Psychological and Biological Theories of Criminal Conduct

Psychological and Biological theories of criminal conduct
1 of 8
http://www.friedgreentomatoes.org/articles/Psychological_Biological_cr...
Online Resource for Victims of

Psychopaths and Narcissists
Home | Articles | Reading List |Contact |Links
Psychological and Biological theories of

criminal conduct
By Darragh Scully
The Acid Bath Killer
Former Powell aide
says Bush, Cheney
guilty of 'high crimes'
Suppressing critics of
Israel: The campaign
against Norman
Finkelstein
Parting Shot: Blair Jails
Two to Shield
"Madman" Bush
No Conscience = No
Shame
How psychopaths
party! Sony's depraved
promotion stunt creates
uproar
Psychopathic Morals
And The
Fantasmagorical War
On Terror
Into the mind of the
psychopath: Girls 'just
felt right' murdering
friend
Psychopathy in Action:
A Grisly Problem,
"Grateful" Dead Iraqis
and a Grim Outlook
Psychopath Training!
Women laughed as
they forced toddlers to
take part in 'dog fight'
Psychopathic Georgia
Dad Gets 5 Years for
Poisoning Soup
The elements of criminal behavior are by no means a simple

equation. A small percentage of crime is attributed to abnormality or
genetics. Criminal activity can be explained in terms of the learning
of societal norms were an individual has mistaken or been influenced
to develop a way of living that is not compatible with the laws of a
given society, therefore a conflict is created that may lead to a
criminal confrontation.
Another aspect though is that small percentages of a given societies
people will suffer from abnormalities or mental infirmities that are
actually the predominant cause of an individuals criminal conduct.
This is exasperated by the social phenomena of stereotyping,
prejudice and racism that heavily contribute to social injustice
(Mcknight & Sutton ch, 5 1994). Seen in the light of frustration
(Bartol, 1999, p. 124) and escalation(Bartol, 1999, p. 197)
theories it can be seen that biological explanations of behavior are
far too limited in that it is next to impossible for a person to change
there genetic structures.
Conflict between in-groups and out-groups of society has been
shown to be highly dependant on attitudes that are prejudiced
(McKnight and Sutton 1999, p. 232). Prejudices were intolerance
towards out-group members causes frustration and leads to
frustration induced criminality. The conflict is then two sided.
In-group members incite out-group members and out-group
members who are provoked exert some form of response. Following
the response the in-group members perceive the response as
provocation(Bartol 1999, p. 197), and thus is the vicious circle
created were the disadvantaged or abnormal individuals find
themselves in conflict with the law more often than ingroupers.
Therefore normal criminals and abnormal criminals are better
accounted for their behavior by both biological and psychological
theory though the more comprehensive theory is psychological as
this takes into account biological factors as well as environment, the
individual, cognitive processes and social and group processes.
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
2 of 8
Psychopathic New
Zealand-raised man
jailed for torturing son
Kurt Vonnegut on
Psychopaths and the
Pathocracy (Interview)
Psychopath in Action:
Cheney Reasserts
al-Qaida-Saddam Link
Fabrication
Hallelujah! Gay Priest
Says God Sounds Like
a Psychopath and
Cruci-fiction is Insane
Faced With Facts,
Psychopath McCain
Denies His Own
Straight Talk
Psychopath: Mich. Mom
Caught in Sex Sting Offered 7 yr old
daughter for sex
Another psychopath:
Soldier pleads to role in
rape, murders
Young Psychopaths:
Teenagers committed
37 murders in
Khabarovsk Territory
last year
British research
suggests 50% of
business managers
could be psychopaths
Psychopath Alan
Dershowitz Bares Fangs
on Finkelstein
Psychopathy Exposed:
a literary liar and her
phoney love
Psychopathic Pastor
Steals from Church
Then Tries to Cash in
with Book
Surviving the office
psychopath
Hannibal Lecter: An
oddly appealing
psychopath
Long-Dead Psychopath
a Tourist Attraction
Psychopath Alan
Dershowitz seeks to
grill Jimmy Carter on
To explain these concepts of criminal behavior theories from

