Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Computation
of
Parameters
of
Governing
Equations
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
o name three different types of reinforced concrete beam with their specific
applications,
-
3.4.1
Introduction
Traf:ls'a%arsas
toads
Slabpanaafs
A,
v.
_,.e
xx
-*.-f"" :
L Kg-*"
'x,aj
,f
*1 ISL.not
.,,--~-
,2
"a.
X
W-.
re
xx.
Emnairaraa
baams
I.-V
11%.ofibnan
bac:urs3
Any
gpanel
E3iEeFEt:;*1Jard
shape at slaw
3[EWbal'
in tension
gm
Bmadt atf
:*u:~3t;:3i.:%
E11331
bars. in
ca:mpresshon
L::3-?7313
3.=mpfr%&$i_n
J
VV".'V[L.*33
3T*F'5.
{W}
in EGMIEFEEE-iEIE'k
{J LLL Cancmte
Bmadth
Fig; 3.4.5; Sirtgly rainfnrced rectaanguiiar
beam u:ndarV
negava banding mament
(war me supmrt)
HSm! W 3 .
Bmalh
f
Fig. 3.4.53:
Bounty rainfarcad rent/3nguEa4:r
baam under nagative banding mument
(over the suppc)
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
This lesson explains the basic governing equations and the computation of
parameters required for the design of beams and oneway slabs employing limit
state of collapse in flexure. There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
nncrete in compression
1,.
Effactaive width
er?
Han arbasrs.
-~:-st
52 Depthofflange{slazbl
Breadth of wels-
flfanszareteccmzpression
F
Erfllsactiire
width
3
%..-
Siteaibafs iii .1
cozmpresslm o
-mmvzawmwmamwwmmwcwmauw
a.aarsaexvuma
43
31.4.9:only
Breadth
atweb
reinforced fl fbaasmiunder
positive bend:irtgmavmernt
(near rrtidspean)
Moefiaicttvvee
width
Efraliiitflft
. ax
tagguiw
L V,
tlacmzretmn
comsession,
1 Breadth
Tabeam
3f.3$
ll/35333?
3;
arms
26!
Elepttl
of web
1
Tamant
BrIead11:nfwab.
underginiesgativie
bendingrstauntamt
{ever the supepserti
During construction of reinforced concrete structures, concrete slabs and beams
are cast monolithic making the beams a part of the floor deck system. While
bending under positive moments near midspan, bending compression stresses at
the top are taken by the rectangular section of the beams above the neutral axis
and the slabs, if present in T or L-beams (Figs. 3.4.4, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 13).
However, under the negative moment over the support or elsewhere, the bending
compression stresses are at the bottom and the rectangular sections of
rectangular, Tand L-beams below the neutral axis only resist that compression
(Figs. 3.4.6, 7, 10, 11, 14 and 15). Thus, in a slab-beam system the beam will be
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
considered as rectangular for the negative moment and T for the positive
moment. While for the intermediate spans of slabs the beam under positive
moment is considered as T, the end span edge beam is considered as Lbeam if
the slab is not projected on both the sides of the beam. It is worth mentioning that
the effective width of flange of these T or L-beams is to be determined which
depends on:
L
.
Eamrete in mm rrasssiang
TA
xi
'
J-'1',
,r 5:WDEQIEI ange
.."
X,
is
Pateutrail
axis {rm}
epthofweb
3t5aEi.i.%h;a;r3_ncii
jgwzsz'mmag
~;.Q"'
Ax
:*~x~m.sw:ms&
t g
-H
l<- Brieadith
at web-
Fig}, 3.-4.'E2:
Singiy renlerced
L-beam Under
positive bending mmmt {near mtidw-sspan}
Eonrgreae
4.
V..
.,
mmgeessaa
mnraavessiim
M.
$_,.i
ntittttarga
>,1*
Mama-allaxis (ram).
Vmwusuwmmyvxswy:s<=asz;amwaM;a\:Lv<9t#zm$K=&w:a;s-mi
agpth at web
)71.;%te~;il.e:aasi.iiira
tenascim
P.
Breadth of sasiab
Mn effemive wii
.E55:
@*'f3:F'3"i%
'71
V iliespth
ca
anga
Ag:
m
4w
:1:
4;,
mu:
m
,, m
cum
aw
mv
,_,,,_
W
M,M
M.
GT TFaadmmwwnb
Lsbasam
Rentarsguiarbeam
{rm ange
as mm:Vre.=ta
abma NA is in 2en:~7.nnL}
Mt: e'ecti~m
wimh.
"533
wnme 3553f
9*3?'-W?
