Page 1 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY

Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of
modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized
transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents.
As owner of the Ford Motor Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the
world. He is credited with "Fordism", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive
automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global
vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one
of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration.
Henry Ford's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business
innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in
major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged
for his family to
Henry Ford
(ca.1919)

History of Ford:
Ford was launched in a converted factory in 1902 with $31,000 in cash (approximately US $687 thousand, adjusted for
inflation) from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace Dodge, who would later found the Dodge Brothers
Motor Vehicle Company. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on
to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the
Great Depression. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous
family control for over 100 years.

During its early years, the company produced a range of vehicles designated, chronologically, from the Ford Model A
(1903) to the Model K and Model S (Ford's last right-hand steering model)[1] of 1907.[2] The K, Ford's first six-cylinder
model, was knows as "the gentleman's roadster" and "the silent cyclone", and sold for US$2800 (approximately
US$63.8 thousand, adjusted for inflation);[3] by contrast, around that time, the Enger 40 was priced at US$2000,[4] the
Colt Runabout US$1500,[5] the high-volume Oldsmobile Runabout[6] US$650, Western's Gale Model A US$500,[7] and
the Success hit the amazingly low US$250 (approximately US$5.7 thousand, adjusted for inflation).[8]

The next year, Henry Ford introduced the Model T. Earlier models were produced at a rate of only a few a day at a
rented factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, with groups of two or three men working on each car from
components made to order by other companies (what would come to be
called an "assembled car"). The first Model Ts were built at the Piquette
Road Manufacturing Plant, the first company-owned factory. In its first
full year of production, 1909, about 18,000 Model Ts were built. As
demand for the car grew, the company moved production to the much
larger Highland Park Plant, and in 1911, the first year of operation there,
69,762[9] Model Ts were produced, with 170,211 in 1912.[10] By 1913, the
company had developed all of the basic techniques of the assembly line
and mass production. Ford introduced the world's first moving assembly
line that year, which reduced chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV
Ford assembly line (1913)
Page 2 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
October to 2 hours 40 minutes (and ultimately 1 hour, 33 minutes),[11] and boosted annual output to 202,667 units that
year[12] After a Ford ad promised profit-sharing if sales hit 300,000 between August 1914 and August 1915,[13] sales in
1914 hit 308,162, and 501,462 in 1915;[14] by 1920, production would exceed one million a year.

These innovations were hard on employees, and turnover of workers was very high, while increased productivity actually
reduced labor demand.[15] Turnover meant delays and extra costs of training, and use of slow workers. In January 1914,
Ford solved the employee turnover problem by doubling pay to $5 a day, cutting shifts from nine hours to an eight hour
day for a 5 day work week (which also increased sales; a line worker could buy a T with less than four months' pay),[16]
and instituting hiring practices that identified the best workers, including disabled people considered unemployable by
other firms.[17] Employee turnover plunged, productivity soared, and with it, the cost per vehicle plummeted. Ford cut
prices again and again and invented the system of franchised dealers who were loyal to his brand name. Wall Street had
criticized Ford's generous labor practices when he began paying workers enough to buy the products they made.[18]
While Ford attained international status in 1904 with the founding of Ford of Canada, it was in 1911 the company began
to rapidly expand overseas, with the opening of assembly plants in England and France, followed by Denmark (1923),
Germany (1925), Austria (1925),[19] and Argentina (1925),[20] and also in South Africa (1924)[21] and Australia (1925) as
subsidiaries of Ford of Canada due to preferential tariff rules for Commonwealth countries. By the end of 1919, Ford was
producing 50 percent of all cars in the United States, and 40% of all British ones;[22] by 1920, half of all cars in the U.S.
were Model Ts. (The low price also killed the cyclecar in the U.S.)[23] The assembly line transformed the industry; soon,
companies without it risked bankruptcy. Of 200 U.S. car makers in 1920, only 17 were left in 1940.[24]

It also transformed technology. Henry Ford is reported to

have said, "Any customer can have a car painted any color
that he wants so long as it is black." Before the assembly line,
Ts had been available in a variety of colors, including red,
blue, and green, but not black. Now, paint had become a
production bottleneck; only Japan Black dried quickly
enough, and not until Duco lacquer appeared in 1926 would
other colors reappear on the T.[25]

In 1915, Henry Ford went on a peace mission to Europe

Ford 1916 Model T Field Ambulance. This canvas
aboard a ship, joining other pacifists in efforts to stop World War
on wood frame model was used extensively by the
I. This led to an increase in his personal popularity. Ford would
British & French as well as the American
subsequently
Expeditionary Force in World War I. Its top speed
was 45 mph (72 km/h), produced by a 4 cylinder
water cooled engine
go on to support the war effort with the Model T becoming the underpinnings for Allied military vehicles, like the Ford
3-Ton M1918 tank, and the 1916 ambulance.

• 1896: Henry Ford builds his first vehicle – the Quadracycle – on a buggy frame with 4 bicycle wheels.

• 1898: Ford creates the Detroit Automobile Company; two and a half years later it is dissolved.
• 1901: Ford wins high-profile car race in Grosse Pointe, Mi
• 1901: The Henry Ford Company is incorporated but discontinued the following year only to be reinvigorated by
Henry Leland as the Cadillac Motor Company