biological, learning and social cognition are outlined and evidence is
presented that shows why more than just biological determinants of
criminal behavior are important.
Lombrusos work is a biological theory, which he believed accounted
for why criminals committed crimes. Bartol (1999) in unison with the
contemporary views makes the statement that Lombrusos work did
not fully account for criminal behavior. One major critic is that
Lombrusos theory is prejudiced against people perceived as
different by dominant groups of society. Social cognition and more
specifically stereotyping and prejudice theories claim that many
injustices occur from stereotyping as it leads to negative
categorization of people into out-groups, McKnight and Sutton refer
to this as the outgroup homogeneity effect(McKnight and Sutton,
1994, p 232). Bartol (1999) points out that despite the
methodological flaws and ethical shortcomings, a connection
between genetics and crime has paved the way for more realistic
research.
Turvey (2000) states a common view of Lombrusos work that it is
concerned with natural progress and degeneration of mankind and is
thus similar to Darwinism. Lombruso claimed that criminals were
degenerative to the point of being similar to early mankind. He
coined the term Homo delinquens(Bartol 1999, p 49); criminals
are set apart from homo sapiens whom are believed to be
non-criminal. Homo delinquen is further categorized into born
criminal, insane criminal and criminaloid (Bartol 1999). Although this
theory has some scientific merit as a genetic theory it is
unrepresentative of human nature perspectives and scientific
perspectives that more thoroughly account for criminal behavior
(Bartol, 1999, p 51)
Sheldon is responsible for relating temperament to physique (web
page reference here). The major proportion of his work was
centered on 3 main physiques (Bartol 1999, p. 51). These are the
ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph. The mesomorph emerged
as the predominant physique in criminal behavior. Characterized as
muscular the mesomorph criminal behavior correlated with high
levels of physical activity and less cautious behavior choices. Bartol
(1999) concludes though that the research in this area is substantial
proof of the biological link to criminal behavior however it is not
representative of human behavior in terms of observable behavior.
Moving on now to another biological theory, which is less concerned
to physique and more concerned with neurobiology.
Eysnec developed a biological/ psychological theory though the
theory itself has a heavy neurobiological component (Bartol, 2000).
Certain neurobiological factors are described in the theory such as a
relationship between the reticular activating system(Bartol 1999,
p. 65) and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)
(Bartol, 1999, p. 67). Eysnec proposed the extraversion introversion
scale and stable-neurotic scale as a reflection of specific differences
in neurobiological structures (Bartol, 1999). A brief summary of
Eysnec theory will now follow.
The Extraversion introversion scale is dependant on either low or
high cortical arousal (Bartol, 1999). The extravert has low cortical
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
3 of 8
Israel book
The Psychopath's Truth
Psychopaths' brains
'different'
Johnathan murderer a
psychopathic volcano,
sentencing hearing told
'Borderline psychopath'
joins brother on
long-term offender list
A Lesson In Essential
Psychopathy
Study in Psychopathy:
Detectives 'spent
decades as killers for
the Mafia', court is told
Abortion, Psychopaths
and Mother Love
Madonna the Narcissist
Police: Man Killed Boy
For Walking Across
Yard
Ohio Priest to Be Tried
for Nun's Slaying
Psychopath Ira Einhorn
has a blog, through
friend
Two Psychopathic Old
Ladies - Killers
Scandal Rocks Human
Tissue Industry
Animal Cruelty in
Britain on the Rise
Police Say Serial Forger
Scammed $250,000
Police: Couple Offered
Hit Man $100 To Kill
Grandkids
Doctor testifies Stephen
Stanko is psychopath
Is Your Boss a
Psychopath?
Police: Teen given to
older man for sex
Murderer to families:
Get over it
Ritter's one-man show
is over. Prison awaits
Boy, 17, charged with
11 rapes in Montreal
Inside The Minds Of
Psychopaths
arousal and seeks stimulation well above average levels. The

introvert has amplified(Bartol, 1999, p. 64) cortical arousal and
prefers low levels of stimulation. Extraversion is associated with risk
taking behaviors, which is then linked to criminal behavior. Eysnec
proposes that Offenders seek out exciting activities rather than
environmental or social influence factors acting on the offender.
Thus for Eysnec, individual factors of neurobiology are the
predominant determinant of criminal behavior in terms of crimes
associated to high levels of arousal however moving on Eysnec also
proposed criminal behavior relates to Neuroticism.
Another aspect of Eysnec theory is the Neuroticism/ emotionality
scale (Bartol, 1999, p. 67). This relates to the adverse response to
stress. Those suffering from emotionality tend to also be narcissistic
and unable to return to a stable condition once set off (Bartol, 1999
p. 66). A stable condition may be described as cool calm and
collective. Neurotic behavior is also associated to phobias and
obsessions. Eysnec states that the neurobiological factor which
accounts for this condition is a sensitive limbic system (Bartol,
1999, p. 67) and over regulated sympathetic nervous system
(Bartol, 1999, p. 67) No doubt the Eysnec theory is heavily
dependant on evidence from the field of neurobiology which is
considered to be good medical law it is not the be all and end all of
the problem of criminal behavior.
Eysnec preferred to explain psychological aspects of crime with
reference to Pavloninan conditioning (Bartol, 1999, p. 69). The
premise was that good behavior is classically conditioned in early
states of human development, and subsequently a conditioned
reflex (Bartol, 1999, p. 71) for good behavior will develop. In terms
of criminal tendencies Eysnec suggested that a child would be
unable to associate punishment to misbehavior. Eysnec then
suggested that this is due to biological or social causes.
One aspect of Eysnec theory is the narrow view that biological
factors predetermine criminal behavior and the treatment of criminal
behavior is going to be limited in the approaches to treat it(Bartol,
1999) as it is virtually impossible to change the anatomy of a
persons brain though many neurological problems can be kept
under controls with many modern medicines. As an example
attention deficit disorder/attention defecit hyperactive disorder is
brought under control for 70-90% of Dr. Greens patients with
administration of a stimulation medicine such as dex-amphetamine
(Green & Chee, 1994, p, 140).
Biological theories do not account for the success of applied
psychological theories as will be demonstrated however biological
theories rather put emphasis on cruel and inhumane ways for
dealing with criminal behavior. Research by Gudjonsson &
Drinkwater (1986) has accounted for Professionals in the clinical
area of aggression and presented evidence of the preferred
treatments for criminal behavior problems in the perspective of
those who are accountable for the job of dealing with criminal
behavioral problems.
The professionals in the experiment included 15 psychologists, 10
nurses, 4 probation officers/social workers and 5 unspecified
participants. The professionals were presented with two tasks
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
4 of 8
Psychos Need a Little

Sympathy
Motive still a question
in Peterson case
Scott Peterson's sister
speaks out
The Depressive and the
PsychopathAt last we
know why the
Columbine killers did it.
Ten Ways To Tell If
Someone Is Lying To
You
Liars 'too self aware to
twitch'
Rehab sought for
psychopath
Criminal psychopathy a
biological dysfunction
Lethal allure of 'ghost
riding the whip' craze
Facing jail, 'dying
millionairess' who
cheated her lovers out
of 100,000
WHAT EVIL LIES
WITHIN?
Psychopaths hard to
nab
Psychopaths Among Us
Beware the sociopath No heart, no
conscience, no remorse
Snakes in Suits - when
psychopaths go to
work!
Kurt Vonnegut vs. the
!&#*!@
Psychopath Cheney
urges exception to
torture ban for CIA
Psychologist adds
scientific insight to
loaded label of
psychopath
Inside the Psychopath
Scientists search for
the seat of evil
Psychopath's Find
Faces a Mystery
Functional Families,
Dysfunctional Brains
(Gudjonsson & Drinkwater, 1986, p. 45). Firstly the professionals

answered a questionnaire regarding traditional and psychological
interventions for aggressive patients over the duration of related
experience. Secondly there was a case study of a schizophrenic
patient who suffered from severe violent outbursts. The case study
included his behavior, and the course of treatment that he received
and the outcome of the treatment.
The results of the study showed a significant indication of
Professionals to favor psychological treatments for violent patients
(Gudjonsson & Drinkwater, 1986, p. 45). The traditional methods
are Seclusion, Physical Restraint and Sedation and scored very low
altogether. The preferred psychological techniques that are outlined
by Bernstein (cited in (Gudjonsson & Drinkwater, 1986, p. 40) are
Anxiety management techniques, Time out from positive
reinforcement, Extinction and Differential Reinforcement.
A short description of the preferred treatments is as follows. Anxiety
management techniques were maladaptive behavior can be modified
by developing incompatible responses to the stimuli provoking the
behavior (Gudjonsson & Drinkwater, 1986). They included relaxation
and hypnotic arousal reduction. Gudjonsson notes that this form of
therapy is not a form of behavioral modification itself but rather a
release after an anxiety attack or violent outburst. Time out from
positive reinforcement in isolation in a non- reinforcing environment
to deny positive reinforcement of behavior. Patients are aware of the
treatment process and the treatment is only a matter of minutes.
The critic of timeout is believed to be that it lacks a replacement
behavior. Differential reinforcement is rewards for appropriate
behavior that are present as a form of positive reinforcement. One
model was the token economy system. Behavior modification
theories have advanced to include other techniques though the
token economy is still regarded as a successful part of treatment.
Behavior modification theory states that behavior that is learned
can also be unlearned through conditioning (Weiten, 1995). This
brings forward an important point in that the biological stimulus such
as sexual arousal are often paired with conditioned stimuli and
response as sometimes is the case with pedophiles and sexual
arousal (Bartol, 1999, p 313). The problem key then to behavior is
that it can be leaned but it can also be replaced with more
appropriate responses.
The Gudjonsson & Drinkwater study (1986) concludes that although
the serious biological criminal conditions such as the schizophrenic
patient in the case study will not benefit from Psychological
treatment the study indicated that the popularity of psychological
preferences in treatment reflected a high success rate in the
majority of patients. Further more the treatments reflect an eclectic
approach to a complicated problem as they incorporate
environmental and cognitive aspects of many of the psychological
theories, which will now be outlined.
Behaviorism is defined as a perspective that focuses on observable
measurable behavior and argues that the social environment and
learning are the key determinants of human behaviour(Bartol p.
408, 1999). Bartol (1999) would say that Watsonian behaviorism
was determined for the acquisition of the knowledge, comprehension
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
5 of 8
Seeing Evil
USC Study Finds Faulty
Wiring In Psychopaths
Ten minute test could
spot killers
What is narcissistic
personality disorder?
Brain Differences In
Adolescents,
Psychopaths
Mind of a Murderer
Second Thoughts About
'Bring 'em On'
Bush Says He Can't
Think of Any Mistakes
Prominent DC Shrink
Diagnoses Bush to be a
Paranoid, Sadistic
Meglomaniac
Bush's POW Porn
Bush isn't a moron,
he's a cunning
sociopath
Beyond Therapy: Some
Evil Can't Be Cured
Bush is an Idiot . . .
Right?
Bush's "Christian"
Blood Cult: Concerns
Raised by the Vatican
The Madness of George
W. Bush
Predators, Psychology
Today
Psychopathic C.E.O.s,
NY Times
Death, Be Not Proud George W. Bush The
Executioner
and development of human behavior, achieved through the science

of psychology. Watson took Pavlovs conditioning theory and
advanced upon it. Watsons hypothesis was that the environmental
stimuli are precursory to behavior. Skinner had a similar scientific
approach hypothesizing that independent & dependant variables
allow observation of controllable behavior. Bartol (1999) claims that
the advantage of skinners concept was that the results could be
seen openly. Skinner and behaviorism is deficient of cognitive
aspects of behavior noting that Skinner was concerned with the
environment as the sole cause of behavior. Environmental stimuli
are observable and therefore have scientific value as opposed to
internal thought mechanisms, which are less conveniently observed.
Skinner also adopted a human nature perspective(Bartol, 1999, p.
115) in that he casts attributions of Darwinism to imply that
mankind is alike to the animal kingdom. To his merit, the
subsequent research on human behavior uncovered vital clues to
behavior that have been successfully applied to aspects of human
behavior (Bartol, 1999), for example social learning theory
incorporates many aspects of conditioning theory which was a result
in part of Skinners human nature perspective.
Bartol (1999) describes skinners theory as follows. Through a
process of situationism and reductionism (Bartol p. 116, 1999)
Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning. Behavior
(Bartol, 1999, p. 117) according to Skinner was ultimately at the
hands of a given situation and environment, which is very complex,
however once broken down to the simplest stimulus response
chains of behavior (Bartol, 1999, p. 117) the observable
determinants of behavior can readily be seen and accounted for.
Skinner determined that the individual is capable of operating on his
given environment. The relationship is illustrated through both
behavior and consequences, people do things solely to receive
rewards and avoid punishment (BARTOL, 1999, p. 117) Positive
reinforcement is a reward for behaving, negative reinforcement is
avoiding a punishment through avoidance behavior. Extinction is
where neither reinforcement nor punishment is present, the premise
is that the behavior is not stimulated at all and the memory trace
becomes weakened and eventually forgotten. Criminal behavior is
behavior that is reinforced or punished and would not be present if
the principle of extinction is relied upon. People however display a
large degree of self-control that is internal to each individual i.e.:
cognitive factors not yet accounted for.
Bartol (1999) states that Social learning is based on the previously
mentioned learning theories however social learning theory suggests
that behavior that is learned can also be changed the same way it
was learned (see Bartol p.119, 1999). People have social cognitive
processes that interact with the environment. Bartol (1999) assigns
the principle that social learning theory is the cognitive and
environmental stimuli that is conductive of social learning.
The time between the stimulus perception and stimulus response is
an important feature of learning that is not accounted for in previous
learning theories, as it is a cognitive aspect. A good example of a
cognitive process applicable to stimulus perception and stimulus
response is the encoding specificity hypothesis/principle(Thulving
& Thompson, 1973). People see and hear and those things are
encoded into memory. This is a cognitive process as it is solely
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
6 of 8
internal to the individual. In order to respond the person must first

encode it to memory or learn it. The encoding specificity principle
states that a person can only recall what is encoded. Strong memory
is dependant on the strength of the storage procedure during
encoding. What is stored is dependant on the value of the
information stored. In social learning theory learning is acquired by
seeing and hearing the way other people behave and once the
behavior is learned principles of operant conditioning explain the
maintenance or extinction of the behavior(Bartol, 2000). Although
the social learning theories and the encoding specificity principle and
hypothesis are independent of each other, they can help to explain
the important aspect of social learning theory. The cognitive aspects
as the encoding specificity principle are one example of a cognitive
process and social learning theory simply attempts to account for
such processes in the learning of behavior. Furthering the theory of
social learning Albert Bandura and the theory of observational
learning.
Bandura hypothesis that people learn from the examples of other
people, hence the term observational learning. The important aspect
of Bandura's theory is based on the degree to which a model can
influence an observer. Bartol (1999) states that the actions of a
model are more relevant as a determinant of imitational aspects
than the spoken messages.
Bandura, Ross & Ross (1995), demonstrated the relationship

between imitational learning and vicarious reinforcement. The theme
of the study was aggressive behavior and TV viewing habits of
children. A group of 80 boys and girls evenly matched were exposed
to one of four treatments and then observed in a playroom. Toys for
aggressive and non-aggressive games were made available. The TV
cartoon consists of two characters Rocky and John. The first
condition is an Aggressive model/model reward condition. Rocky
attacks John, once finished Rocky starts to play and enjoys milk and
cookies. In the second condition John counter aggresses Rocky who
is left beaten, this is the aggressive model/punished condition.
Finally Rocky and John play only, this is the non-aggressive
model/control. The fourth condition consists of children not watching
TV and this is the no model control group.
As predicted by Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) Aggressive behavior
is significantly modeled more intensely were reinforcement is
present. Further more positive reinforcement of aggression provoked
substantially more aggression than negative reinforcement. On an
aggression scale of 0-16 the scores were 15, 8, 7, and 5
respectively, where a score of 16 is the most intense level of
aggression possible. The mean scores of condition group 1 and 2
differs by 43.75%, that is, positive reinforcement caused 43.75%
greater aggression levels that negative reinforcement. The
significance of which is that concern about aggressive behavior on
childrens TV is not unjustified in terms of possible responses to
viewing. The mean scores between group 1 and 4 show a 62.5%
difference between intensity of aggression. This evidence speaks for
its self as it is probative of a causal link between aggression and
crimes of violence as a result of being exposed to behavior that is
imitated and is subsequently in conflict with the laws of society,
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
7 of 8
although there is more to it. Bandura had begun the transition into
cognitive variables of behavior. The next piece of evidence is
regarding cognitive scripts.
Rowell Huesmann (cited in Bartol 1999) cognitive scripts model
relies on the grouping of behavior into categories based on
responses, and environment conditions that establish outcomes. The
outcomes are forecasted on the readily available cognitive script.
Scripting is begun early in development and is resistant to change
(Bartol, 1999, p 185). Scripts are encoded and maintained in
memory. Frequency aspects of problems call for maintenance of the
script for the particular problem, the greater the frequency of the
problem the greater the degree of script maintainance and
adaptation. Definition of scripts that become established is
dependant on the extent of appropriateness ascertained from
responses gained from using the script. For scripts to be strongly
encoded they must find consistency with and individuals
internalized standards (Bartol, 1999, 185).
For example when a child becomes hungry he asks his mother for
food he learns that he has to ask politely and due to the frequency
of hunger he has to regularly maintain his learned politeness. In
many cases the parent rewards politeness with extra helpings or the
promise of desert or some other reward. Most children become
accustomed to the norm that being polite is appropriate and that
courtesy also pays. So the scripts that develop are also related to
social norms. When this behavior develops further the principle that
it needs to find consistency with already developed norms is
important. If courtesy does not pay in other social conditions the
child will have to choose to disobey the rule that courtesy pays or
risk standing out. This may lead to frustration(Bartol, 1999, p 179)
and escalation in terms of provocation(Bartol, 1999, p. 197).
In imitational learning, behavior is observed and imitated and is
maintained depending on the extent of re-enforcment that occurs.
When aggression is observed Bandura hypothesized that it may
sometimes lead to a swing in the norm of aggression as
unacceptable to being acceptable. (McKnight and Sutton, 1994, p.
321). Furthermore Bandura secured the premise that behavior that
is learned can also be relearned with more appropriate responses
however Heuson (cited in Bartol. 1999, p 185) has contended that
cognitive scripts are resistant to change and they are subject to
observational learning and reinforcement theory. Therefore the age
at which a given behavior is learned is dependant on the rewards it
brings when it is imitated and the length of time it is maintained
before it is the center of some form of criminal confrontation. The
serious problem is that the behavior that is causing the criminal
confrontation will be more resistant to change the longer it went
undetected, reinforced and maintained therefore this behavior will
be more resistant to being replaced with a more appropriate
behavior. In theory the better a young person is raised with good
models of social norms for a given society the less likely the
individual is going to adapt antisocial behavior as cognitive scripts
that are subject to observational learning and are resistant to
change.
The degree to which criminal behavior is controllable and correctable
is determined by many interconnected factors none of which alone
2/24/2016 10:11 AM
8 of 8
can explain crime as such. The eclectic approach of Psychological

learning theories and the subsequent developments are more
comprehensive the assumptions biological theories that are far too
simple and do not account for all areas of individual and social
behavior. To discount the knowledge of the biological theories is not
the aim of this paper but rather to emphasize its value on a
complicated issue that demands attention to detail and a broad
minded approach that is willing to account for human behavior at all
levels and not just point the finger at the disadvantaged or deprived
members of society.
References
Arraj, T. & Arraj, J., (1998) Tracking the elusive Human volume 1
[book available online], http://www.innerexplorations.com/Psytext
/the2htm
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S.A. (1995) Vicarious reinforcement
and imitative learning. In Weiten, W. Psychology: Themes and
Variations. USA: Brooks/Cole.
Bartol, C. R. (1999) Criminal Behaviour: a psychosocial approach.
USA: Prentice Hall.
Green, C. DR., Chee, K. DR., (1997) Understanding ADHD. Australia:
Transwood Publishers Pty Ltd.
Gudjonsson, G. H. & Drinkwater, J. (1986) Intervention Techniques
for violent behaviour. In C. Hollin & K. Howells (Eds.), Issues in
Criminological and Legal
Psychology (no. 9. p. 37-47)
England: the Brittis Psycholocical Society.
McKnight, J. & Sutton, J. (1994) Social Psychology. Australia:
Prentice Hall.
Tulving, E., & Thompson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and
retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review
processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-273).
Turvey, B. E., (1999) An introdiction to Behavioural Evidence
Analysis. USA: Academic Press.
Weiten, W. (1995) Psychology: Themes and Variations. USA:
Brooks/Cole.
2/24/2016 10:11 AM

Psychological and Biological Theories of Criminal Conduct

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Psychological and Biological Theories of Criminal Conduct

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Psychological and Biological theories of criminal conduct

Online Resource for Victims of

Home | Articles | Reading List |Contact |Links