3T5L4T.F333E57
34"}
Sieefibars in cnrnjpressim
I - 1C5V!3E?f33.F'?I3..
a-1
Eraam amen
L-beam
Rectangular beam.
{mmange au::%ti:nn
as cunmaieamwe
is in tasrasizmj
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
'gjfissrz;
E2}
z$ac*%
1;:
Fig. 3.4..*liE:
ne way sE;aib{ij|:K
$2}
, it-V3f.%*T%3~Ti'5@
.3f1$i2%
it
ries.223
1?}
ii.
1?;
g, **
xckyzii
Shae
Eas
Fig. 3..a$.lif'i:
"Fwdwag:3-lab:{lyflg<==E:j:
Reinforced concrete slabs are classified as oneway or two-way
3.4.2 Assumptions
mamas-'t
W323
sfmsr V
U3,
V U3 U3:
,.---...-y.,..,..,.....
Q}.
,P,,--,-n-...-r,w-,.:,;9-,',"."'!',-'1
., Y.
3:-w.a?1.&
S: ugmg'm;
: 73.3?f.
E55, * Q
"Em}:
Emgiotm
af F55;.3.4.18
Sxzrwslagmm
Sitmisalagfszsam
Fig. 3.4.19;Restangusiar
beamur:da:r
fiaxureswhenx..<aim
hareg,M}
Siiitjt 3081
flrifls
Straindiseagmrrg giiiiiftiii|IfI-1'Ii!"|"i:
13%
Fig. 3.4.,EE"
3.4m: Ras~vntang.uEar
ieartt iiiftdt %2I{I..ifiErwiteni ta:,,r:s~::.,,,,,,,,,,
The following are the assumptions of the design of flexural members (Figs.
3.4.18 to 20) employing limit state of collapse:
(i) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
This assumption ensures that the crosssection of the member does not
warp due to the loads applied. It further means that the strain at any point on the
crosssection is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral axis.
(ii)
The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is
taken as 0.0035 in bending (Figs. 3.4.19 and 20).
This is a clearly defined limiting strain of concrete in bending compression
beyond which the concrete will be taken as reaching the state of collapse. It is
very clear that the specified limiting strain of 0.0035 does not depend on the
strength of concrete.
(iii)
The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be parabolic
as shown in Fig. 1.2.1 of Lesson 2.
The maximum compressive stress-strain curve in the structure is obtained
by reducing the values of the top parabolic curve (Figs. 21 of IS 45622000) in two
stages. First, dividing by 1.5 due to size effect and secondly, again dividing by
1.5 considering the partial safety factor of the material. The middle and bottom
curves (Fig. 21 of IS 456:2000) represent these stages. Thus, the maximum
compressive stress in bending is limited to the constant value of 0.446 fckfor the
strain ranging from 0.002 to 0.0035 (Figs. 3.4.19 and 20, Figs. 21 and 22 of IS
45622000).
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
deformed
bars where
the curve
is inelastic.
(vi)
The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure
shall not be less than fy/(1.15 Es) + 0.002, where fy is the characteristic strength
of steel and E5= modulus of elasticity of steel (Figs. 3.4.19 and 20).
This assumption ensures ductile failure in which the tensile reinforcement
undergoes a certain degree of inelastic deformation before concrete fails in
compression.
of the beam
*uI~o.c)c~
of the beam
~|
total
tensile
force
of steel
II
II
"II
Xu
only shear force is there at the support and bending moment is zero, (ii) both
bending moment (increasing gradually) and shear force (constant = P) are there
between the support and the loading point and (iii) a constant moment (= PL/3) is
there
in the middle
third
zone
i.e. between
the two
loads
where
the shear
force
is
zero (Fig. 1.1.1 of Lesson 1). Since the beam is in static equilibrium, any crosssection of the beam is also in static equilibrium. Considering the cross-section in
the middle zone (Fig. 3.4.18) the three equations of equilibrium are the following
(Figs. 3.4.19 and 20):
(i) Equilibrium of horizontal forces: EH:
(3.1)
0 gives T= C
zone
of the beam.
0,
This equation shows that the applied moment at the section is fully resisted by
moment of the resisting couple T a = C a , where a is the operating lever arm
between Tand C (Figs. 3.4.19 and 20).
le.ac23:%-+
3*};
.3
ga}Str%a.:ir2
diagram:
{btma
diagram
Figures 3.4.21a and b present the enlarged view of the compressive part
of the strain and stress diagrams. The convex parabolic part of the stress block of
Fig. 3.4.21b is made rectangular by dotted lines to facilitate the calculations
adding another concave parabolic stress zone which is really non-existent as
marked by hatch in Fig. 3.4.21b.