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Page 3 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
• 1903: Ford Motor Company incorporated with 11 original investors. The Model A "Fordmobile" is introduced -
1,708 cars are produced.
• 1904: Ford Motor Company of Canada incorporated in Walkerville, Ontario
• 1904: Henry Ford teams up with Harvey Firestone of Firestone Tires
• 1906: Ford becomes the top selling brand in the US, with 8,729 cars produced.
• 1908: Model T is introduced. 15 million are produced through 1927.
• 1909: Ford Motor Company (England) established, otherwise referred to as Ford of Britain
• 1911: Ford opens first factory outside North America – in Manchester, England.
• 1913: The moving assembly line is introduced at Highland Park assembly plant, making Model T production 8
times faster.
• 1913: Ford opens second world branch in Argentina as Ford Motor Argentina
• 1914: Ford introduces $5 ($106, adjusted for inflation) workday minimum wage – double the existing rate.
• 1918: Construction of the Rouge assembly complex begins.
• 1919: Edsel Ford succeeds Henry as Company President.
• 1921: Ford production exceeds 1 million cars per year, nearly 10 times more than Chevrolet - the next biggest
selling brand.
• 1922: Ford purchases Lincoln Motor Company for US $8 million ($102 million, adjusted for inflation).
• 1925: Ford introduces Ford Tri-Motor airplane for airline services
• 1926: Ford Australia is founded in Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
• 1927: Model T production ends, Ford introduces the next generation Model A, from the Rouge complex.
• 1929: Ford regains production crown, with annual production peaking at 1.5 million cars
• 1931: Ford and Chevy brands begin to alternate as U.S. production leaders, in battle for automobile sales during
the Great Depression.
• 1932: Ford introduces the one-piece cast V8 block. It makes the Model 18 the first low-priced V8-powered car.
• 1936: Lincoln-Zephyr is introduced.
• 1938: The German consul at Cleveland awards Henry Ford the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest
medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner. There is some evidence Ford had Nazi sympathies, at least
before World War II. He may have financed some Nazi activities, and was active in anti-semitic efforts.
• 1939: Mercury division is formed to fill the gap between economical Fords and luxury Lincolns. Operated as a
division at Ford until 1945
• 1941: The Lincoln Continental is introduced. Ford begins building general purpose "jeep" for the military. First
labor agreement with UAW-CIO covers North American employees.
• 1942: Production of civilian vehicles halted, diverting factory capacity to producing B-24 Liberator bombers,
tanks, and other products for the war effort.
• 1943: Edsel Ford dies of cancer at the age of 49, Henry Ford resumes presidency.
• 1945: Henry Ford II becomes president.
• 1945: Lincoln and Mercury are combined into a single division.
• 1946: Ford sues the allies for damages done to his factories in Dresden during the infamous bombing, and wins
compensation.
• 1946: The Whiz Kids, former US Army Air Force officers, are hired to revitalize the company. Automobile
production resumes.
• 1947: Henry Ford dies of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 83; Henry Ford II becomes new chairman.
• 1948: F-1 Truck introduced. Lincoln Continental is introduced.
• 1949: The '49 Ford introduces all-new post-war era cars. The "Woody" station wagon is introduced.
• 1953 Ford Canada Headquarters and Car Plant opens in Oakville, Ontario
• 1954: Thunderbird introduced as a personal luxury car with a V8. Ford begins crash testing, and opens Arizona
Proving Grounds.
• 1956: $10,000 ($79.3 thousand, adjusted for inflation) Lincoln Continental Mark II introduced. Ford goes public
with common stock shares. Ford's emphasis on safety with is Lifeguard option package, including seat belts and
dash padding, earns the company Motor Trend's "Car of the Year" award.[38]
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Page 4 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
• 1957: Ford launches the Edsel brand of automobiles in the fall of 1957 as 1958 models. Ford is top selling brand,
with 1.68 million automobiles produced.
• 1959: Ford Credit Corporation formed to provide automotive financing.
• 1959: Ford withdraws the 1960 model Edsels from the market in November 1959.
• 1960: Ford Galaxie and compact Ford Falcon introduced.
• 1960: Robert Mcnamara is appointed President of Ford by Chairman Henry Ford II.
• 1960: Ford President Robert McNamara appointed Secretary of Defense by President elect John F. Kennedy.
• 1964: Ford Mustang creates pony car segment, Ford GT40 challenges Ferrari and Porsche at LeMans.
• 1965: Ford brand US sales exceed 2 million units.
• 1965: Ford Galaxie 500 LTD debuts, advertised as quieter than a Rolls Royce
• 1966: Ford Bronco sport utility vehicle introduced.
• 1967: Ford of Europe is established.
• 1967: Ford opens Talbotville car plant in St. Thomas, Ontario
• 1968: Lincoln Mark Series is introduced as the company's first personal luxury car to compete with the Cadillac
Eldorado
• 1970: Ford establishes Asia Pacific operations.
• 1972: Retractable seat belts introduced.
• 1973: Ford US brand sales reaches an all time high of 2.35 million vehicles produced.
• 1974: Ford Mustang II debuts as a smaller more economical pony car.
• 1975: Ford Granada and Mercury Monarch introduced, Maverick continues
• 1979: Ford acquires 25% stake in Mazda.
• 1981: The Lincoln Town Car and Ford Escort are introduced.
• 1984: Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz are introduced.
• 1985: Merkur name launched based on several successful European vehicles.
• 1985: Ford Taurus introduced with dramatic "aero design" styling, along with Ford Aerostar minivan.
• 1987: Ford acquires Aston Martin Lagonda and Hertz Rent-a-Car.
• 1988: Ford Festiva, built in Korea by Kia is introduced.
• 1989: Ford acquires Jaguar. Mazda MX-5 Miata is unveiled.
• 1990: Ford Aerostar is Motor Trend's Truck Of The Year, while Lincoln Town Car is Motor Trend's Car Of The
Year.
• 1990: Merkur brand of automobiles production discontinued.
• 1991: Ford Explorer is introduced, turning the traditionally rural and recreational SUV into a popular family
vehicle.
• 1992: Ford Taurus becomes America's top selling car, displacing the Honda Accord.
• 1994: Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz are discontinued - replaced by Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique.
• 1994: Ford Aspire replaces Festiva, becoming the first car in its class to offer standard dual air bags and optional
4-wheel ABS.
• 1995: Ford's first front wheel drive V8 sedan is introduced, the 4.6L V8-powered Lincoln Continental.
• 1995: New front wheel drive Ford Windstar minivan is introduced. Aerostar remains in production. Redesigned
Ford Explorer released, now with standard safety features such as dual air bags, 4-wheel ABS as standard
equipment.
• 1996: Ford certifies all plants in 26 countries to ISO 9000 quality and ISO 14001 environmental standards. The
V12-powered Jaguar XJS is discontinued.
• 1996: Controversially redesigned "Ovoid" Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable are introduced. Exit of Chevrolet
Caprice leaves full size fleet market to Ford Crown Victoria.
• 1996: Ford increases investment stake in a troubled Mazda Corporation to a controlling interest of 33.4%.
• 1997: Full size 4-door SUV Ford Expedition introduced replace the Ford Bronco.Mercury Mountaineer
introduced. Redesigned Ford Escort and Mercury Tracer also introduced.
• 1997: Ford Aerostar production ends, along with Ford Probe, Ford Thunderbird, Mercury Cougar, Mazda MX-6,
and Ford Aspire, without immediate replacement.
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Page 5 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
• 1997: Sculpted redesign of Ford's top-selling F-150 pickup, overcomes controversy to set sales records.
• 1998: Lincoln Navigator creates domestic luxury SUV class. Mark VIII is in its final year, introduces HID-
headlamps.
• 1999: Ford acquires Volvo car division from Volvo. Bill Ford becomes Chairman of the Board, replacing Jacques
Nasser.
• 1999: A smaller sporty Mercury Cougar is reintroduced with front wheel drive.
• 1999: Jaguar Racing Formula One team is formed, with Jackie Stewart at the helm.
• 1999: Ford splits its full-sized pick-ups into two distinct models (the first to do so) with the introduction of the
Ford F-Series Super Duty (F-250 - F-550). Ford Excursion (based on Super Duty) is introduced, and has the
distinction of being the largest SUV sold anywhere.
• 2000: Ford purchases Land Rover brand from BMW. Lincoln LS and Jaguar S-Type are introduced, along with a
refreshed Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable. The Lincoln LS becomes the 2000 Motor Trend Car of the Year.
• 2001: Retro-styled Ford Thunderbird is introduced, based on the Lincoln LS/Jaguar S-Type DEW98 platform,
and is also named Motor Trend Car of the Year for 2002.
• 2002: Lincoln Continental is discontinued after a roughly fifty year run. Jaguar X-Type is introduced (first AWD
Jaguar).
• 2003: Ford Motor Company's 100th Anniversary. The Ford GT is released, along with limited Centennial
editions of some Ford vehicles.
• 2004: Jaguar Racing team sold to Red Bull GmbH. Ranger sales decline, losing the title as top-selling compact
pickup. The similar Mazda B-series pickup is withdrawn from the US market. The Ford Escape Hybrid, the first
gasoline-electric hybrid SUV, is introduced. Major redesign of the Ford F-150 and introduction of the Lincoln
Mark LT. Ford Freestar and Mercury Monterey minivans are introduced, replacing the Ford Windstar and
Mercury Villager.
• 2005: Ford Mustang redesigned with retro styling reminiscent of the 1960s models. The Ford Five Hundred,
Mercury Montego, and Ford Freestyle are introduced. Mercury Sable production ends, and Ford Taurus
production is limited to rental car, taxi, and other fleet sales.
• 2006: Ford Taurus ends production after a 20-year run. Ford Fusion, Mercury Milan, and Lincoln Zephyr
introduced. Ford announces major restructuring program The Way Forward, which includes plans to shut
unprofitable factories. Bill Ford steps down as CEO, remains as Executive Chairman. Alan Mulally elected
President and CEO. Ford Freestar and Mercury Monterey minivans are discontinued without replacement. Ford
mortgages all assets to raise $23.4 billion cash in secured credit lines, in order to finance product development
during restructuring through 2009.[37] According to J. D. Power and Associates quality surveys, the Ford Fusion is
rated higher in quality than its chief rivals, the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord.
• 2007: Ford reports losses of $12.7 billion for 2006. Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX introduced. The Lincoln Zephyr
is replaced with the Lincoln MKZ. A redesigned Ford Expedition (including the longer wheelbase "EL" version)
and Lincoln Navigator are introduced. Ford unveils the Ford Interceptor and Lincoln MKR concept cars, and a
pre-production Lincoln MKS is introduced. The Ford Five Hundred, Ford Freestyle and Mercury Montego
nameplates are dropped and replaced with the previously retired Ford Taurus, Ford Taurus X, and Mercury Sable
nameplates.[39]
• 2007: Ford sells Aston Martin to a British consortium led by Prodrive chairman David Richards,[40] and
announces plans to sell Jaguar and Land Rover.
• 2008: Ford sells Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors.

