GERUND

A gerund is a word that has the same function as a NOUN. Although it is formed by a
verb+ ing, IT IS NOT a verb.
The gerund is commonly used after some verbs (except for the verb to be)
Common verbs that only admit gerund (verbo que sirve para dar entrada a
gerundio )

admit

detest

enjoy

avoid

deny

miss

consider

dislike

quit

finish

Examples

He admitted stealing the ring

He avoid being late.
She never considered moving to
England.
She dislikes cooking and baking.
She enjoys reading.

He denied committing the crime.

He finished doing his homework.
She misses living near the beach.
She quit worrying about the
problem.

REMEMBER: gerunds always function as nouns in sentences

INFINITIVE

Its the base form of a verb but attached to the particle to (sometimes the to
+ verb only represents the verb, but sometimes the to means (para/a)

I have to sleep in the bed (Debo dormir en la cama)

He bought some flowers to give to his wife. (Compr algunas flores para darle a
su esposa
She is going to break the plate! (ella va a romper el plato)

Some verbs admit a gerund and an infinitive. When this is the case, the
meaning of the two will be identical for some verbs, but different for others.
(puede que cambie el significado de la oracin como puede que no)

For example: I love to cook for my family - I love cooking for my family

begin
continue
hate
intend

like
love
prefer
start

He began to talk - I began learning Chinese.

I hate going to the beach I hate to cook dinner

forget
remember
stop

IShort
love adjectives:
feeding the(1
parrots
or 2 I love to go shopping
Long adjectives: (3 or more
syllables)
syllables)
Structure: the + short adjective
Structure: the + most +
_est
adjective
Hot = the hottest
Beautiful = the most beautiful
Short = the shortest
Expensive = the
expensive
most
Pag. 84.
Ex. 4/5

Rules for short adjectives

Superlative Adjective
Definition: El superlativo se emplea para describir un objeto que se encuentra
1
adjectives
formed
by ade
consonant
+ vowel+ consonant (cvc): you
ensyllable
el extremo
superior
o inferior
una cualidad
duplicate
the
last
consonant
and
add
_est
at
the end. Big: the biggest / the

wettest Short adjectives ending in y: you change the y to i and add _est. Easy: the
easiest / Pretty: the prettiest. Sunny: the sunniest
In the rest of the short adjectives you add _est to the end. Fast: the fastest. /
Slow: the slowest/ strange: the strangest

Irregular adjectives: Good The best/ Bad- the worst

Pag. 86. Ex. 3/4

Exercise n1
Adjecti

ve
Clever

Cold

Importa

nt
Interesti

ng
Hot

Dangero

us

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Comparative

Exercise n2
My mom is ________________ person in the world (interesting)
Javier was _______________ soccer player, last year (good)
I visited _______________ on earth, it was amazing (cold)
For some people, chemistry is ________________ subject in school (hard)
Venezuela was _______________ country in in the world 20 years ago (beautiful)
I have ______________ puppy of all (small)

Some / Any

In general, they are used to express an inexact quantity

Some
Any
Both are used with plural, countable and uncountable nouns
Used in affirmative sentences
Used with negative sentences
Used in questions to make offers
Used in neutral questions
Algn, alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, algo de

Exercises:

Would you like _______ coffee?

It would be amazing if you gave me __________ spaghetti
I dont want to eat ________ fruits
Are there __________ buses in the bus stop?

She didnt want to run into Peter in ________ place

_______ people came to my house, but I throw them out

Pag. 95 2,3,4,5

The party was amazing, there were not ________ drunk people ruining it

Countable
Uncountable Nouns

Have a singular and a plural form

An apple Apples

We can use a/an with countable

nouns

Are only singular (you cant add s

plural to it)

I bought bread Milk comes from

cows
We cant use a/an with uncountable
nouns
a gram of salt
two cups of tea
three glasses of wine
Money,
water,
politics,
air,
information

Car, dollar, dog, cat,

There are nouns considered countable and uncountable, depending on the

meaning within the sentence.

Light: is count when it means LAMP, and non-count when it means the ENERGY
that comes from a lamp

Time: This word is COUNT when it means occasions, and NON-COUNT when it
means hours and minutes.

Exercise n1:Complete with "some" (for non-countable nouns) or "a" (for countable
nouns).

Yesterday, I went with my family for a picnic at the beach. We took lots of food, because
we're all greedy! First of all, we packed ____chocolate to eat in the car on the way to the
beach. For the first course, we took___ soup and ____loaf of bread. For the main course,
we decided on _____chicken salad sandwich for each person, along with _____rice. Finally,
we packed a melon big enough for everyone to get _____slice. Of course, we also
took _____tea and _____coffee, and _____litre of ice-cream. It seemed like a huge quantity
of food, but unfortunately we ate it all in the car! By the time we got to the beach, there
was nothing left.

Exercise n 2 : Indicate if the underlined noun is Countable or Uncountable

HOW MUCH IS/ ARE

Function: How much is used to ask the COST/ PRICE of something.

How much + is Used for singular nouns.

How much + are Used for plural nouns.

Exercise

How much ______ the Harry Potter books?

I want to know how much ____ the strawberry cake
How much _____ the candies you bought?

Tag questions with BE (simple present/past)

1.
2.

Functions:

To ask for agreement when we are sure about something (Falling intonation)
To ask real questions (Rising intonation)

It is formulated with a verb to be -affirmative or negative- + personal pronoun

(contracted)+ ?

If the statement in the first part of the sentence is affirmative, the tag question is
negative. E.g The coffee is hot, isnt it?
If the statement in the first part of the sentence is negative , the tag question is
affirmative. E.g: They werent here, were they?

Tag questions: o si? o no? verdad/cierto?

EXCEPTION:

If the SUBJECT in the first part of the sentence is I and it is affirmative, the verb to

be for the tag question is arent + I , NOT am. E.g: Im hopeless, arent I?
If the SUBJECT in the first part of the sentence is I and it is negative the verb to be
for the tag question is am + I , NOT am. E.g: I am not late, am I?

I'm not late, ____?

Martha isn't angry, ______?

You aren't really tired,

_______?

They aren't very nice people,

_______?
You aren't coming tomorrow,
_______?
Pedro isn't flying now,
________?
It was a beautiful day, _____?
Martha was angry,____?
You were studying at 6,
______?
He was flying when I phoned,
_____?

He's waiting for you, _____?

There are seven days in a
week, _____?
These colors are pretty, _____?
The lights were very bright,
_____?
The idea is interesting, _____?
There were a lot of books on
the table, _____?