The different compressive forces C, C1, C2 and C3 and distances x1 to x5
and x., as marked in Fig. 3.4.21b are explained in the following:
C = Total compressive force of concrete = C1 + C2
C1 = Compressive force of concrete due to the constant stress of 0.446
fckand up to a depth of x3 from the top fibre
C2 = Compressive force of concrete due to the convex parabolic stress
block of values ranging from zero at the neutral axis to 0.446 fckat a
distance of x3 from the top fibre
C3 = Compressive force of concrete due to the concave parabolic stress
block (actually non-existent) of values ranging from 0.446 fck at the
neutral axis to zero at a distance of x3 from the top fibre
x1 = Distance of the line of action of C1from the top compressive fibre
x2 =
x3 = Distance of the fibre from the top compressive fibre, where the strain
= 0.002 and stress = 0.446 fck
xu
'2
1
0.0035
7
= 057
'
g ivin9
X3 = 0.43 X
(3.4)
Since C1 is due to the constant stress acting from the top to a distance of x3, the
distance x1 of the line of action of C1 is:
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
X1 = 0.5 X3 = 0.215
(3.5)
From Fig. 3.4.21a:
or
X5
X5
0.86 X
(3.6)
The compressive force 01 due to the rectangular stress block is:
C1 = bX3(0.446 fck) = 0.191 bxu fck
(3.7)
The compressive force C2 due to parabolic stressblock is:
C2= b(X.,X3)
(0.446
rck)= 0.17bxurck
(3.8)
Adding C1 and C2,we have
C = C1+ C2 = 0.361 bxu fck = 0.36 bxu fck (say)
(3.9)
The non-existent compressive force C3 due to parabolic (concave) stress block
is:
C2(X4)
+ C3(X5)= (O2+C3)(X3+ x";x3)
which gives X4= 0.64 X
(3.11)
Similarly, X2 is obtained by taking moment of C1 and 02 about the top fibre as
follows:
which
gives
X2
=0.4153
Xu
Version
2CE
IIT,
Kharagpur
Cl
(3.12) x2 = 0.42 xu
(say).
Thus, the required parameters of the stress block (Fig. 3.4.19) are
C = 0.36 b X fck
(3.9)
X2 = 0.42 X.)
(3.12)
and lever
arm
(3.13)
The tensile force T is obtained by multiplying the design stress of steel with the
area of steel. Thus,
fy
T: (E)
Ax,= 0.87
fyA_v,
(3.14)
3.4.6
Practice
Questions
and Problems
with Answers
Q.1:
How do the beams and slabs primarily carry the transverse loads ?
A.1:
The beams and slabs carry the transverse loads primarily by bending.
Q.2:
Name three different types of reinforced concrete beams and their specific
applications.
A.2:
They are:
(i)
and lintels.
(iii)
Q.3:
beams.
A.3:
Q.4:
A.4:
One-way slab spans in one direction and twoway slab spans in both the
directions. Slabs whose ratio of longer span (ly) to shorter span (IX)is more
than 2 are called oneway. Slabs of this ratio up to 2 are called twoway
slabs.
Q.5:
A.5:
Q.6:
A.6:
Fig. 3.4.19.
Q.7:
beams.
A.7:
Q.8:
Write the final expression of the total compressive force C and tensile
force T for a rectangular reinforced concrete beam in terms of the
designing parameters.
A.8:
3.4.7
References
14.Reinforced
ConcreteDesignersHandbook,10"Edition,by C.E.Reyno|ds
and J.C.Steedman, E & FN SPON, London, 1997.
3.4.8
Test
4 with
Solutions
Maximum Time = 30 minutes
(4 x 5
20
truss action
balance of shear action
bending
slab-beam interaction
A.TQ.1: (i):
(c)
(ii) The ratio of longer span (ly) to shorter span (IX)of a two-way slab is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
up to 2
more than 2
equal to 1
more than 1
be
TQ.2: Draw a crosssection of singly reinforced rectangular beam and show the
strain and stress diagrams.
(10)
A.TQ.2: Fig. 3.4.19
TQ.3: Name four parameters which determine the effective widths of Tand Lbeams. (6)
A.TQ.3: The four parameters are:
(i) isolated or continuous beams,
(ii) the distance between points of zero moments in the beam,
(iii) the breadth of the web,
(iv) the thickness of the flange.
TQ.4: Derive the final expressions of the total compressive force C and tensile
force T for a rectangular reinforced concrete beam in terms of the
designing parameters.
(10 +
4 = 14)
A.TQ.4: