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1.0 OBJECTIVES
:
Name
ID
19076
19054
19155
19310
18857
Mole fraction
ethanol
0
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.32
0.42
0.55
0.64
0.74
0.85
1
4.0 RESULTS
Mole fraction of
water
1
0.97
0.93
0.88
0.83
0.76
0.68
0.58
0.45
0.36
0.26
0.15
0
Refractive
index
1.33299
1.34119
1.34302
1.34947
1.35488
1.35838
1.36125
1.36295
1.36364
1.36358
1.36359
1.36154
1.35978
Bottom
Distillate
Number
Mole
of
Refract.
Mole
Refract.
fractio
stages
Index
fraction
Index
n
1.35471
0.18
1.36151
0.3
1
1.35545
0.22
1.35797
0.26
1
1.35772
0.26
1.36196
0.34
1
1.3551
0.2
1.36203
0.35
1
1.35489
0.18
1.36196
0.3
1
Table 1: Results of HETP values for different heater power.
HETP
(mm)
1120
1120
1120
1120
1120
100 % He ate r Powe r Equilibrium Diagram for Ethanol Wate r Syste m at 1 atm
01
Xb
Xd
Figure 1.1 shows 100 % Heater Power Equilibrium Diagram for Ethanol
Water System at 1 atm
01
Xb
Xd
01
Xb
Xd
01
Xb
Xd
01
Xb
Xd
Figure 1.6 shows the relationship between HETP and Heater Power
Distillate
Time
(min)
Refract.
Index
Mole
fraction
Bottom product
Flow
rate(mL/
min)
Refract.
Index
Numb HET
er of
P
stage (m
s
m)
Mole
fractio
n
1
1.36194
0.37
71.4286
1.35607
0.26
1
10
1.36182
0.35
30
1.36212
0.3
20
1.36172
0.33
12.5
1.36106
0.28
30
1.35975
0.31
0.1799
1.36161
025
40
1.35993
0.28
0.1798
1.35984
0.26
50
1.36119
0.32
0.1792
1.35999
0.28
1
1
1
1
1
60
1.36231
0.36
0.1678
1.36141
0.32
112
0
112
0
112
0
112
0
112
0
112
0
112
0
01
xd
Xb
01
xd
Xb
01
xd
Xb
01
xd
Xb
01
Xd
Xb
01
Xd
Xb
01
Xd
Xb
Distillate composition,
y
Bottom composition, x
0.37
0.26
10
0.35
0.27
20
0.33
0.29
30
0.33
0.3
40
0.34
0.31
50
0.35
0.31
60
0.36
0.32
1
y x
9.090
9
12.50
00
25.00
00
33.33
33
33.33
33
25.00
00
25.00
00
Graph of 1/ Xd - Xb vs Xb
Reboiler
volume (L)
15.0
13.65
Reboiler
composition
0.26
0.32
Distillate
volume (L)
1.35
Distillate
composition
0.36
5.1
DISCUSSION
7.0 APPENDIX
Table A.1: Sample Table for Refractive Index vs Composition Plot
Volume
of
ethanol
(mL)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
Volume
of water
(mL)
Mole fraction
ethanol
Mole
fraction of
water
Refractiv
e index
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.24
0.32
0.42
0.55
0.64
0.74
0.85
1
1
0.97
0.93
0.88
0.83
0.76
0.68
0.58
0.45
0.36
0.26
0.15
0
1.33299
1.34119
1.34302
1.34947
1.35488
1.35838
1.36125
1.36295
1.36364
1.36358
1.36359
1.36154
1.35978
Distillate
Bottom product
(min)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tem
p
74.6
76.4
75.8
75.5
75.6
75.6
75.6
Refract.
Index
1.36194
1.36182
1.36172
1.36161
1.35984
1.36119
1.36141
Mole
fraction
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.3
0.3
Flow
rate(mL/min)
71.4286
30
12.5
0.1799
0.1798
0.1792
0.1678
Tem
p
80
80.1
80.1
80.2
80.2
80.3
80.3
Refract.
Index
1.35607
1.36212
1.36106
1.35975
1.35993
1.35999
1.36231
Mole
fraction
0.26
0.3
0.28
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.28
Tem
p
74.6
76.4
75.8
75.5
75.6
75.6
75.6
Refract.
Index
1.36194
1.36182
1.36172
1.36161
1.35984
1.36119
1.36141
Distillate
Mole
fraction
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.3
0.3
Flow
rate(mL/min)
71.4286
30
12.5
0.1799
0.1798
0.1792
0.1678
Tem
p
80
80.1
80.1
80.2
80.2
80.3
80.3
Sample Calculations
1.1 Molar Volume
Ethanol
Specific gravity = 0.789
Molecular weight = 46.07 g/mol
Molar volume=
Molecular weight
Specific gravity of component i density of water
g
1
1L
(
(
=0.05839 L /mol
( 46.07
)
)
1 mol
0.789
1000 g )
Water
g
1L
(
=0.01802/mol
( 18.02
)
1 mol
1000 g )
Bottom product
Refract.
Mole
Index
fraction
1.35607
0.26
1.36212
0.3
1.36106
0.28
1.35975
0.25
1.35993
0.26
1.35999
0.26
1.36231
0.28
Moles of ethanol
Moles of Ethanol+ Moles of Water
Moles of water
Moles of Ethanol+ Moles of Water
Mole of component i=
Mole of ethanol=
Mole of water =
0.001 L
=0.0171mol
0.05839 L/mol
0.009 L
=0.4994 mol
0.01802 L/mol
0.0171
=0.33
0.0171+ 0.04994
HETP=
Height of column
Number of stages
The height of the column used for batch distillation in this experiment is 1120
mm. To get the number of stages, we apply McCabe Thiele method by assuming
constant molar flow rate. An x-y equilibrium curve of water-ethanol mixture and
the line with the equation of y=x are plotted. Then, draw a vertical line straight
up crossing the x-y equilibrium curve, starting from the top and bottom
composition. Finally, determine the number stages required.
The area under the graph is calculated using the formula of finding the area of a
trapezoid.
Graph of 1/ Xd - Xb vs Xb
[(
1
1
1
A= ( X bn X bn1)
n+
n1
2
xdxb
xdxb
) (
Time
Top
Composition,
Xd
Bottom
Composition,
xb
1/xd-xb
0.37
0.26
9.0909
0.108
10
0.35
0.27
12.5000
0.375
20
0.33
0.29
25.0000
0.292
30
0.33
0.3
33.3333
0.833
40
0.34
0.31
33.3333
0.5
50
0.35
0.31
25.0000
2.5
60
0.36
0.32
25.0000
Total
4.608
n0
x0
dx
n0
=
=ln
dn
n1
n1 n
x1 y x
dx
y x
x0
x1
exp
n0
n 1=
Where:
toinitial = time at initial condition,
t(final) = time at final condition,
xb (ethanol) = bottom composition (from the table at time t = 0) = 0.26
xd (ethanol)= top composition (from the table at time t = 0) = 0.37
n1 ( ethanol )
n1=0.666 L
X0 = 0.352
Percentage Error=
0.3520.432
=1.85
0.432