Corporate governance:
Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, known as the Glass
House.Members of the board as of early 2007 are: Chief Sir John Bond, Richard
Manoogian, Stephen Butler, Ellen Marram, Kimberly Casiano, Alan Mulally
Ford World Headquarters in
RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Dearborn, Michigan, known as
the Glass House.
Page 6 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
(President and CEO), Edsel Ford II, Homer Neal, William Clay Ford Jr., Jorma Ollila, Irvine Hockaday Jr., John L.
Thornton and William Clay Ford (Director Emeritus).[12]

The main corporate officers are: Lewis Booth (Executive Vice President, Chairman (PAG) and Ford of Europe), Mark
Fields (Executive Vice President, President of The Americas), Donat Leclair (Executive Vice President and CFO), Mark
A. Schulz (Executive Vice President, President of International Operations) and Michael E. Bannister (Group Vice
President; Chairman & CEO Ford Motor Credit).[12] Paul Mascarenas (Vice President of Engineering, The Americas
Product Development)

Recent company developments:

During the mid to late 1990s, Ford sold large numbers of vehicles, in a booming American economy with soaring stock
market and low fuel prices. With the dawn of the new century, legacy healthcare costs, higher fuel prices, and a faltering
economy led to falling market shares, declining sales, and sliding profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from
financing consumer automobile loans through Ford Motor Credit Company.[13]

By 2005, corporate bond rating agencies had downgraded the bonds of both Ford and GM to junk status,[14] citing high
U.S. health care costs for an aging workforce, soaring gasoline prices, eroding market share, and dependence on
declining SUV sales for revenues. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form
of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand.[15]

