Support of hierarchical cell structure (up to 16 different priority
priority levels)
Support of VAD/DTX
Full support of all existing and upcoming GSM data services: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE
ASCI
21
ETE-499
Full-rate, half-rate,
rate, enhanced full-rate,
full AMR
A interface pools supported
Other GSM services up to phase 2+
Tandem-free
free operation
Prepared for location services
5.2.2.3 TRAU interfaces:
5.2.2.4 TRAU function:
The functions inside the TRAU are:
• "Remote Transcoder and Rate Adaptor Control Function" (RTRACF);

• "Remote Speech Handler Function" (RSHF);
• The RAA function in case of 4,8 and 9,6 kbit/s channel coding;
• The RAA' function in case of 14,5 kbit/s channel coding;
• The RA2 function;
• The transcoder function.
• Optionally the TFO functions (see GSM 08.62).
The protocol header structure of the TRAU protocol is as follows:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 octets
Synchronize 1
2
Syn Frame Type 3
22
ETE-499
5.2.2.5 Synchronize:
The frame synchronization is obtained by means of the first two octets in each frame, with all bits
coded binary "0", and the first bit in octet no. 2, 4, 6, 8, ... 38 coded binary "1".
5.2.2.6 Frame Type:
The Frame Type:
2 Full Rate
5 O&M
6 Adaptive Multi-Rate
Rate
8 Data
14 Idle Speech
16 Idle Speech
20 Data 14.5
22 Data
26 Enhanced Full Rate
27 O&M
28 Full Rate
31 Extended Data
23
ETE-499
Fig 5.5: TRAU Configuration
5.3 Base Transceiver Station
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) handles the radio

interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio
equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service
each cell in the network. A group of base transceiver stations
(BTSs) is controlled by a base station controller (BSC).
The Base Transceiver Station,

Station or BTS, contains the
equipment for transmitting and receiving of radio signals
(transceivers), antennas,, and equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications with the Base Station Controller
(BSC). Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will
have several transceivers (TRX
(TRXs) which allow it to serve
Fig 5.6: BTS
24
ETE-499
several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base
stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the Base Station
Station Control Function (BCF). The BCF
is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network Management System
(NMS), and manages operational sta
states
tes of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm
collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular telephone
provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives information
informat
from the MS (Mobile Station) through the Um (Air Interface) and then converts it to a TDM ("PCM")
based interface, the Abis, and sends it towards the BSC. There are vendors which build their BTSs so
the information is preprocessed, target cell lists are
are generated and even intra cell handover (HO)
can be fully handled. The advantage in this case is less load on the expensive Abis interface.
The BTSs are equipped with radios that are able to modulate layer 1 of interface Um; for GSM 2G+
the modulation typee is GMSK, while for EDGE-enabled
enabled networks it is GMSK and 8
8-PSK.
Antenna combiners are implemented to use the same antenna for several
several TRXs (carriers), the more
TRXs are combined the greater the combiner loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are found in micro
and pico cells only.
Frequency hopping is often used to increase overall BTS performance; this involves the rapid
switching of voice traffic between TRXs in a sector. A hopping sequence is followed by the TRXs and
handsets using the sector. Several hopping sequences are available, and the sequence in use
u for a
particular cell is continually broadcast by that cell so that it is known to the handsets.
A TRX transmits and receives according to the GSM standards, which specify eight TDMA timeslots
per radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this capacity as some information is required to be
broadcast to handsets
ndsets in the area that the BTS serves. This information allows the handsets to
identify the network and gain access to it. This signaling makes use of a channel known as the BCCH
(Broadcast Control Channel).
25
ETE-499
5.3.1 Sectorisation
By using directional antennas

tennas on a base station, each pointing in different directions, it is possible
to sectorise the base station so that several different cells are served from the same location.
Typically these directional antennas have a beamwidth of 65 to 85 degrees. This increases the
traffic capacity of the base station (each frequency can carry eight voice channels) whilst not
greatly increasing the interference caused to neighboring cells (in any given direction, only a small
number of frequencies are being broadcast). Typically two antennas are used per sector, at spacing
of ten or more wavelengths apart. This allows the operator to overcome the effects of fading due to
physical phenomena such as multipath reception.
reception Some amplification of the received signal as it
leaves the antenna is often used to preserve the balance between uplink and downlink signal.
5.4 Base Station Controller
The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence

behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of BTSs under its
control. The BSC handles
dles allocation of radio channels, receives
measurements from the mobile phones, controls handovers from BTS to
BTS (except in the case of an inter
inter-BSC handover in which case control is
in part the responsibility of the Anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC
is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity
connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to
a smaller number of connections towards the Mobile Switching Center
(MSC) (high level of utilization).
Overall, this means that networks are
often structured to have many BSCs
distributed into regions near their
BTSs which are then connected to Fig 5.7: HUAWEI BSC 6000
large centralized MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is

not only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching
center, as well as an SS7 node with connections
connect to the MSC and
Fig 5.8: Ericsson BSC

26
ETE-499
SGSN (when using GPRS).

). It also provides all the required data to the Op
Operation
eration Support Subsystem
(OSS) as well as to the performance measuring centers.
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture,

with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure
availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy
R often
extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used
in the power supplies and in the transmission equipment
providing the A-ter
ter interface to PCU.
The databases for all the sites, including information such as

carrier frequencies,, frequency hopping lists, power reduction
levels, receiving levels for cell border calculation, are stored in
the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio planning
engineering which involves modeling of the signal propagation as
well as traffic projections.
5.4.1 Transcoder
Fig 5.9:
5.9 Front view of BSC
Although the Transcoding (compressing/decompressing) function is as standard defined as a BSC

function, there are several ven dors which have implemented the solution in a stand-alone
stand rack
using a proprietary interface. This subsy
subsystem
stem is also referred to as the TRAU (Transcoder and Rate
Adaptation Unit). The transcoding function converts the voice channel coding between the GSM
(Regular Pulse Excited-Long
Long Term Prediction,
Prediction also known as RPE-L
L PC) coder and the CCITT
standard PCM (G.711 A-law
law or u-law).
u Since the PCM coding is 64 kbit/s and the GSM coding is 13
kbit/s, this also involves a buffering function so that PCM 8
8-bit
bit words can be recoded to construct
GSM 20 ms traffic blocks, to compress voice channels from the 64 kbit/s PCM standard to the 13
kbit/s rate used on the air interface. Som e networks use 32 kbit/s ADPCM on the terrestrial side of
the network instead of 64 kbit/s PCM and the TRAU convert accordingly. When the traffic is not
voice but data such as fax or email, the TRAU enables its Rate Adaptation Unit function to give
compatibility between the BSS data rates and the MSC capability.
However, at least in Siemens'' and Nokia's

