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Downloading link:
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/31618249/Irrigation/CWR_LEC23.pdf
It includes;
evapotranspiration,
water used by crops for metabolic growth,
water lost during conveyance and application of water and
water required for special operations such as land preparation, tillage
and salt leaching etc.
Approximate daily water use and total growing season water use in
millimetres (mm) for some commonly grown crops in Alberta
Source: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/%24department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex12726
Conveyance Losses:
Losses:
These losses take place from diversion structure (barrage) to the field
(outlet).
Major loss of water in an irrigation channel is due to absorption, seepage or
percolation and evaporation.
In an earthen channels losses due to seepage are much more than the
losses due to evaporation.
In Pakistan the following formula can be used for obtaining the conveyance
losses in earthen channels
K= 5.0Q0.625
K= absorption loss per million square feet of wetted perimeter
Q= Discharge in channel (cusecs).
According to Lacey
QA=0.0133 L Q0.5625
Where
Ground Water Contribution for Crop Use (GW)
Soil Water Contribution for Crop Use (SW)
Where:
SW = soil water contribution in cm
Msi = moisture content at the time of sowing in the ith layer, %
Mhi = moisture content at the time of harvesting in the ith layer, %
Asi = Apparent specific gravity of soil (The specific gravity of a porous solid
when the volume used in the calculations is considered to exclude the
permeable voids)
Di = depth of ith layer of the root zone soil, cm
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DEFINITIONS
a) Evaporation: The process by which water is changed from the liquid or
solid state into the gaseous state through the transfer of heat energy.
It is usually estimated
to record the peak period consumptive use rates to formulate
the cropping pattern and
to decide the water supply from sources during different periods
of cropping.
Kharif Season
(April to September):
Crop
Consumptive
Use (cm)
Cotton
25-40
Maize
45
Rice
125-150
Sugar Cane
90
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EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
Evapotranspiration:
Evapotranspiration:
It is defined as the water transpired by crop plants and the water
evaporated from the soil in the crop field and intercepted
precipitation by areal parts of plants in any specified time period
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15
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Climatic factors:
factors:
Precipitation,
Precipitation with greater frequency and amount of rainfall, ET
becomes higher.
Solar radiations,
radiations it supplies energy for ET processes. With increasing
day length or solar radiation, ET becomes more.
Temperature,
Temperature Temperature of plant and soil rises because of more
amount of solar radiation received from the sun and consequently
increases ET.
Wind speed, ET from soil surface and plants occurs at a higher rate
on a windy day. The moist air in the immediate vicinity of a moist soil
or leaf surface is swept away by wind and the dry air occupies the
space.
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Growing season:
season:
Length of growing season and the actual date of sowing and
maturing are important factors. The growing season of a crop
coinciding with the hotter part of the year is expected to increase ET.
Crops grown in different seasons have different ET.
Crop characteristics:
characteristics:
Growth habit, canopy development, leaf area index, plant density,
duration and time of year when the growth is made, are important
consideration to study the effect of crop characteristics on ET.
Soil characteristics:
characteristics:
Hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity of soil affect ET.
Cultural Factors:
Factors:
Irrigation frequency, method of irrigation, depth of irrigation,
fertilizer application and mulching are the important cultural factors
affecting ET.
Mulching is covering of soil due to rotten vegetable matters
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CROP COEFFICIENT
Crop coefficient:
coefficient:
It is the ratio b/w the actual crop evapotranspiration to the
reference crop evapotranspiration.
Kc = ETc / ETo
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SOILSOIL-WATER (MOISTURE)
(MOISTURE) - PLANT RELATIONSHIP
of
soil
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Gravitational moisture:
moisture:
When the water falls over the ground, a part of it gets absorbed in
the root zone, and the rest flows downwards under the action of
gravity, and is called as gravitational moisture.
Field Capacity:
Capacity:
Immediately after the rain or irrigation water application, when all
the gravity water has drained down, a certain amount of water is
retained on the surface of soil grains by molecular attraction and by
loose chemical bonds (adsorption). This water cannot be drained
under the action of gravity and is called the field capacity.
The total field capacity water is not used by the crops. The plants
can extract water from the soil till the permanent wilting point is
reached.
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1. Capillary moisture:
moisture:
It is that moisture which is attached to the soil molecules by
surface tension against gravitational forces and which can be
extracted by crop through capillarity.
2. Hygroscopic moisture:
moisture:
It is that moisture which is attached to the soil molecules by
loose chemical bond and it is not available to the plants for
use (adsorption).
Available moisture:
moisture:
It is the difference in moisture content between field capacity
and permanent wilting point.
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WATER AVAILABILITY
Crop Period:
Period:
It is the time normally in days that a crop takes from the instance of its
sowing to harvesting.
Base period:
period:
It is the time between first watering of crops at the time of its sowing
and the last watering of crops before harvesting
Delta of crops:
crops:
Total depth of water required by the crop in unit area during base
period. In other words it is the total depth of water required for maturing
the crop.
Volume of water required by the crop = Delta x Area
or
Delta = Volume (acre(acre-ft) / Area (acres)
Duty of irrigation water:
water:
It is defined as the no. of hectares (acres) of land irrigated for full
growth of a given crop by supply of 1 m3/sec (1 ft3/sec) of water
continuously during the entire base period.
Total growing
period (days)
Crop
Total growing
period (days)
Alfalfa
100-365
Melon
120-160
Barley/Oats/
Wheat
Bean, green
120-150
Millet
105-140
75-90
Onion, green
70-95
dry
95-110
dry
150-210
Citrus
240-365
Pepper
120-210
Cotton
180-195
Rice
90-150
Grain/small
150-165
Sorghum
120-130
Lentil
150-170
Soybean
135-150
Maize, sweet
80-110
Squash
95-120
grain
125-180
Sunflower
125-130
WATER AVAILABILITY
Intensity of Irrigation:
Irrigation:
Percentage of culturable area irrigated during a base period or annually
Cropping Pattern:
Pattern:
It means how many crops and how much area for a crop is being
cultivated.
WATER AVAILABILITY
Water Allowance:
Allowance: is antonymous of duty. It is the discharge in cusec
required to irrigate 1000 Acres of an area and is expressed in cusec/1000
acres (or in cumec/100 ha) at outlet head, distributory head or main canal
head
Water Conveyance Efficiency:
Efficiency: It is the ratio of the water delivered to the
farmer by conveyance system to the water introduced into the canal at
source.
Gross Command Area (GCA):
(GCA): is the total amount of area which needs to be
irrigated. It also includes the area which cannot be cultivated e.g., villages,
roads, utility etc.
Culturable Command Area (CCA):
(CCA): is the effective area which is culturable
or the area that is cultivated out of gross command area.
NonNon-Culturable Command Area (NCCA):
(NCCA): It is the area which is not
cultivated.
CCA=GCA NonNon-Culturable Command Area
PROBLEM
Find out the capacity of the reservoir if its culturable area is 65000 ha, from
the following data
B=BASE PERIOD
D=DUTY
THANK YOU