In the face of demand for higher fuel efficiency and falling sales of minivans, Ford moved to introduce a range of new
vehicles, including "Crossover SUVs" built on unibody car platforms, rather than more body-on-frame chassis. In
developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV, Ford licensed similar Toyota
hybrid technologies[16] to avoid patent infringements.[17] Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply
company Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle
energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a
demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact
with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings,"
according to Ford.[18][19]

In December 2006, the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion, placing substantially all corporate
assets as collateral to secure the line of credit.[20] Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option".[21] In
order to control its skyrocketing labor costs (the most expensive in the world), the company and the United Auto
Workers, representing approximately 46,000 hourly workers in North America, agreed to a historic contract settlement in
November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other
economic issues. The agreement includes the establishment of a company-funded, independently-run Voluntary
Employee Beneficiary Association (more commonly known as a VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care
from the company's books, thereby improving its balance sheet. However, this arrangement will not begin to take effect
until January 1, 2010. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the
company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories.

The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion,[22] and estimated that it
would not return to profitability until 2009.[23] However, Ford surprised Wall Street in the second quarter of 2007 by
posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains, the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss, largely attributed
to finance restructuring at Volvo.[24]

In June 2, 2008, Ford sold its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors for $2.3 billion.[25][26]

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Page 7 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
In January 2008, Ford launched a website listing the ten Built Ford Tough rules as well as a series of webisodes that
parodied the show COPS.

During November 2008, Ford, together with Chrysler and General Motors, sought financial aid at Congressional
hearings in Washington D.C. in the face of worsening conditions caused by the automotive industry crisis. The three
companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry.[27] The Detroit based automakers were
unsuccessful at obtaining assistance through Congressional legislation. GM and Chrysler later received assistance
through the Executive Branch from the T.A.R.P. funding provisions.[28] On December 19, the cost of credit default swaps
to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That
means it costs $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt, in addition to payments of $500,000 per year.[29] In
January 2009, Ford announced a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year, making 2008 its worst year in history. Still, the
company claimed to have sufficient liquidity to fund its business plans and thus, did not ask for government aid. Through
April 2009, Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges, erased $9.9 B in liabilities (28% of its total), in order to
leverage its cash position.[30] This resulted in a $2.3 B 2nd Quarterly profit for 2009.

"The Way Forward":

In the latter half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford asked newly-appointed Ford Americas Division President Mark Fields to
develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan, dubbed The Way Forward, at the
December 7, 2005 board meeting of the company; and it was unveiled to the public on January 23, 2006. "The Way
Forward" includes resizing the company to match current market realities, dropping some unprofitable and inefficient
models, consolidating production lines, and shutting fourteen factories and cutting 30,000 jobs.[31]

These cutbacks are consistent with Ford's roughly 25% decline in U.S. automotive market share since the mid-late 1990s.
Ford's target is to become profitable again in 2009, a year later than projected.[citation needed] Ford's realignment also includes
the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary, Hertz Rent-a-Car to a private equity group for $15 billion in cash and debt
acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22, 2005. A 50–50 joint venture with Mahindra and Mahindra Limited
of India, called Mahindra Ford India, Limited (MIFL), ended with Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the
company in 2005.[32] Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.[33]

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Ford also became President of the company in April 2006, with the retirement of
Jim Padilla. Five months later, in September, he stepped down as President and CEO, and naming Alan Mulally as his
successor. Bill Ford continues as Executive Chairman, along with an executive operating committee made up of Mulally,
Mark Schulz, Lewis Booth, Don Leclair, and Mark Fields.

Online:

The domain ford.com attracted at least 11 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey.

Brands and marques:

Today, Ford Motor Company manufactures automobiles under several names including Lincoln and Mercury in the
United States. In 1958, Ford introduced a new marque, the Edsel, but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. Later,
in 1985, the Merkur brand was introduced to market Fords from Europe in the United States; it met a similar fate in
1989.

Ford has major manufacturing operations in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina,
Australia, the People's Republic of China, and several other countries, including South Africa where, following

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV
Page 8 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
divestment during apartheid, it once again has a wholly owned subsidiary. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with
Russian automaker GAZ.

Ford acquired British sports car maker Aston Martin in 1989, but sold it on March 12, 2007,[34] retaining a small minority
stake,[35] and Volvo Cars of Sweden. In November 2008 it reduced its 33.4% Controlling interest in Mazda of Japan, to a
13.4% non-controlling interest.[36][37] It shares an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock, Michigan called Auto
Alliance with Mazda. It has spun off its parts division under the name Visteon.

Ford sold the United Kingdom-based Jaguar and Land Rover companies and brands to Tata Motors of India in March
2008.

Also in 2008, Ford Motor is in negotiations with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation to sell its Volvo cars
division.[38]

Ford's FoMoCo parts division sells aftermarket parts under the Motorcraft brand name.

Ford's non-manufacturing operations include organizations such as automotive finance operation Ford Motor Credit
Company. Ford also sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the nation, most notably Ford Center in
downtown Oklahoma City and Ford Field in downtown Detroit.

Overall the Ford Motor Company controls the following operational car marques: Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, and Volvo
Cars.

In 2008 the Lincoln-Mercury brand dropped on the American Customer Satisfaction Index list to 83, from 86 in 2007.

Global markets:

Initially, Ford Motor Company models sold outside the U.S. were essentially versions of those sold on the home market,
but later on, models specific to Europe were developed and sold. Attempts to globalize the model line have often failed,
with Europe's Ford Mondeo selling poorly in the United States as the Ford Contour, while U.S. models such as the Ford
Taurus have fared poorly in Japan and Australia, even when produced in right hand drive. The small European model
Ka, a hit in its home market, did not catch on in Japan, as it was not available as an automatic. The Mondeo was dropped
by Ford Australia, because the segment of the market in which it competes had been in steady decline, with buyers
preferring the larger local model, the Falcon. One recent exception is the European model of the Focus, which has sold
strongly on both sides of the Atlantic.

From 2003, Toyota outsold Ford Motor worldwide.[39] From the second quarter 2006, Toyota has passed Ford as the #2
automaker, by sales, in the United States.[40]

Ford is in partnership talks to license hybrid technology from the Toyota Motor Corporation in a deal that could help
establish Toyota's system as a standard for the industry.[41]

Europe:

At first, Ford in Germany and Ford in Britain built different models from one another until the late 1960s, with the Ford
Escort and then the Ford Capri being common to both companies. Later on, the Ford Taunus and Ford Cortina became
identical, produced in left hand drive and right hand drive respectively. Rationalization of model ranges meant that
production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe, including Belgium and Spain as well as

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Page 9 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
Germany. The Ford Sierra replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982, drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic
styling, which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship."

Increasingly, the Ford Motor Company has looked to Ford of Europe for its "world cars," such as the Mondeo, Focus,
and Fiesta, although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. In Asia, models from Europe
are not as competitively priced as Japanese-built rivals, nor are they perceived as reliable. The Focus has been one
exception to this, which has become America's best selling compact car since its launch in 2000.[citation needed]

In February 2002, Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been
made in Britain, although production of the Transit van continues at the company's Southampton facility, engines at
Bridgend and Dagenham, and transmissions at Halewood. Development of European Ford is broadly split between
Dunton in Essex (powertrain, Fiesta/Ka, and commercial vehicles) and Cologne (body, chassis, electrical, Focus,
Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the Thames range of commercial vehicles, although the use of this brand name
was discontinued circa 1965. Elsewhere in continental Europe, Ford assembles the Mondeo range in Genk (Belgium),
Fiesta in Valencia (Spain) and Cologne (Germany), Ka in Valencia, and Focus in Valencia, Saarlouis (Germany) and
Vsevolozhsk (Russia). Transit production is in Kocaeli (Turkey), Southampton (UK), and Transit Connect in Kocaeli.

Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. Ford-Otosan, established in the 1970s, manufactures the
Transit Connect compact panel van as well as the "Jumbo" and long wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new
production facility was set up near Kocaeli in 2002, and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk.

Another joint venture plant near Setúbal in Portugal, set up in collaboration with Volkswagen, formerly assembled the
Galaxy people-carrier as well as its sister ships, the VW Sharan and Seat Alhambra. With the introduction of the third
generation of the Galaxy, Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant, with Volkswagen
taking over sole ownership of the Setubal facility.

In 2008, Ford acquired a majority stake in Automobile Craiova, Romania. Starting 2009, Ford Transit Connect will be
Ford's first model produced in Craiova, followed, in 2010, by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car.[42]

Ford Europe has broken new ground with a number of relatively futuristic car launches over the last 50 years.

Its 1959 Anglia two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its
launch, but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It
was still selling well when replaced by the more practical Escort in 1967.

The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive
saloons to front-wheel drive hatchbacks in the small family car sector. It also offered levels of style, comfort and
refinement which were almost unmatched on comparable cars of this era.

The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000, although its successor – the Focus – had been on sale
since 1998. On its launch, the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale,
and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004.

The 1982 Ford Sierra – replacement for the long-running and massively popular Cortina and Taunus models – was a
style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy, sharp-edged
Cortina, and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively
fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Mondeo at the start of 1993.

The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the mini-car market in 1976 with its Fiesta
hatchback. Most of its production was concentrated at Valencia in Spain, and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the
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very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car
market.

Asia Pacific:
In Australia and New Zealand, the popular Ford Falcon has long been
considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the
Mondeo, Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972, the
Falcon was based on a U.S. madel of the same name, but since then has been
entirely designed and manufactured in Australia, occasionlly being
manufactured in New Zealand. Like its General Motors rival, the Holden
Commodore, the Falcon utilizes a rear wheel drive layout. High
performance variants of the Falcon running locally-built engines produce up
to 362 hp (270 kW). A ute (short for "utility," known in the US as pickup
truck) version is also available with the same range of drivetrains. In
addition, Ford Australia sells highly-tuned limited production Falcon sedans Ford dealership in Ho Chi Minh City,
and utes through its performance car division, Ford Performance Vehicles. Vietnam (August 2005)

In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other
cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight
months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent.[43] More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup – the
Fairlane and LTD ranges, and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013.
They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011.

However, with the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer Mazda in 1979, Ford began selling Mazda's Familia
and Capella (also known as the 323 and 626) as the Ford Laser and Telstar, replacing the European-sourced Escort and
Cortina.

In Australia, the Laser was one of Ford Australia's most successful models and was manufactured in Ford's Homebush
plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323, despite being almost identical to
it, due to the fact the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand.

In New Zealand, the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997, at the Vehicle
Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri, Auckland. The Sierra wagon was also assembled in New Zealand,
owing to the popularity of station wagons in that market.

Through its relationship with Mazda, Ford also acquired a stake in South Korean manufacturer Kia, which built the
(Mazda-based) Ford Festiva from 1988 to 1993, and the Ford Aspire from 1994 to 1997 for export to the United States,
but later sold their interest to Hyundai (which also manufactured the Ford Cortina until the 1980s). Kia continued to
market the Aspire as the Kia Avella, later replaced by the Rio and once again sold in the US.

Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller, confined to Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the
Philippines, and Taiwan, where Ford has had a joint venture with Lio Ho since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in
Thailand in 1960, but withdrew from the country in 1976, and did not return until 1995, when it formed a joint venture
with Mazda called Auto Alliance.[44]

Ford India began production in 1998 with its Ford Escort model, which was later replaced by locally produced Ford Ikon
in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line.

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South America

In South America, Ford has had to face protectionist government measures in each country, with the result that it built
different models in different countries, without particular regard to rationalization or economy of scale inherent to
producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases, new vehicles in a country were based on
those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with, or whose factories it had acquired. For
example, the Corcel and Del Rey in Brazil were originally based on Renault vehicles.

In 1987, Ford of Brasil and Ford of Argentina merged its operations with those of Volkswagen to form a company called
Autolatina, with which it shared models. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing, and Autolatina was dissolved
in 1995. With the advent of Mercosur, the regional common market, Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line-
ups in those countries. Consequently, the Ford Fiesta and Ford EcoSport are only built in Brazil, and the Ford Focus only
built in Argentina, with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the Ford
Mondeo from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the
Fiesta, the Courier, which is also produced in South Africa as the Ford Bantam in right hand drive versions.

Africa and Middle East

In Africa Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighboring countries, with only
trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled
at its Port Elizabeth facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia, with local versions of the Ford
Cortina including the XR6, with a 3.0 V6 engine, and a Cortina 'bakkie' or pick-up, which was exported to the UK. In the
mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company, owned by Anglo American, to form the South African Motor Corporation
(Samcor).

Following international condemnation of apartheid, Ford divested from South Africa in 1988, and sold its stake in
Samcor, although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble Mazdas as well, which
affected its product line-up, which saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the Mazda-based Laser
and Telstar. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in Samcor following the demise of apartheid in 1994, and this later became,
once again, a wholly owned subsidiary, the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan
version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico), and the Focus and Mondeo Europe. The Falcon model from
Australia was also sold in South Africa, but was dropped in 2003.

Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been even smaller, partly due to previous Arab boycotts of
companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region.[45] Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in Egypt in 1926, but faced an uphill
battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment.[46] Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia
announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100,000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November
1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were Ford Crown Victorias.[47] In 2004, Ford sold 30,000
units in the region, falling far short of General Motors' 88,852 units and Nissan Motors' 75,000 units.

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Environmental initiatives and alternative propulsion systems

Ford announced in late 2008 July that it will bring six of its more fuel-efficient European models to the U.S.[48]

Flexible fuel vehicles

See also: Flexible fuel vehicle

Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of
available ethanol fuel mixtures—from pure gasoline, to bioethanol-gasoline
blends such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or E100 (neat hydrous
ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and
flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S., is the general lack of establishment of sufficient Ford Research Center in Aachen.
fueling stations, which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a
wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and
distribution of E85 fuels are underway and expanding.[49]

Ford is also planning to produce 250,000 E85-capable vehicles a year in the US,
adding to some 1.6 million already sold in the last 10 years.[50]

Current Ford E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles sold in North America and Europe are:
[51]

The Ford Focus Flexifuel was the

• Ford F-150 first E85 flexible fuel vehicle
• Ford Crown Victoria commercially available in the
• Ford Focus European market.
• Ford C-MAX
• Ford Mondeo
• Ford S-MAX
• Ford Galaxy
• Ford Taurus
• Ford Ranger
• Ford Explorer
• Mercury Grand Marquis
• Lincoln Town Car

Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are: Brazilian Ford Fiesta Flex 1.6L.
• Courier
• Ford EcoSport
• Ford Fiesta
• Ford Focus
• Ford Ka
•

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Hydrogen

Ford also continues to study Fuel Cell-powered electric powertrains, and has
demonstrated hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine technologies, as well as
developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional
vehicles, hybrid vehicles and/or fuel cell vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as
well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of
noise health effects.
2006 Ford Escape Hybrid.
Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle buses, using hydrogen
instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine, for use at airports and
convention centers.[52] At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show, Ford showcased
a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a
combined output of 174 hp (130 kW). It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is
situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model’s
automatic transmission. The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a
notable range of 350 miles (563 km), the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The
fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the United States 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid.
Department of Energy to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen-
powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green
technology Ford being featured at the L.A. show, including the 2008 Ford Escape
Hybrid, PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F-
Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology.

Electric vehicles

Ford Motor Co. expects electric vehicles will represent a "major portion" of its lineup
a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup Mulally (second from left)
trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is with then-President George W.
coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel Bush at the Kansas City
economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving Assembly plant in Claycomo,
technologies.[53] Missouri on March 20, 2007,
touting Ford's new hybrid cars.
Hybrid electric vehicles
Main article: Hybrid electric vehicle

In 2004 both Ford and Toyota agreed on a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology
patented by Toyota, in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of their own patents.[54][55][56]

Ford did improve fuel efficiency during 2005, with the introduction of the Hybrid-Electric Escape. With this vehicle,
Ford was third to the automotive market with a hybrid electric vehicle and the first hybrid electric SUV to market. This
was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85.[57] The Escape's platform mate
Mercury Mariner was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model year—a full year ahead of
schedule. The similar Mazda Tribute will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option, along with many other
vehicles in the Ford vehicle line.

In 2005 Ford announced its goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not
meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and
drivetrain system components.[58] Instead, Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid-
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electric power plants in Britain, in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100
new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives. There are also plans for hybrid versions of the Ford Edge and
Lincoln MKX.

Ford announced on 2007-07-09 that it will team up with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-
in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-
dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE
will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be
evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford.[18][19]

On June 12, 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition
of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a 10-kilowatt (13 hp) lithium-ion
battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to 30 miles (48 km) at speeds of
up to 40 mph (64 km/h).[59]

In March 2009 Ford launched to the U.S. market the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Mercury Milan Hybrid, both as 2010
models.[60]

Ford is going to introduce a plug-in hybrid challenge the Chevy Volt by 2012[53][61] and more charge-maintaining hybrids
(traditional gas-electric hybrids), beginning with one in 2011.

Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles:

• 2004– Ford Escape Hybrid

• 2006– Mercury Mariner
• 2009– Ford Fusion Hybrid/Mercury Milan
• 2009/10– Ford Edge/Lincoln MKX

All-electric vehicles
Main article: All-electric vehicle

Ford ended the Think City experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people
leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and
Norway, Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale.

Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of an battery electric vehicle, a Ford Ranger
EV, while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal vans based on the
Ranger EV platform..Ford discontinued a line of electric Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed, though it
reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest.[62]

The North American Focus has been modified to take batteries. The variant, known as the Focus RV, is planned to be
launched in 2011. Ford plans to have 10,000 of these battery-powered cars on the road beginning in 2011 in partnership
with Magna International and it will be a global vehicle that will be sold in the three key markets of North America,
Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Focus compact can travel about 160 kilometres before it needs to be charged.[63][64]

Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles:[53][61]

• 2010 All-electric commercial van.

• 2011 All-electric small car in 2011 (Ford Focus RV).
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Ford battery electric vehicle (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's
zero carbon vehicle fleet of Focus BEVs . The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding
from the government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB), which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce
CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system[65]

Compressed natural gas

The alternative fossil fuel vehicles, such as some versions of the Crown Victoria especially in fleet and taxi service,
operate on compressed natural gas—or CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks – one for gasoline, the other for
CNG – the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch.

Increased fuel efficiency

All Ford's models with EcoBoost engines are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.

Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more
fuel-efficient cars, changing both its North American manufacturing plans and
its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American
manufacturing, the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility
vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production, with the first conversion starting
in December at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition, Ford's assembly plants
All Ford's models with EcoBoost
near Mexico City, Mexico, and in Louisville, Kentucky, will convert from
engines are identified by Ford's
pickups and SUVs to small cars, including the Ford Fiesta, by 2011. Ford will
leaf road logo badge.
also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles, including
two versions of the Ford Fiesta, by the end of 2012. And last but not least, Ford is stepping up its production of fuel-
efficient "EcoBoost" V-6 and four-cylinder engines, while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles. See the Ford
press release.

Given Ford's new emphasis on its European vehicles, a virtual trip to the British International Motor Show in London is
in order. Ford is displaying five models of its all-new Fiesta at the auto show, which opened to the public on July 23.
Among the models on display is the world debut of Ford's "ECOnetic" version of the Ford Fiesta, which combines more
aerodynamic styling, a lowered suspension, low-rolling-resistance tires, low-friction oil, and a specially tuned,
turbocharged, direct-injection diesel engine. As a result, it achieves 63.6 miles per US gallon (3.70 L/100 km; 76.4 mpg-
imp) on the European combined test cycle, which generally yields higher fuel economy numbers than the U.S. test methods

(note also that the U.K. gallon is about 20% larger than the U.S. gallon, so we've adjusted these numbers accordingly).
The standard diesel version of the Fiesta achieves 52.3 mpg, while diesel versions of the European Ford Focus achieve
52.3 mpg for most body styles and 54.7 mpg for the ECOnetic model. Of course, the United States has stricter emissions
rules than in Europe, so it may not be possible for Ford to offer similar models in the United States.[citation needed]

Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple, durable, lightweight and come equipped with a
base target price of only $7,000 The students from Aachen University created the “2015 Ford Model T”.[66][67]

In 2000, under the leadership of the current Ford chairman, William Clay Ford, the Company announced[68] a planned 25
percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet – including its popular SUVs – to be completed by the
2005 calendar year. In 2003, Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges
would prevent the company from achieving this goal.[69]

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Researchers at the University of Massachusetts have, however, listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air
pollution, primarily because of the manganese compounds, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and glycol ethers released from its
casting, truck, and assembly plants.[70] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54
Superfund toxic waste sites, twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.[71]

For the 2007 model year, Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway
fuel economy estimates of the EPA and several of Ford’s vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of
Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million
pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.[72]

Auto racing
NASCAR:
NASCAR Ford Fusion race car

Ford is one of four manufacturers in NASCAR's three major series: Sprint Cup
Series, Nationwide Series, and Camping World Truck Series. Major teams include
Roush Fenway Racing and Yates Racing. Ford is represented by the mid-size Fusion
in the Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series, and by the F-150 in the Camping World
Truck Series. Some of the most successful NASCAR Fords were the aerodynamic
fastback Ford Torino and Mercury Montegos, and the aero-era Ford Thunderbirds.
The Ford nameplate has won eight manufacturer's championships in Sprint Cup,
while Mercury has won one.
NASCAR Ford Fusion race
car
Formula One
Rubens Barrichello driving for the Stewart Grand Prix team in 1997

Ford was heavily involved in Formula One for many years, and supplied
engines to a large number of teams from 1967 until 2004. These engines were
designed and manufactured by Cosworth, the racing division that was owned by
Ford from 1998 to 2004. Ford-badged engines won 176 Grands Prix between
1967 and 2003 for teams such as Team Lotus and McLaren. Ford entered Rubens Barrichello driving
Formula One as a constructor in 2000 under the Jaguar Racing name, after for the Stewart Grand Prix
buying the Stewart Grand Prix team which had been its primary 'works' team in team in 1997
the series since 1997. Jaguar achieved little success in Formula One, and after a
turbulent five seasons, Ford withdrew from the category after the 2004 season, selling both Jaguar Racing (which
became Red Bull Racing) and Cosworth (to Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven).[73]

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Rally
Mikko Hirvonen driving the Ford Focus RS WRC 08 in 2008.
Main article: BP-Ford World Rally Team

Ford has a long history in rallying and has been active in the World Rally
Championship since the beginning of the world championship, the 1973 season.
Ford took the 1979 manufacturers' title with Hannu Mikkola, Björn Waldegård
and Ari Vatanen driving the Ford Escort RS1800. In the Group B era, Ford
achieved success with Ford RS200. Since the 1999 season, Ford has used
various versions of the Ford Focus WRC to much success. In the 2006 season, Mikko Hirvonen driving the
BP-Ford World Rally Team secured Ford its second manufacturers' title, with Ford Focus RS WRC 08 in
the Focus RS WRC 06 built by M-Sport and driven by Flying Finns Marcus 2008.
Grönholm and Mikko Hirvonen.[74] Continuing with Grönholm and Hirvonen,
Ford successfully defended the manufacturers' world championship in the 2007 season. Ford is the only manufacturer to
score in the points for 92 consecutive races; since the 2002 season opener Monte Carlo Rally.[75]

Sports cars
Ford GT40
Main article: Ford GT#Racing

Ford sports cars have been visible in the world of endurance racing since the 1960s.
Most notably the GT40 won the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans each year from
1966 to 1969. It still stands today as one of the all-time greatest racing cars and as the
only American car to ever win overall at Le Mans. In 2007 Swiss Matech Racing in
collaboration with Ford Racing opened a new chapter in the annals of the Ford GT.
Matech Racing won the Teams title in the 2008 FIA GT3 European Championship.
Ford GT40

Ford Mustang GT (racing GT car)

Main article: Ford Mustang#Racing

The Ford Mustang has arguably been Ford's most successful sports car. The
Mustang won the SCCA Pro B National Championship in 1965 at the hands of
Jerry Titus. Ford won the SCCA Trans-Am Championship in 1966 and 1967
with the Mustang and again in 1970 with Parnelli Jones and George Folmer
driving Boss 302 Mustangs for Bud Moore Engineering. Ford took the 1985 and Ford Mustang GT (racing
1986 IMSA GTO Championship with Mustangs driven by John Jones and Scott GT car)
Pruett before returning to Trans-Am glory with a championship in 1989 with
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Dorsey Schrader. Ford dominated Trans-Am in the 1990s with Tommy Kendal winning championships in 1993, 1995,
1996, and 1997 with Paul Gentilozi adding yet another title in 1999. In 2005 the Ford Mustang FR500C took the
championship in the Rolex Koni Challenge Series in its first year on the circuit. In 2007 and 2008 Eric De Doncker won
the GT4 European Cup at the wheel of a Mustang FR500C.[76] 2008 is the first year of the Mustang Challenge for the
Miller Cup a new series which pits a full field of identical factory built Ford Mustang race cars against each other. Also
in 2008 Ford won both the drivers and manufacturers championship in the Koni Challenge Series with Joe Foster and
Steve Maxwell driving HyperSport.

Touring cars
Ford Performance Racing car Ford Falcon at Eastern Creek in Australia 2008.
Main article: Ford Performance Racing

Ford has campaigned touring cars such as the Focus, Falcon, and
Contour/Mondeo and the Sierra Cosworth in many different series throughout
the years. Notably, the Mondeo finished 1,2,3 in the British Touring Car
Ford Performance Racing car
Championship in 2000, and Falcon drivers finished 1,2,3 in the 2005 V8
Ford Falcon at Eastern Creek
Supercar Championship Series.
in Australia 2008.
Other

In the Indianapolis 500, Ford powered IndyCars won 17 times between 1965 and 1996. Ford has also branched out into
drifting with the introduction of the new model Mustang. Most noticeable is the Turquoise and Blue Falken Tires
Mustang driven by Vaughn Gittin Jr, A.K.A. "JR". with 750 RWHP (Rear Wheel Horsepower). In drag racing, John
Force has piloted his Drag Ford Mustang to several NHRA funny-car titles in recent seasons. Formula Ford, a formula
for single-seater cars without wings and originally on road tires were conceived in 1966 in the UK as an entry-level
formula for racing drivers. Many of today's racing drivers started their car racing careers in this category.

Ford trucks
1961 Ford H-Series trucks
1939 Ford pick-up truck

Ford has produced trucks since 1908. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles
are or were made include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (badged Mercury
too), France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Philippines, Spain (badged Ebro too),
Turkey, UK (badged also Fordson and Thames) and USA.

Most of all these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longer was
the lorries arm of Ford of Britain, that was eventually sold to Iveco group in 1986,
and whose last significant models were the Transcontinental and the Cargo.

In the USA, Ford's heavy trucks division (Classes 7 and 8) was sold in 1997 to
Freightliner Trucks, now part of Daimler AG,
1961 Ford H-Series trucks
which rebranded it as Sterling and augmented
the lineup with rebranded trucks from
Freightliner and Dodge; the division is
currently shutting down operations.[77] Ford
continues building medium class trucks with
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1939 Ford pick-up truck
Page 19 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
the F-650 and F-750 Ford F-Series and recently introduced the LCF series similar in design to the Ford Cargo trucks of
the past.

Bus products

Ford has manufactured buses in the company's early history, but today, Ford's role has changed to that of a second stage
manufacturer. In North America, the E-Series is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the F-650 is used in
commercial bus markets. In the 1980s and 1990s, the medium-duty B700 was a popular chassis used by school bus body
manufacturers, but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers.

Ford tractors
Ford tractor

The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making Fordson tractors in
Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of Dearborn, Michigan from
1907 to 1928, from 1919 to 1932, at Cork, Ireland and 1933–1964 at
Dagenham, England, later transferred to Basildon. They were also produced in
Leningrad beginning in 1924.
Ford tractor
In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New
Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford-
New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by Fiat in 1993 and the name
changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global.

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Sales

Calendar Year American sales

1999[78] 4,163,369

2000 4,202,820

2001 3,971,364

2002[79] 3,623,709

2003 3,483,719

2004[80] 3,331,676

2005 3,153,875

2006[81] 2,901,090

2007 2,507,366

2008[82] 1,988,376

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Ford Motor Company

Type Public (NYSE: F)

Founded June 16, 1903
Founder(s) Henry Ford
Headquarters Dearborn, Michigan, United States
Area served Worldwide

William C. Ford, Jr.

(Executive Chairman)
Key people
Alan R. Mulally
(President) & (CEO)

Industry Automotive
Mainstream/Performance vehicles
Products
Automotive parts

Services Automotive finance, Vehicle leasing, Vehicle service

Revenue ▼ US$146.277 billion (2008)[1]

Operating income ▼ US$(-9.293) billion (2008)[2]

Net income ▼ US$(-14.672) billion (2008)[1]

Total assets ▼ US$222.977 billion (2008)[3]
Total equity ▼ US$(-17.311) billion (2008)[3]
87,700 (US, 2008)[4]
Employees
213,000 (World, 2008)[5]

Ford Credit
Ford division
Divisions
Lincoln
Mercury

Automotive Components Holdings

Subsidiaries Mazda (13% minority)
Volvo (cars only)

Website Ford.com

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