's architecture, the Transcoder is an identifiable separate
sub-system
system which will normally be co
co-located with the MSC. In some of Ericsson's
Ericsson systems it is
27
ETE-499
integrated to the MSC rather than the BSC. The reason for these designs is that if the compression of
voice channels is done at the site of the MSC, fixed transmission link costs can be reduced.
5.4.2 Packet Control Unit:
The Packet Control Unit (PCU)

(PCU) is a l ate addition to the GSM standard. It performs some of the
processing tasks of the BSC, but for packet data. The allocation of channels between voice and data
is controlled by the base station, but once a channel is allocated to the PCU, the PCU takes
ta full
control over that channel.
The PCU can be built into the base station, built into the BSC or even, in some proposed
architectures, it can be at the SGSN site.
5.5 BSS interfaces:
Fig 5.10: BSS interfaces
28
ETE-499
BSS interfaces are:
Um: The air interface between the mobile station (MS) and the BTS. This interface uses LAPDm
protocol for signaling, to conduct call control, measurement reporting, handover,
handover power control,
authentication, authorization,, location update and so on. Traffic and signal
signaling
ing are sent in bursts of
0.577 ms at intervals of 4.615 ms, to form data blocks each 20 ms.
A: The interface between the BSC and MSC. It is used for carrying traffic channels and the BSSAP
user part of the SS7 stack. Although there are usually transcoding units between BSC and MSC, the
signaling communication takes place between these two ending points and the transcoder unit
doesn't touch the SS7 information, only the voice or CS data are transcoded or rate adapted.
Ater: The interface between the BSC and transcoder. It is a proprietary interface whose name
depends on the vendor (for example Ater by Nokia), it carries the A interface information from the
BSC leaving it untouched.
Gb: Connects the BSS to the SGSN in the GPRS core network.
5.6 Base Station Antenna:
Antennas play a very important part in a communications system, coupling energy between a
transmitter or receiver and the propagation medium. While an antenna can be as simple as a piece
of wire, more suitable antenna designs are available. Matching the correct
correct antenna to the set
ensures maximum radiated power. In practice, different designs suit a different application, which
has led to the design and development of a great many different types of antenna.
An antenna ideally has the following characterist

characteristics
ics (particularly when deployed as part of a mobile
communications system):
gain A compromise must be made between saving transmitter power

Directionality and gain:
(having high gain) and requiring high alignment accuracy or directionality (difficult to
achieve in the field).
Bandwidth: The antenna should preferably not require readjustment when the frequency
is changed (within limits of course).
Low sidelobes: The radiation pattern should have limited power in other than the desired
direction to limit eavesdropping,
eavesdropping, direction finding, jamming and mutual interference.
Size: Antennas should be small and robust for ease of handling.
29
ETE-499
A base station antenna can be either:
Omni-directional
directional Antenna
Sectoring antenna
5.6.1 Omni-directional Antenna
An omnidirectional antenna is an antenna system which radiates power

uniformly in one plane with a directive pattern shape in a perpendicular
plane. A GSM omni antenna is an omni
omni-directional base station antenna.
An Omni antenna is used for cells that are required to cover the whole
area around a base station.. Omni-directional
Omni cell-served by a BTS with
an antenna which transmits equally in all directions.
directions
5.6.2 Sectoring Antenna Fig 5.11: Omni Antenna
A GSM omni antenna is a directional base station antenna. A sectoring antenna

is used in GSM cells that cover only part of the area around a base station. A
sectoring antenna often has a beam width of approximately 120 degrees. From
the front, the sectoring antenna is usually rectangular.
Fig 5.12: Sectoring Antenna
30
ETE-499
Chapter 6:
6 Network Management Subsystem
6.1 Introduction:
Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network)) is the component of a GSM system
that carries out call switching and mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on
the network of base stations.. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows
mobile devices to
o communicate with each other and telephones in the wider Public Switched
Telephone Network or (PSTN)
(PSTN).. The architecture contains specific features and functions which are
needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.
The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched

circuit core network,, used for traditional GSM services
such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. It was extended with overlay architecture to
provide packet-switched
switched data services known as the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones
to have access to services such as WAP, MMS, and Internet access.
Mobile networks require an efficient and easy-to-use

easy operation and maintenance (O&M) system
because:
Mobile networks are extremely complex
The structure of a mobile network is often altered to allow for extension and optimization of
the network
Mobile network operators demand the reduction of O&M costs
costs.
Operation and Support System (OSS) provides an efficient and easy-to-use

se O&M system. OSS is an
application within the Telecommunications Management and Operations Support (TMOS) product
family. The main purposes of the GSM OSS are to provide a network overview and support the
maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations.
6.2 TMOS
6.2.1 Telecommunications Management Network (TMN):
(TMN)
TMOS is defined as the Ericsson management and operations support solution for public
telecommunications networks. TMOS has been developed in accordance with Telecommunications
Network Management (TMN) standards. TMN specifies an O&M network which is:
Centralized
Separate from the telecommunications network
31
ETE-499
Connected to the telecommunications network via standardized interfaces.

interfaces
One of the basic principles of tthe TMN system architecture is the network model concept. This
means that the physical network elements (NEs) such as MSCs are represented in a model of the
network. Databases are used to store data about NEs.
6.2.2 TMOS Structure and Functions:

Functions
TMOS consists of a “family” of management application systems for different telecom networks. For
example,
Service Management Application System (SMAS) for Intelligent Networks (IN).
(IN)
eXchange Management system (XM) for switched networks
networks.
Cellular Management Application System (CMAS) for cellular mobile networks.
networks
All TMOS application systems are built on the TMOS PlatForm (TPF). The TPF comprises all
hardware and software for interaction with a telecommunications network. The platform is a multi-
multi
computer system
em based on industrial standards, such as UNIX and SQL.
The TMOS Development Platform (TDP) makes it possible for the operator to create market specific
functions using the C++ Application Programming Interface (API).
Fig 6.1: Structure of TMOS
32
ETE-499
TMOS resides in several independent computers that are connected over a Local Area Network
(LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). TMOS communication with the NEs is based on the Open
System Interconnection (OSI) model. OSS is connected directly, or via the PSTN, to the MSCs, HLRs,
BSCs and AUC/EIRs. Communication with BTSs is provided via BSCs. Additionally, other Ericsson
certified nodes are supported. These include the MXE, MIN nodes and the DXX.
TMOS performs the following functions in line with TMN recommendations:

Configuration management
Fault management
Performance management
Security management
Accounting management
6.2.3 Advantages of TMOS:

TMOS has largely consisted of demands from operators for a network maintenance system, which
will give lower maintenance and personnel costs. The most significant advantages of TMOS are:
It gives the user the ability to remotely and centrally control NEs, subscribers, traffic, etc.
In a large network, optimal performance is impossible to achieve without a support system
like TMOS.
TMOS is easy to use, employing menus, forms and graphics to interact with the operators.
operators
New TMOS functions are continuously being developed which means that the system adapts
to new and changing conditions and requirements.
6.3 OSS Structure and Functions:

Functions
OSS (Operation Support System) is the product name for Ericssons O&M (Operation and
Maintenance) system for cellular networks. OSS consists of Exchange Management System (XM)
features and Cellular Management Application System (CMAS)
(CMAS) features built on top of the TMOS
Platform (TPF).
The GSM network contains many NEs that may be spread over a large geographical area.
OSS enables centralized, remote controlled O&M of all NEs in a uniform and user-friendly
user
manner.
OSS is physically implemented on a LAN consisting of servers and workstations.
33
ETE-499
The functions provided by the graphical user interfaces of OSS are translated into
commands, which are then sent to one or several NEs.
OSS is not one tool, rather 50 different applications used by different staff for operating the
network.
Fig 6.2: Structure of OSS
Although the GSM network is complex, OSS is easy to use. OSS consists of about 50 applications that
can be used to solve different tasks. It offers menus, windows and graphics with which the
operators can interact. No long, complicated commands are needed to operate the system.
6.4 NMC and OMC:
According to GSM specifications, a system such as OSS can be seen as a two level management
function that provides centralized control of the network. The levels are:
Network Management Center (NMC)
(NMC): NMC staff can concentrate on long
long-term system-wide
issues.
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC):
(OMC) OMCs concentrate on short
short-term regional issues.
34
ETE-499
Fig 6.3: NMC and OMC
In OSS, the OMC and NMC functions can be combined in the same physical installation or
implemented at different sites.
6.5 OSS Applications:

OSS includes applications for the supervision, configuration and performance management in a
cellular network. In addition to the applica
applications
tions for handling a cellular network, OSS also provides
basic functions. For example, alarm handling and file transfer. The figure below shows most of the
OSS applications.
35
ETE-499
Fig 6.4: OSS applications
Radio Network Management main features are:

Central administration to optimize the use of skilled personnel
Supervision of network operation for planning purposes
Network performance measurement
Traffic recording and analysis of measurement and event data
Cellular network configuration
OSS maximizes servicee quality in cellular networks by providing a centralized facility for
network configuration, administration, performance measurement, and maintenance of the
network components.
Radio Network Management is achieved through the following different applications
applicati listed below:
Basic OSS-Node
Node Administration (BOA)
36
ETE-499
Cellular Network Administration (CNA)

Cellular Network Administration Interface (CNAI)
CNA / Move BSC
Work Task Package (WTP)
Radio Network Recording Functions (RNR)
Network Statistics, Analyzer
Network Statistics, Statistical Measurement Initiator and Administration (SMIA)
Network Statistics, Statistical Gateway (SGw)
Network Statistics, Statistical Data Mart (SDM)
Network Statistics, Performance Alarms
BTS Configuration Management (BCM)
BTS Hardware Management (BHW)
BTS Alarm Management (BAM)
BTS Software Management (BSW)
Frequency Allocation Support (FAS)
Frequency Optimization Expert (FOX)
Neighboring Cell Support (NCS)
Neighboring Cell List Optimization Expert (NOX)
Measurement Result Recording (MRR)
(MR
6.6 Configuration Management Applications

6.6.1 Cellular Network Administration (CNA):
(CNA)
Cellular Network Administration (CNA) is an application within OSS that is used to:
Plan and operate the cellular part of the GSM network
Plan major future changes off-line
Implement new cells or new parameter values in the network
CNA is one of the most powerful OSS applications. It registers new cells and maintains cell
parameters in an efficient and controlled manner. In large PLMNs the amount of network data is
huge. CNA provides an efficient tool for handling cell data consisting of approximately 200
parameters per cell. Most of these parameters identify the cell and control the cell behavior. The
operator can edit cell parameters and cell related parameters through
ough a table mode, a menu mode
and a geographical mode that displays cell shapes and cell parameters on top of map layers.
37
ETE-499
6.6.2 CNA Network Model Structure and Areas

Areas:
Network structure and parameters change over time. Operators are not just interested in the
current set-up,
up, but also interested in information about previous set
set-ups
ups and possible future ones.
Therefore, OSS provides the following three different views of the network:
Valid Area: The valid area represents the current cellular network. That is,
i it provides
current information about the cell parameters in the network. There is only one valid area
corresponding to each cellular network. The valid area is used when retrieving information
about current network parameter values and as a basis when creating a new planned area.
lanned area represents planned changes in the cellular network. This area
Planned Area: Planned
is used for off line planning of large network changes. It is locked and connected to one user
at a time.
allback area is a snapshot of the valid area at a specific moment and
Fallback Area: Fallback
reflects an historical view of the network. A fallback area can be created for back-up
back
purposes before an update to the network takes place. It is also possible to create a new
planned area from a fallback
fallb area.
Fig 6.5: CNA area concept
38
ETE-499
6.6.3 Consistency check:
The CNA consistency check automatically performs separate validity checks on the networks
parameters. It ensures that the values of parameters are valid and that they are within predefined
intervals. All parameters are checked against parameter consistency rules. The consistency check
can be performed on:
· Area level (Valid and Planned Area)
· MSC
· BSC
· Cell level
A consistency report generates warnings but does not prevent a faulty value from being entered.
Consistency checks can be performed on all parameters or only on new parameters.
6.6.4 CNA Interface (CNAI):

The Cellular Network Administration Interface (CNAI) tool serves as an import and export interface
to the CNA application. It provides easy exchange of information between the OSS and an external
system. For example, CNAI could be used to transfer a file of cell parameter data from the external
cell planning application, TEMS, into the OSS. Otherwise, the cell parameter data from
fro TEMS would
have to be manually entered using CNA.
6.7 BTS Management

ement Application:
Application
The BTS Management application supports operator’s daily BTS-related
related operations in the network.
It can be distinguished by its use of a graphical browser which shows the iinternal base station
structure.
The graphical browser enables the operator to navigate through the BTS/Transceiver Remote
Interface (TRI) managed object structure in a consistent and efficient way. The BTS Management
consists of:
BCM: BTS Configuration management

BSW: BTS Software management
BHW: BTS Hardware management
BAM: BTS Alarm Management
39
ETE-499
Fig 6.6 : BTS Management Family
6.7.1 BTS Configuration Management (BCM)

The BTS configuration Management (BCM) application offers a centralized interface to handle BTS
configuration. BCM provides the operator with a user friendly view of the BTS/TRI managed objects
and their different parameters throughout the network. BCM helps the operator in the following
areas:
Introduction of a new
w BTS. When a new BRS is added to the system, BTS related data must
be entered by the operator. This includes software, hardware, future expansion options etc.
Reconfiguration of an existing BTS. BTS reconfiguration follows the same procedures as for
a new
w BTS. In this case, only the new data values are entered by the operator.
Servicing of a BTS. The operator has the ability to enable or disable the entire BTS or
subordinate parts of the BTS to perform network service. From the browser, the user may
40
ETE-499
block individual boards of a BTS structure all the way up to the entire BTS. Deblocking is
also possible.
6.7.2 Base Station Software Management (BSW)

The BTS software management (BSW) feature caters for the downloading and handling of BTS
related software in a centralized manner. Software can be read into the OSS and stored there for
subsequent transfer to the BTS via the BSCs.
BSW enhances the operator’s control over BTS related software, and reduces the overall risk of
introducing errors when updating or maintaining
maintaining the software. BSW includes functions for:
Storing and administering BTS software in the OSS.
Retrieving all relevant information about the stored packages
Loading BTS software.
Displaying BTS software status.
Displaying BTS software history.
Automatically
atically updating software register.
Providing search capabilities.
6.7.3 Base Station Hardware Management (BHW)

The BHW application provides the operator with a hardware register of the installed BTS
Replacement Units (RU). BHW enables the operator to perform the following task:
Audit the installed BTSs
Search and compare on various BTS criteria
Compare installed hardware.
By using the BHW application, the user can easily identify RUs, their revisions and serial numbers
installed on a site.
41
ETE-499
Fig 6.7: BTS Software Management
6.7.4 Base Station Alarm Management (BAM)
The BTS Alarm Management (BAM) application provides support for handling the alarm reporting
function in the BSC. This allows the operator to configure the BTS alarm reporting and make the
fault finding process easier by filtering and customizing the alarm flow.
BAM contains functions for:
Configuration of BTS alarm reporting

Interworking with fault management
BTS error log administration
Retrieving suppressed alarms
42
ETE-499
6.8 Separation of BTS

TS Software Download and Upgrade
This feature enables the operator to perform a BTS software upgrade in two steps by introducing
the possibility to separate the software download and upgrade. By using this feature the operator
is able to perform software download
ownload during busy times and only start the new software at quiet
times, e.g. at night. The key points of the feature are:
Simplify BTS software upgrade
Different command interfaces
Download BTS software
Start (upgrade) the downloaded BTS software
Backward compatible
There is a new observation alarm when software is loaded but not started. This alarm will cease
when all managed objects are started.
6.9 Operation and Maintenance Features
6.9.1 Remote Function Change

Change:
The remote function change feature introduces a radically new way to upgrade
grade software. Instead of
sending a rollout team on-site
site to upgrade the software by following an implementation procedure
described on paper, the upgrade team can now sit at the OMC site and supervise the execution of a
software program that remotely upgrades the software in the target exchange.
Using OSS applications, an upgrade team can supervise the remote upgrade of at least 30 exchanges
in parallel from one OSS terminal.
The upgrade procedure is performed
perf using software scripts. The OSS plays a key role. The upgrade
is monitored and controlled by the OSS application Software Management Organizer (SMO).
6.9.2 Real Time Event Data:
The Real Time Event Data features will provide access to radio network
k events on a real time basis.
The feature together with the OSS feature, Real Time Performance Monitoring (R-PMO),
(R will
provide an effective and user friendly way of monitoring network performance in real time from
the OMC site. The feature complements the already existing possibilities of performance
measurements and recordings in the BSC and OSS.
43
ETE-499
The feature introduces a reporting mechanism in the BSC that provides information about events in
the radio network, i.e. event data, on a real time basis. T
The
he event data is time stamped, which
makes it possible to monitor the speech quality immediately before and after a parameter change
has been introduced. The feature complements the already existing performance measurement
and recording functions in the BS
BSC and OSS, by providing faster access to event data.
At the OSS site, the operator can view the event data in graphs and tables print and save it by using
R-PMO
PMO functions. Performance warnings can also be set in the OSS to monitor network
disturbances. By using the feature, feedback from radio network design and optimization activities
are available instantly.
6.10 Fault Management Applications

Fault Management is collecting alarms and is connected all NEs (Network Elements) that it is
necessary to supervise
ise and where to take action on alarms. Available tools within OSS fault
management are described below
below.
6.10.1 Network Alarm Status viewer

viewer:
A common operator task is to supervise the network alarm status and to act upon incoming alarms.
All alarms, including internal and external alarm are routed to OSS. Alarms from NEs will be
forwarded to OSS if the alarms in the NE are defined to be routed to the OSS and if the alarms are
defined in the OSS as expected output from the NE.
Depending on alarm severity
ity and operator defined parameters, an alarm bell can be activated. It is
also possible to filter alarms so that only certain alarms are presented. The alarms are presented on
a graphical map of the operating area, called Network Status Presentation (NSP)
(NSP). The alarms are
displayed next to the affected NE. Different symbols are used to depict different alarm-categories:
alarm
6.10.2 Alarm severity When to take action

Critical Action must be taken immediately
Major Action must be taken as soon as possible
Minor Action should be taken when there is time, or the situation should be observed
Warning Take corrective action during routine maintenance
Indeterminate an alarm has been generated for which there no alarm severity is defined in the
system
44
ETE-499
6.10.3 Fault Management

inclusive name for the different alarm handling functions (Alarm
Fault Management is the all-inclusive
Handling). Events reported from NE
NEs, as well as data link faults, external alarms and OSS internal
errors are processed and distributed to the following end-user services:
Alarm Viewer
Alarm Status Viewer
The user can view the alarms with the Alarm Viewer, which consists of three applications with
graphical user interfaces: the Alarm List Viewer, the Alarm Log Browser and the Alarm Status
Matrix.
With Alarm
arm List Viewer, the user can view details of the current alarms, and also handle these
alarms. With the Alarm Log Browser, the user can search for specific alarms in the alarm log and
view details and statistics of these alarms. With the Alarm Status Matrix,
ix, the users can overview the
current alarm situation in the network in a compressed view.
The Alarm Status Viewer presents the current alarm in the Geographical and Logical Network
Information Presentation (GNIP) framework, which provides maps showing each
ea supervised object
at its geographical position and views showing the logical relation between supervised objects also.
The Alarm Viewer and the Alarm Status Viewer can also be displayed by a Windows NT
workstation, but the main process is still executed in the UNIX server. An important feature of
Alarm Handling is the capability of other Operations Support Systems to subscribe to specific
alarms handled by OSS.
6.11 Performance Management Applications

Some performance management functions within OSS:
Network Statistics Analyzer (NWS)
Performance Management Traffic Recording (PMR)
Measurement Results Recording (MRR)
Frequency Allocation Support (FAS)
Neighboring Cell Selection and handling (NCS)
45
ETE-499
6.11.1 Network Statistics Analyzer (NWS)

NWS is a set of reports in network
twork planning and engineering. The reports focus on presenting data
used for managing, planning, and engineering a cellular network. The reports are divided into
three categories, giving different target groups reports especially designed for
fo their needs:
Management reports
Planning and engineering reports
Operation reports
6.11.2 Performance Management Traffic Recording (PMR)

PMR provides detailed performance analysis of the radio network. The observed performance is
related to traffic behavior, such as setup of connections, handovers, and increased rate of dropped
calls. PMR provides support for the following Radio Network Recording (RNR) functions:
Mobile Traffic Recording (MTR): This provides measurement reports for identified MSs
(up
p to 64). This gives the operator the possibility to trace certain MSs to identify the causes
of problems. It can also be used to study network behavior in different situations by tracing
measurements from test mobiles. PMR takes short-term
term measurements on individual IMSIs.
Cell Traffic Recording (CTR): This gives the operator the possibility to study
st the network
behavior in certain cells by tracing measurements from up to 16 cells at the same time.
Channel Event Recording (CER): The performance of channel allocation functions in the
BSC can be studied, and improvements can be identified to increase the capacity and quality
of the network.
6.11.3 Mobile Results Recording (MRR)

Mobile Results Recording (MRR) is a graphical tool which supports the supervision of network
performance and trouble shooting by enabling the recording of radio characteristics such as:
Uplink/downlink signal strength
Uplink/downlink path loss
Power level used by MS
6.11.4 Frequency Allocation Support (FAS)

The interference
rence level in GSM networks has to be kept to a minimum in order to achieve a high
speech quality. Due to increased network complexity, it is difficult to perform frequency planning to
46
ETE-499
increase the capacity without increasing interference levels. Frequency Allocation Support (FAS) is
a tool that supports the operator in performing efficient frequency planning so that tighter
frequency re-use and less interference levels in the network can be achieved.
The operator can order FAS to perform recordings of the interference levels on up to 150
frequencies in up to 2,000 cells handled by one OSS. Once the recording is complete, the result
values are reported to OSS where they are processed and presented to the operator in tabular form
or graphically on a map.
6.11.5 Neighboring Cell Support (NCS)

Handover between cells have to be based on reliable and accurate measurements to keep speech
quality high, even near cell borders. For each cell the operator has to define a list of neighboring
cells (BA-list). The MS willl measure on these defined neighboring cells and deliver the
measurements to the BSC, where an evaluation of the measurements can be made in order to make
handover decisions.
Due to the increased complexity of the radio network, it is more difficult to def
define an optimal list
that includes all possible handover cell candidates. Neighboring Cell Support (NCS) supports the
operator with this task.
6.12 Network Management Solutions (NMS)

NMS is an open solution based on existing standards and is designed for flexibility and scalability. It
is a fundamental platform for future expansion in network size, capacity and services. The solution
efficiently supports and at the same time provides the flexibility needed to handle organizational
demands or new service demands.
mands.
An important strategic concept is to build management solutions of modular components that in

themselves are world-class
class and best-of-breed
best breed product applications. Solutions built from pre-
integrated components to a verified working management solution
n will significantly decrease the
implementation time in the operator’s network.
47
ETE-499
Fig 6.8: NMS Structure
6.13 Billing Gateway (BWG)
BGW Functions:
A Billing Gateway (BGW) collects billing information or Call Data Record (CDR) files from network
elements such as MSCs and forwards them to post-processing
post processing systems that use the files as input. A
BGW acts as a billing interface to the network elements in any network and its flexible interface
supports adaptation to any new types of network elements. BGW is usually connected to the
customer administration and billing systems and is handled by the
he administrative organization.
BGW Implementation:
In GSM systems the BGW is implemented using Unix. Like the SOG, it contains a GUI enabling simple
management of the billing information. It can also be connected to OSS for operation and
maintenance purposes.
48
ETE-499
7.1Limitation
Limitation of the Internship:
Restriction is the actual meaning of Limitation. Internship needs long period of visits to work
field’s money, patience and inspiration. But, limitation from the university as well as from the
organization such as time limit, no allowances, not being an employee yet, entry restriction in
secure places our
ur knowledge yet remains much limited within the framework of the theoretical
knowledge and it needs further practice for right application to the real field of work. The main
problems of data collection are for management restriction of the company they d
did not provide all
necessary data and information to the internees. As a result there is some lacking regarding the
internship some information which are confidential to the company, was not revealed for the work.
49
ETE-499
8.1 Conclusion:
In the practical training for a period of 90 days which helps to learned a lot about the planning of a
project, designing, and implementation and present scenario in the field IT networking of
Banglalink. In this time it helps to learn a lot about the present sce
scenario in the field of
telecommunication I gained knowledge about the technology used by the Banglalink for network
building and maintenance.
ce. At my university I learn most of the things theoretically, which does not
provides sufficient information about the subject, and students remain unaware of the problems
and errors when they go to the field. This practical training has provided me the knowledge about
various technologies in the telecommunication field. I am highly grateful to the Banglalink family
for the
he support and guidance given to us for the successful completion of my internship. Working in
Banglalink as an internee is really pleasant and thrilling experience, for better future in the running
world.
50
ETE-499
9.1 APPENDIX
A, Asub A-interface D
API Application Programming
DTX Discontinuous transmission
Interface
(mechanism)
AUC Authentication Center
E
B
EIR Equipment Identity Register
BAM BTS Alarm Management ETSI European
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Telecommunications Standards Institute
BCF Base Station Control Function F
BCM BTS Configuration
FAS Frequency Allocation Support
management
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
BGW Billing Gateway
Access
BHW BTS Hardware management
G
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching
BSW BTS Software management Center
BTS Base Transceiver Station GNIP Geographical and Logical
C Network Information Presentation

GSM Global system for mobile
CCU Channel Codec Unit communication
CDR Call Data Record GPRS General Packet Radio Service
CER Channel Event Recording H
CMAS Cellular Management
HLR Home Location Register
Application System
I
CNA Cellular Network
Administration ISD International Subscriber
CNAI Cellular Network Dialing
Administration Interface ISDN Integrated Services Digital
CTR Cell Traffic Recording Network

ISO International Standard
Organization
51
ETE-499
ISUP Integrated Services Digital SIM Subscriber Identity Module

Network User Part/ISDN User Part O
IMEI International Mobile OMC Operations & Maintenance
Equipment Identity Centre
IMSI International Mobile OSI Open System Interconnection
Subscriber Identity OSS operation and support system
IN Intelligent Network P
IT Information Technology
PCU Packet Control Unit
ITU International
PDH Plesiochronous Digital
Telecommunication Union
Hierarchy
L
PMR Performance Management
LAN Local Area Network Traffic Recording
LMT Local Maintenance Terminal PSDN Public Switched Data Network
LPC Linear predictive coding PSTN Publicc Switched Telephone
M Network
ME Mobile equipment PSU Power Supply Unit
MRR Measurement Results Q
Recording QOS Quality of Service
MS Mobile Station R
MSC Mobile services Switching
RBS Radio Base Station
Centre, Mobile Switching Centre
RF Radio Frequency
MSISDN Mobile Station Internation
International
RHSF Remote Speech Handler
ISDN Number
Function
MTR Mobile Traffic Recording
R-PMO Real Time Performance
N
Monitoring
NCS Neighboring Cell Selection and RTRACF Remote Transcoder and Rate
handling Adaptor Control Function
NMS Network Management RU Replacement Units
Subsystem S
NSP Network Status Presentation
SMAS Service Management
NSS Network SubSystem
Application System
NWS Network Statistics Analyzer
S
52
ETE-499
SMO Software Management TRAU Transcoder & Rate Adaptation

Organizer Unit
SS7 Signaling System No.7 TRC Transcoder Controller
T TRI Transceiver Remote Interface
TCH Traffic Channel TRX Transceiver (board)
TCSM TransCoder & Sub-Multiplexer

Sub U
TDMA Time division multiple access UMTS Universal Mobile

TDP TMOS Development Platform Telecommunications System
TMN Telecommunications V
Management Network VLR Visitor Location Register
TMOS Telecommunications W
Management and Operations Support
WAN Wide Area Network
TPF TMOS PlatForm
53
ETE-499
9.2 GLOSSARY
A channel used in cellular networks to
A-bis broadcast signaling and control information
Interface between the BSC and BTS in a GSM to all mobile phones within the network.
network
network. BER
Air interface Bit Error Rate; the percentage of received bits
In a mobile phone network, the radio in error compared to the total number of bits
transmission path between the base station received .
and the mobile terminal. Bit
A-interface A bit is the smallest unit of information
Interface between the MSC and BSS in a GSM technology. As bits are made up using the
network. binary number system, all multiples of bits
AMR must be powers of two i.e. a kilobit is actually
Rate codec. Developed in

Adaptive Multi-Rate 1024 bits and a megabit 1048576 bits.
1999 for use in GSM networks, the AMR Transmission speeds are given in bits per
has been adopted by 3GPP for 3G.

3G second (bit/s) wirelessly.
AUC BSC
Authentication Centre; the element within a Base Station Controller; the network entity
GSM network which generates the controlling a number of Base Transceiver
parameters for subscriber authentication.

authentication Stations.
B BSS
Base Station System/Subsystem.
System/Subsystem
Bandwidth
BTS
A term meaning both the width of a
Base Transceiver Station; the network entity
transmission channel in terms of Hertz
He and
which communicates with the mobile station.
the maximum transmission speed in bits per
C
second that it will support.
BCH CDMA
Broadcast Channels; carry only downlink Code Division Multiple Access; also known as
information and are mainly responsible for spread spectrum, CDMA cellular systems
synchronisation and frequency correction utilize a single frequency band for all traffic,
(BCCH, FCCH and SCH). differentiating the individual transmissions
BCCH by assigning them unique codes before
Broadcast Control Channel; the logical transmission.
54
ETE-499
Cell E
The area covered by a cellular base station. A EIR
cell site may sectorise its antennas to service Equipment Identity Register; a database that
several cells from one location Cell site The contains a list of all valid mobile
mob stations
facility housing the transmitters/receivers, within a network based on their IMEI.
IMEI
the antennas and associated equipment.
equipment Erlang
Cell splitting A dimensionless unit of average traffic
The process of converting a single cell to density in a telecommunications network.
network
multiple cells by sectorising the antennas in ETSI
the cell site or constructing additional cells European Telecommunications Standards
within a cell site. Institute: The European group responsible for
Circuit switching defining telecommunications standards.
A method used in telecommunications where F
a temporary dedicated circuit of constant
FDMA
bandwidth is established between two distant
Frequency Division Multiple Access-a
Access
endpoints in a network. Mainly used for voice
transmission technique where the assigned
traffic; the opposite of packet switching
switching.
frequency band for a network is divided into
Codec
sub-bands
bands which are allocated to a subscriber
A word formed by combining coder and
for the duration of their calls.
calls
decoder the codec is a device which encodes
G
and decodes signals. The voice codec in a
cellular
lular network converts voice signals into GMSC
and back from bit strings. In GSM networks, Gateway Mobile Services Swi
Switching Centre;
in addition to the standard voice codec, it is the gateway between two networks.
networks
possible to implement Half Rate (HR) codecs GPRS
and Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codecs

codecs. General Packet Radio Service; standardized as
Control signal part of GSM Phase 2+, GPRS represents the
A signal sent to a cellular phone from a base first implementation of packet switching
station or vice versa which carries within GSM, which is a circuit switched
information essential to the call but not technology. GPRS offers theoretical
theoretic data
including the audio portion of a conversation

conversation. speeds of up to 115kbit/s using multislot
CPU techniques. GPRS is an essential precursor for
Central Processing Unit. 3G as it introduces the packet switched core

required for UMTS.
55
ETE-499
GSM WCDMA FDD solution IMT-TC,

IMT a WCDMA
Global System for Mobile communications, TDD solution IMT-MC,
MC, a multicarrier
the second generation digital technology solution developed from cdma2000 IMT-SC,
IMT
originally
y developed for Europe but which a single carrier solution developed
dev from IS-
now has in excess of 71 per cent of the world 136/UWC-136 IMT-FT,
FT, a TDMA/TDD
market. Initially developed for operation in solution derived from DECT.
DECT
the 900MHz band and subsequently modified IN
for the 850, 1800 and 1900MHz bands. GSM Intelligent Network.
originally stood for Groupe Special Mobile, Internet
the CEPT
EPT committee which began the GSM A loose confederation of autonomous
standardisation process. databases and networks. Originally
H developed for academic use the Internet is

now a global structure of millions of sites
Handoff
accessible by anyone.
The transfer of control of a cellular phone call
Intranet
in progress from one cell to another, without
A private network which utilizes the same
any discontinuity.
techniques as the Internet but is accessible
HLR
only by authorized users.
users
Home Location Register; the database within
IP
a GSM network which stores all the
Internet Protocol.
subscriber data. An important element in the
IPv6
roaming process.
The next generation of IP addressing
I designed to replace the current system IPv4
IMEI which uses a 32 bit address code which limits
International Mobile Equipment Identity
Identity. the number of possible addresses. IPv6 uses a
IMSI 128 bit code ensuring that the possible
International Mobile Subscriber Identity; an number of IP addresses will be virtually
internal subscriber identity used only by the limitless .
network. ISDN
IMT-2000 Integrated Services Digital Network.
Network
The family of third generation technologies ISO
approved by the ITU. There are five members International Standards
rds Organization.
Organization
of the family: IMT-DS,
DS, a direct sequence
56
ETE-499
ISP Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Division

Internet Service Provider. Multiplexing (FDM).
ITU O
International Telecommunications Union
Union.
OTA
L Over the air activation (of services and tariff
LAN changes).
Local Area Network. O&M
LAP Operations and Maintenance.
Maintenance
Link Access Protocol. OMC
M Operations and Maintenance Centre

Centre.
OMC-R
MHz
The radio OMC.
Megahertz; a unit of frequency equal to one
OMC-S
million Hertz.
The switching OMC.
MMS
OSI
Multimedia Messaging Service; an evolutio
evolution
Open Systems Interconnection; a seven layer
of SMS, MMS goes beyond text messaging
model for protocols defined by ISO.
ISO
offering various kinds of multimedia content
including images, audio and video clips . P
MS Packet switching
Mobile Station. A communication system wherein the
MSC information is transmitted in packets of a set
Mobile Switching Centre; the switching centre size. These packets have address headers and
of a mobile phone network, the MSC has find their way to their destination by the most
interfaces to the BSCs,
Cs, HLR, VLR and other efficient route through the network.
MSCs. Compared to circuit switching where a
MSISDN connection is occupied until the traffic
Mobile Station International ISDN Number
Number. exchange is completed, packet switching
Multiplexing offers considerable efficiencies as
A telecommunications technique where connections can be used by a number of users
several channels can be combined to share simultaneously.
the same transmission medium. The most
common forms are Time Division
57
ETE-499
PCM RACH
Pulse Code Modulation; the standard digital Random Access Channel; uplink only, allows
voice format at 64kbit/s. the MS to request an SDCCH in response to a
PCU page or for a call.
Packet Control Unit; an element in a RAM
GPRS/UMTS network. Random Access Memory
Memory.
PDA Reuse
Personal Digital Assistant. The assignment of frequencies or channels to
PIN cells so that adjoining cells do not use the
Personal Identifier Number. same frequencies and cause interference
PLMN whereas more distant cells can use the same
Public Land Mobile Network; any cellular frequencies. Reuse expands the capacity
cap of a
operator’s network. cellular network by enabling the use of the
PMR same channels throughout the network.
network
Private Mobile Radio communications;
communications two- S
way radio technology widely used for
SGSN
dispatch and delivery services, taxi
Serving GPRS Support Node; the gateway
companies and the like. See TETRA.
TETRA
between the RNC and the core network in a
PSDN
GPRS/UMTS network.
Public Switched Data Network..
SIM
PSPDN
Subscriber Identity Module; A smart card
Public Switched Packet Data Network
Network.
containing the telephone number of the
PSTN
subscriber, encoded network identification
Public Switched Telephone Network
Network.
details, the PIN and other user data such as
PSU
the phone book. A user.s SIM card can be
Power Supply Unit.
moved from phone to phone as it contains all
Q the key information required to activate the
QoS phone.
Quality of Service; a broad term to describe SMS
the performance attributes of an end-to-end
end Short Message Service; a text message service
connection. which enables users to send short messages
R (160 characters) to other users. A very

popular service, particularly amongst young
58
ETE-499
people, with 400 billion SMS messages sent unit for a 16kbit/s traffic channel on the A-bis
A
worldwide in 2002. interface.
SS7 TRX
Signaling System Number 7 (See CCS7)
CCS7). Transmitter/receiver (transceiver).
(transceiver)
STM U
Synchronous Transfer Mode.
Um
T The air interface between the BTS and the MS
TDMA in a GSM network.
Time Division Multiple Access; a technique UMTS
for multiplexing multiple users onto a single Universal Mobile Telecommunications
channel on a single carrier by splitting the System; the European entrant for 3G; now
carrier into time slots and allocating these on subsumed into the IMT-2000
IMT family as the
a as-needed basis. WCDMA technology.
TMN V
Telecommunications Management Network.
Network
VAS
TMSI
Value Added Services.
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity;
VLR
covers the IMSI to prevent over
over-the-air
Visitor Location Register.
Register
interception and tracing.
TRAU
Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit; the transport
59
ETE-499
10.1 Bibliography:
Ericsson (2008) GSM System Survey. R5B Revised Upgrade Edition

Wireless Communication, 2nd Edition--Rappaport,
Edition Theodore S. (2006).
Manual of GSM M900/M1800_Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd
Websites:
http://banglalinkgsm.com Date-05-04
04-2010 Time- 11:30 AM
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_architecture.htm
www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_architecture.htm Date-07-04
04-2010 Time- 10:30 PM
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_network_switching_subsystem.htm
Date-05-04
04-2010 Time- 12:45 AM
http://febby-blog.blogspot.com/2008/03/bss
blog.blogspot.com/2008/03/bss-bts-dan-bsc.html
Date-06-04
04-2010 Time- 01:30 AM
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm
electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm
electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm-radio-air-
interface-slot-burst.php Date-10-04
04-2010 Time- 08:15 PM
http://www.docstoc.com/ Date-10-04
04-2010 Time- 08:30 PM
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_operation_support_subsystem.htm
Date-10-04
04-2010 Time- 10:30 PM
http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/~jscouria/GSM/gsmreport.html Date-15-04
04-2010 Time- 11:30 AM
http://www.telecomspace.com/gsm.html Date-18-04
04-2010 Time- 09:30 AM
http://www.protocols.com/pbook/gprsfamily.htm Date-20-04
04-2010 Time- 10:30 PM
http://www.argospress.com/Resources/gsm/gsmbstatiocontro.htm
Date-25-04
04-2010 Time- 06:30 PM
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm_interfaces.php
electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm_interfaces.php
Date-26-04
04-2010 Time- 06:30 PM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem Date-27-04
04-2010 Time- 11:30 AM
http://www.huawei.com Date-21-04
04-2010 Time- 07:30 PM
http://www.gsmworld.com Date-24-04
04-2010 Time- 11:30 AM
60
ETE-499

Banglalink Operation & Maintenance (O&M) by Kaisar

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Banglalink Operation & Maintenance (O&M) by Kaisar

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Operation & Maintenance

Telecommunication is transmission of signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In

Internship is similar to a training program, after receiving theoretical

Chapter 2: Overview of Banglalink

2.1 Background of Banglalink

Banglalink is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after

As of November, 2009, Banglalink has a subscriber

2.2 Making a difference

2.3 Company Strategy

To be a leading provider of telecommunication services all over Bangladesh with satisfied

2.6 Numbering Scheme

Banglalink uses the following numbering scheme:

2.7 Technical Division of Banglalink:

IT Planning Access Network NMS

Radio frequency Radio

NSS BSS NM IN-VAS

Power Soft Roaming HLS

Chapter 3: GSM Overview

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards

3.2 Brief History of GSM:

2005 GSM surpasses

Table3.1: Brief list of GSM history

3.3 Characteristics & Specifications:

3.4 GSM Frequencies:

Uplink frequency 890

Duplex Distance 45 MHZ 45 MHZ 95 MHZ 80 MHZ

Table 3.2: GSM frequencies

GSM-900 uses 890-915

In Bangladesh cellular operators use the 900 and 1800

Fig3.1: GSM interface

In Bangladesh cellular operators use P

3.5 GSM Interfaces:

4.1 GSM in Banglalink Components:

Fig 4.1: Performance of Banglalink

Fig4 Physical view GSM Architecture

4.1.1 Mobile Station:

Fig 4.4: Mobile station

4.1.2 Base Station Subsystem

Base Station Controllers (BSC) —The

Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) —The

4.1.3 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):

Fig4 Network Switching Subsystem

The switching system includes the following functional elements.

routing to a roaming subscriber. It also performs such functions as

The Equipment Identity Register

4.1.4 Operation and Maintenance (O&M):

Here are some of the OMC functions:

Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end terminal

4.1.5 Information Technology (IT):

Chapter 5: The Base Station System

The base station subsystem (BSS

5.2 BSS Components:

Ericsson’s BSS consists of three

Fig 5.1: BSS in Ericssons GSM systems

5.2.1 Base Station Controller and Transcoder Controller:

Fig 5.2: TRC utilization and transmission rates in BSS

5.2.2 Transcoder Controller (TRC):

5.2.2.1 TRAU (Transcoding

The Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit. (TRAU) protocol is an

The Abis interface should be the same if the transcoder is

5.2.2.2TRAU Feature Overview:

High fault tolerance due to 2n redundancy in central

5.2.2.3 TRAU interfaces: